sign in sign up
<<
Home , John of Patmos, John the Apostle, John the Evangelist

the

John the Apostle (: Yohanan Ben Zavdai c. AD יוחנן בן זבדי :Shliha; Hebrew 6 – c. 100) was one of the Twelve of according to the . He was the son of and . His was James, who was another of the Twelve Apostles. holds that he outlived the remaining apostles and that he was the only one not to die a martyr’s death. The Church Fa- thers consider him the same person as John the Evange- list, John of , and the Beloved . The tra- dition of many Christian denominations holds that he is the author of several books of the New Testament.

1 New Testament author

Church tradition holds that John is the author of the of John and four other books of the New Tes- tament — the three of John and the . In the Gospel, authorship is internally cred- ited to the "disciple whom Jesus loved"(ὁ μαθητὴς ὃν ἠγάπα ὁ Ἰησοῦς, o pathētēs on ēgapa o Iēsous) in :2. :24 claims that the is based on the written testimony of the “Beloved Disciple”. The authorship of some has been de- bated since about the year 200.[3][4] Some doubt that the “Gospel of John” was written by an individual named Nevertheless, the notion of .(יוחנן John” (Ἰωάννης or“ “” exists, and is usually thought of as the same as the Apostle John. In his Ecclesiastical History, says that the first of John and the gospel of John are widely agreed upon as his. However, Eusebius mentions that the con- St. John at the Crucifixion of Jesus in a by Pietro sensus is that the second and third epistles of John are PeruginoRome, c. 1482 not his but were written by some other John. Eusebius also goes to some length to establish with the reader that there is no general consensus regarding the revelation of his name ... are considered by some to be the work of a John. The revelation of John could only be what is now certain John the Elder” and, while stating that Revelation [5] was written by , it was “later translated called the book of Revelation. The Gospel according [2] to John differs considerably from the Synoptic , by and ”, presumably in an at- likely written decades earlier than John’s gospel. The tempt to reconcile tradition with the obvious differences of Asia Minor supposedly requested him to write in Greek style. his gospel to deal with the heresy of the , who Until the 19th century, the authorship of the Gospel asserted that did not exist before Mary. John prob- of John had universally been attributed to the Apos- ably knew and undoubtedly approved of the Gospels of tle John. However, most modern critical scholars have Matthew, Mark, and Luke, but these gospels spoke of their doubts.[7][8] Some scholars agree in placing the Jesus primarily in the year following the imprisonment Gospel of John somewhere between AD 65 and 85,[9] and death of .[6] Around 600, however, John Robinson proposes an initial edition by 50–55 and Sophronius of noted that “two epistles bearing then a final edition by 65 due to narrative similarities

1 2 1 NEW TESTAMENT AUTHOR

However, the Gospel’s chapter 21 ends (at verse 24) with an explicit declaration unifying the witness and author- ship, in the form of a literary device of postponement of the discovery of the identity of the mysterious “other - ciple,” and “disciple he loved,” and “this man,” the first two used multiple times across the expanse of eye-witness accounts:

“This is the disciple which testifieth of these things, and wrote these things: and we know that his testimony is true.” (Source, AV)

1.1 Book of Revelation

The author of the Book of Revelation identifies himself as “John”[28] The early 2nd century writer, Justin Mar- tyr, was the first to equate the author of Revelation with .[29] However, some biblical scholars now contend that these were separate individuals.[7][30] , an obscure figure in the early church, has also been identified with the seer of the Book of Rev- elation by such authors as Eusebius and . John is considered to have been exiled to Patmos, during the persecutions under Emperor . Revelation Lamentation of the . John the Apostle trying to console 1:9 says that the author wrote the book on Patmos: “I, Mary John, both your brother and companion in tribulation... was on the island that is called Patmos for the word of God and for the testimony of Jesus Christ.” Adela Yarbro [10]:pp.284,307 with Paul. Other scholars are of the opinion Collins, a biblical scholar at , writes: that the Gospel of John was composed in two or three stages.[11]:p.43 Some contemporary scholars are of the “Early tradition says that John was banished to opinion that the Gospel was not written until the latter Patmos by the Roman authorities. This tradi- third of the first century AD. The Dean of New Testa- tion is credible because banishment was a com- ment at Wake Forest University School of Divinity, Gail mon punishment used during the Imperial pe- R O'Day, writes in her introduction to the Gospel in the riod for a number of offenses. Among such New Revised Standard of the [12] "...a offenses were the practices of magic and as- date of 75-80 CE as the earliest possible date of compo- trology. Prophecy was viewed by the Romans sition for this Gospel”. Other scholars think that an even as belonging to the same category, whether later date, perhaps even the last decade of the first cen- Pagan, Jewish, or Christian. Prophecy with tury AD right up to the start of the 2nd century (i.e. 90 - political implications, like that expressed by 100), is applicable.[13] John in the book of Revelation, would have Today, many theological scholars continue to accept the been perceived as a threat to Roman political traditional authorship. Colin G. Kruse states that since power and order. Three of the islands in the John the Evangelist has been named consistently in the Sporades were places where political offenders writings of early , “it is hard to pass by this were banished.” (Pliny Natural History 4.69- conclusion, despite widespread reluctance to accept it by 70; Tacitus Annals 4.30)[31] many, but by no means all, modern scholars.”[14] The Gospel of John was written by an anonymous Some modern higher critical scholars have raised the pos- author.[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] According to Paul sibility that John the Apostle, John the Evangelist, and N. Anderson, the gospel “contains more direct claims John of Patmos were three separate individuals.[32] These to eyewitness origins than any of the other Gospel scholars assert that John of Patmos wrote Revelation but traditions”.[24] F. F. Bruce argues that 19:35 contains an neither the Gospel of John nor the Epistles of John. For “emphatic and explicit claim to eyewitness authority”.[25] one, the author of Revelation identifies himself as “John” Bart D. Ehrman, however, does not think the gospel several times, but the author of the Gospel of John never claims to have been written by direct witnesses to the re- identifies himself directly. Some Catholic scholars state ported events.[17][26][27] that “vocabulary, grammar, and style make it doubtful 2.2 Other references to that the book could have been put into its present form by . The were firstly disciples of John the the same person(s) responsible for the fourth gospel”.[33] Baptist. Jesus then called Peter, Saint Andrew and these two sons of Zebedee to follow him. James and John are listed among the Twelve Apostles. Jesus referred to 2 References to John in the New the pair as “Boanerges” (translated “sons of thunder”);[8] although their nature was calm and gentle, when their pa- Testament tience was pushed to its limits their anger became wild and thunderous causing them to speak out like an un- tamed storm. A gospel story relates how the brothers wanted to call down heavenly fire on a Samaritan town, but Jesus rebuked them. [Lk 9:51-6] John lived more than half a century after the martyrdom of James, who was the first Apostle to die a martyr’s death.

2.2 Other references to John

Peter, James and John were the only witnesses of the rais- ing of Daughter of Jairus.[35] All three also witnessed the Transfiguration, and these same three witnessed the Agony in more closely than the other Apos- tles did.[36] John was the disciple who reported to Jesus that they had 'forbidden' a non-disciple from casting out demons in Jesus’ name, prompting Jesus to state that 'he who is not against us is on our side'.[37] Jesus sent only John and Peter into the city to make the preparation for the final meal (the Last Sup- per).[Lk 22:8][38] At the meal itself, the “disciple whom Jesus loved” sat next to Jesus. It was customary to lie along upon couches at meals, and this disciple leaned on Jesus.[36] Tradition identifies this disciple as Saint John[Jn 13:23-25]. After the arrest of Jesus, Peter and the “other disciple” (according to Sacred Tradition), John followed him into the palace of the high-priest.[36] John alone among remained near Jesus at the foot of the on alongside and numerous other women; following the instruction of Jesus from the Cross, John took Mary, the mother of Je- sus, into his care as the last legacy of Jesus [Jn 19:25-27]. After Jesus’ Ascension and the descent of the on , John, together with Peter, took a promi- nent part in the founding and guidance of the church. He is with Peter at the healing of the lame man in the Temple.[Ac 3:1 et seq.] With Peter he is also thrown into prison.[:3] He is also with Peter visiting the newly converted in .[:14]

Russian Orthodox of the Apostle and Evangelist John the While he remained in and the surrounding area, the Theologian, 18th century ( from the Church of the other disciples returned to Jerusalem for the Apostolic Transfiguration, Kizhi Monastery. Council (about AD 51). Paul, in opposing his enemies in Galatia, recalls that John explicitly, along with Peter and James the Just, were referred to as “pillars of the church” 2.1 Sons of thunder and refers to the recognition that his Apostolic preach- ing of a gospel free from Jewish Law received from these three, the most prominent men of the messianic commu- John the Apostle was the son of Zebedee and the younger [35] brother of James, son of Zebedee (Saint James the nity at Jerusalem. Greater). According to Church tradition, their mother According to the Book of Revelation, its author was on was Salome.[34] Zebedee and his sons fished in the Sea of the island of Patmos “for the word of God and for the tes- 4 2 REFERENCES TO JOHN IN THE NEW TESTAMENT

2.3 The Disciple whom Jesus loved

Jesus and the Beloved Disciple

The phrase the disciple whom Jesus loved (Greek: ὁ μαθητὴς ὃν ἠγάπα ὁ Ἰησοῦς, ho mathētēs hon ēgapā ho Iēsous) or, in John 20:2, the Beloved Disciple (Greek: ὃν ἐφίλει ὁ Ἰησοῦς, hon ephilei ho Iēsous) is used five times in the Gospel of John,[39] but in no other New Testament accounts of Jesus. John 21:24 claims that the Gospel of John is based on the written testimony of this disciple. The disciple whom Jesus loved is referred to, specifically, six times in John’s gospel:

• It is this disciple who, while reclining beside Je- sus at the , asks Jesus, after being re- quested by Peter to do so, who it is that will betray him.[Jn 13:23-25]

• Later at the crucifixion, Jesus tells his mother, “Woman, here is your son”, and to the Beloved Dis- ciple he says, “Here is your mother.”[Jn 19:26-27]

• When discovers the , she runs to tell the Beloved Disciple and Peter. The two men rush to the empty tomb and the Beloved John the Evangelist and Peter by Albrecht Dürer Disciple is the first to reach the empty tomb. How- ever, Peter is the first to enter.[Jn 20:1-10]

• In John 21, the last chapter of the Gospel of John, the Beloved Disciple is one of seven fishermen in- timony of Jesus”, when he was honoured with the volved in the miraculous catch of 153 fish.[Jn 21:1-25] contained in Revelation.[Rev. 1:9] [40] 5

• Also in the book’s final chapter, after Jesus hints to Peter how Peter will die, Peter sees the Beloved Dis- ciple following them and asks, “What about him?" Jesus answers, “If I want him to remain until I come, what is that to you? You follow Me!"[John 21:20-23]

• Again in the gospel’s last chapter, it states that the very book itself is based on the written testimony of the disciple whom Jesus loved.[John 21:24]

None of the other Gospels has anyone in the parallel scenes that could be directly understood as the Beloved Disciple. For example, in :12, Peter alone runs to the tomb. Mark, Matthew and Luke do not mention any one of the twelve disciples having witnessed the cru- cifixion. There are also two references to an unnamed “other dis- ciple” in :35-40 and :15-16, which may be to the same person based on the wording in John 20:2.[41]

3 Extrabiblical traditions

Apostle John and Marcion of Sinope, 11th century Italy.

A messianic community existed at before Paul’s first labours there (cf. “the brethren”),[Acts 18:27] in ad- dition to . The original community was under the leadership of Apollo (1 Corinthians 1:12). They were disciples of John the Baptist and were con- verted by Aquila and Priscilla.[42] According to Church tradition, after the , John went to Ephesus. From there he wrote the three epistles at- tributed to him. John was allegedly banished by the Ro- man authorities to the Greek island of Patmos, where, according to tradition, he wrote the Book of Revelation. According to (in The Prescription of Heretics) John was banished (presumably to Patmos) after being plunged into boiling oil in and suffering nothing from it. It is said that all in the audience of were converted to Christianity upon witnessing this mir- acle. This event would have occurred in the late 1st cen- tury, during the reign of the Emperor Domitian, who was known for his persecution of Christians. When John was aged, he trained who later be- came of . This was important because Polycarp was able to carry John’s message to future gen- Byzantine illumination depicting John dictating to his disciple, erations. Polycarp taught Irenaeus, passing on to him sto- (c. 1100). ries about John. In Against Heresies, Irenaeus relates how Polycarp told a story of There is no information in concerning the du- ration of John’s activity in Judea. According to tradition, It is traditionally believed that John was the youngest of the apostles and survived them. He is said to have lived to John and the other Apostles remained some 12 years in [44] this first field of labour. The persecution of Christians un- an old age, dying at Ephesus sometime after AD 98. der I led to the scattering of the Apostles An alternative ’s death, ascribed by through the 's provinces. [cf. Ac 12:1-17]. later Christian writers to the early second-century bishop 6 8 SEE ALSO

Papias of Hierapolis, claims that he was slain by the 21:21–23 and the seventh chapter of the Doctrine and Jews.[45][46] Most Johannine scholars doubt the reliability Covenants. It also teaches that in 1829, along with of its ascription to Papias, but a minority, including B.W. the resurrected Peter and the resurrected James, John Bacon, Martin Hengel and Henry Barclay Swete, main- visited Smith and and restored tain that these references to Papias are credible.[47][48] the priesthood authority with to Zahn argues that this reference is actually to John the earth.[51] John, along with the Three Nephites, will live to Baptist.[44] John’s traditional tomb is thought to be lo- see the of Christ as translated beings.[52] cated at Selçuk, a small town in the vicinity of Ephesus. The LDS Church teaches that John the Apostle is the In art, John as the presumed author of the Gospel is of- same person as John the Evangelist, John of Patmos, and ten depicted with an , which symbolizes the height the Beloved Disciple.[52] he rose to in his gospel.[8] In Orthodox , he is often depicted looking up into heaven and dictating his Gospel (or the Book of Revelation) to his disciple, traditionally 6 Views of non-Christians named Prochorus. 6.1 Islamic view

4 Liturgical The also speaks of Jesus’s disciples but does not mention their names, instead referring to them as “helpers The feast day of Saint John in the Roman Catholic to the work of God”.[53] Muslim and Quran com- Church, which calls him “Saint John, Apostle and Evan- mentary, however, names them and includes John among gelist”, and in the and Lutheran the disciples.[54] An old tradition, which involves the leg- Calendars, which call him “John, Apostle and Evange- end of Habib the Carpenter, mentions that John was one list”, is on 27 December. In the he of the three disciples sent to Antioch to preach to the peo- was commemorated also on each of the following days up ple there.[55] to and including 3 January, the of the 27 Decem- ber feast. This Octave was abolished by Pius XII in 1955.[49] The traditional liturgical color is . 7 Gallery of art Until 1960, another feast day which appeared in the Gen- eral Roman Calendar is that of “Saint John Before the • John the Apostle Gate” on , celebrating a tradition recounted • by Jerome that St John was brought to Rome during the A portrait from the , c. 800 reign of the Emperor Domitian, and was thrown in a vat • St John at Patmos by Pieter Paul Rubens of boiling oil, from which he was miraculously preserved unharmed. A church (San Giovanni a Porta Latina) ded- • John the Apostle and St Francis by icated to him was built near the Latin gate of Rome, the traditional site of this event.[50] • Martyrdom of Saint John the Evangelist by Master of the Winkler Epitaph The and those Eastern Catholic Churches which follow the commemorate • , John and Jesus the “Repose of the Holy Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian” on September 26. On May 8 they celebrate • St. John the Evangelist in meditation by Simone Can- the "Feast of the Holy Apostle and Evangelist John the tarini (1612-1648), Theologian”, on which date Christians used to draw forth • from his grave fine ashes which were believed to be ef- Saint John and the Poisoned Cup by El Greco fective for healing the sick. • The Last Supper, anonymous painter Other Christians highly revere him but do not canonize or venerate . 8 See also

5 Other Christian views See also:

5.1 Latter-day Saint view • of St. John

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS • Church) teaches that John received of immortality from Jesus Christ, as recorded in John • Names of

• St. John the Evangelist on Patmos [18] Geoffrey W. Bromiley (1995:287) International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: K-P MATTHEW, GOSPEL AC- • Vision of St. John on Patmos, frescos by Antonio da CORDING TO. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. Quote: Correggio „Matthew, like the other three Gospels is an anonymous document.”

[19] Donald Senior, Paul J. Achtemeier, Robert J. Karris 9 References (2002:328) Invitation to the Gospels Paulist Press. [20] Keith Fullerton Nickle (2001:43) The : [1] “Saint-John-the-Apostle”. global.britannica.com. an introduction Westminster Press.

[2] Saint (2007) [c. 600], “The [21] Ben Witherington (2004:44) The Gospel code: novel Life of the Evangelist John”, The Explanation of the Holy claims about Jesus, Mary Magdalene, and Da Vinci In- Gospel According to John, House Springs, Missouri, USA: terVarsity Press. Chrysostom Press, pp. 2–3, ISBN 1-889814-09-1 [22] F.F. Bruce (1994:1) The Gospel of John Wm. B. Eerd- [3] Eusebius of Caesarea, Ecclesiastical History Book vi. mans Publishing. Chapter xxv. [23] Patrick J. Flannagan (1997:16) The Made Easy Paulist Press [4] Van den Biesen, Christian. “Apocalypse.” The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Com- [24] Paul N. Anderson, The Riddles of the Fourth Gospel, p. pany, 1907. 6 Feb. 2013 48.

[5] The History of the Church by Eusibius. Book three, point [25] F. F. Bruce, The Gospel of John, p. 3. 24. [26] Bart D. Ehrman (2004:110) Truth and Fiction in The Da [6] Thomas Patrick Halton, On illustrious men, Volume 100 Vinci Code: A Historian Reveals What We Really Know of The Fathers of the Church, CUA Press, 1999. P. 19. about Jesus, Mary Magdalene, and Constantine. . [7] Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible (Palo Alto: [27] Bart D. Ehrman(2006:143) The lost Gospel of Judas Is- Mayfield, 1985) p. 355 cariot: a new look at betrayer and betrayed. Oxford Uni- [8] Foley OFM, Leonard. “Saint of the Day: Lives, Lessons versity Press. and Feast”, (revised by Pat McCloskey, OFM), American [28] “Revelation, Book of.” Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dic- Catholic.org tionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford Uni- versity Press. 2005 [9] Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible. McGraw- Hill, 2006. ISBN 978-0-07-296548-3 [29] Justin Martyr, Dialogue with Trypho, 81.4

[10] Robinson, John A.T. (1977). Redating the New Testament. [30] Ehrman, Bart D. (2004). The New Testament: A Historical SCM Press. ISBN 978-0-334-02300-5. Introduction to the Early Christian Writings. New York: Oxford. p. 468. ISBN 0-19-515462-2. [11] Mark Allan Powell. Jesus as a figure in history. West- minster John Knox Press, 1998. ISBN 0-664-25703-8 / [31] Adela Collins. “Patmos.” Harper’s Bible Dictionary. Paul 978-0664257033 J. Achtemeier, gen. ed. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1985. p755. [12] .Abingdon Press, Nashville, 2003, p.1906 [32] Griggs, C. Wilfred. “John the Beloved” in Ludlow, H., ed. Selections from the Encyclopedia of : [13] Reading John, Francis J. Moloney, SDB, Dove Press, Scriptures of the Church (Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret 1995 Book, 1992) p. 379. Griggs favors the “one John” theory [14] Kruse, Colin G.The Gospel According to John: An In- but mentions that some modern scholars have hypothe- troduction and Commentary, Eerdmans, 2004, ISBN 0- sized that there are multiple Johns. 8028-2771-3, p. 28. [33] Introduction. Edition of the New American Bible: Translated from the Original Languages with Crit- [15] E P Sanders, The Historical Figure of Jesus, (Penguin, ical Use of All the Ancient Sources : including the Re- 1995) page 63 - 64. vised New Testament and the Revised Psalms. New York: Catholic Book Pub., 1992. 386. Print. [16] Bart D. Ehrman (2000:43) The New Testament: a histor- ical introduction to early Christian writings. Oxford Uni- [34] By comparing :56 to :40 versity Press. [35] “Fonck, Leopold. “St. John the Evangelist.” The Catholic [17] Bart D. Ehrman (2005:235) Lost Christianities: the battles Encyclopedia. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Com- for scripture and the faiths we never knew Oxford Univer- pany, 1910. 6 Feb. 2013”. Newadvent.org. 1910-10-01. sity Press, New York. Retrieved 2013-05-03. 8 10 EXTERNAL LINKS

[36] Butler, Alban. The Lives or the Fathers, Martyrs and Other 10 External links Principal Saints, Vol.IV • [37] Luke 9:49-50 NKJV The Life and Miracles of St. John the Evangelist and Apostle [38] While Luke states that this is the Passover,[Lk 22:7-9] the Gospel of John specifically states that the Passover meal • Eastern Orthodox icon and Synaxarion of Saint John is to be partaken of on Friday[Jn 18:28] the Apostle and Evangelist (May 8)

[39] :23, 19:26, 20:2, 21:7, 21:20 • John the Apostle on Find-A-Grave [40] James D. G. Dunn and John William Rogerson, Eerdmans • John the Apostle in Art Commentary on the Bible, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2003, p. 1210, ISBN 0-8028-3711-5. • John in Art [41] Brown, Raymond E. 1970. “The Gospel According to • Repose of the Holy Apostle and Evangelist John John (xiii-xxi)". New York: Doubleday & Co. Pages 922, the Theologian Orthodox icon and synaxarion for 955. September 26 [42] “Vailhé, Siméon. “Ephesus.” The Catholic Encyclopedia. • Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. Works by John the Apostle at Project Gutenberg 6 Feb. 2013”. Newadvent.org. 1909-05-01. Retrieved • Works by or about John the Apostle at Internet 2013-05-03. Archive [43] Irenaeus, Against Heresies, III.3.4. • Works by or about Saint John at Internet Archive [44] Zahn, T. “John the Apostle”, in Schaff, Philip. The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. VI: Innocents - Liudger, p.203

[45] Cheyne, Thomas Kelly (1901). Encyclopaedia Biblica, Volume 2. and Charles Black. pp. 2509–11. Al- though Papias’ works are no longer extant, the fifth cen- tury ecclesiastical historian Philip of Side and the ninth- century both stated that Papias had written that John was “slain by the Jews.”

[46] Rasimus, Tuomas (2010). The Legacy of John: Second- Century Reception of the Fourth Gospel. BRILL. p. 5. ISBN 9789004176331. Rasimus finds corroborating evi- dence for this tradition in “two from Edessa and Carthage” and writes that “:35-40//Matt. 20:20-23 can be taken to portray Jesus predicting the mar- tyrdom of both the sons of Zebedee.”

[47] Culpepper, R. Alan (2000). John, the Son of Zebedee: The Life of A Legend. Continuum International Publish- ing Group. p. 172. ISBN 9780567087423.

[48] Swete, Henry Barclay (1911). The Apocalypse of St. John (3 ed.). Macmillan. pp. 179–180.

[49] of Pope Pius XII

[50] Saint Andrew Daily Missal with Vespers for Sundays and Feasts by Dom. Gaspar LeFebvre, O.S.B., Saint Paul, MN: The E.M. Lohmann Co., 1952, p.1325-1326

[51] 27:12

[52] “John”, KJV (LDS): Bible Dictionary, LDS Church, 1979

[53] Qur'an 3:49-53

[54] Historical Dictionary of Prophets In And Judaism, Brandon M. Wheeler, Disciples of Christ: “Muslim exe- gesis identifies the disciples as Peter, Andrew, Matthew, Thomas, Philip, John, James, Bartholomew, and Simon”

[55] Hughes Dictionary of Islam, Habib the Carpenter 9

11 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

11.1 Text

• John the Apostle Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20the%20Apostle?oldid=651307834 Contributors: Wesley, RK, Amillar, B4hand, Soulpatch, Olivier, Mkmcconn, Frecklefoot, Paul Barlow, Llywrch, DopefishJustin, Kpearce, Tgeorgescu, IZAK, Sbuckley, Cser- nica, Vargenau, Jonadab, Adam Bishop, DonPaolo, Tb, Wik, Wetman, Robbot, 75th Trombone, GreatWhiteNortherner, Tom harrison, Everyking, Jdavidb, Gilgamesh, Macrakis, Bacchiad, Andycjp, Popefauvexxiii, Jonel, Magadan, Necrothesp, PhilD86, Fusion, Wadsworth, Zro, Dufekin, Haiduc, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, YUL89YYZ, Xgenei, Android79, Aranel, El C, Lima, Man vyi, Acjelen, Sam Korn, Jonathunder, Alansohn, Eric Kvaalen, Hydriotaphia, Mlabar, CheeseDreams, RoySmith, Avram Fawcett, Kitch, Spartacus007, Woohookitty, Miss Madeline, Triddle, Abd, KHM03, Dysepsion, Ryoung122, Wbeek, Cuchullain, Qwertyus, Rjwilmsi, Koavf, Mentality, Chaz171, FlaBot, Fulcher, Str1977, Phatcat68, King of Hearts, Chobot, DTOx, 334a, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, Jeffpw, Brandmeister (old), Arzel, The Literate Engineer, Zafiroblue05, Cngvr, Cornelius, Grafen, Semperf, Tbook, MSJapan, Antley, Alecmconroy, Closedmouth, Pb30, JuJube, Anclation, JLaTondre, Skittle, Garion96, Ephilei, Katieh5584, CIreland, SmackBot, Arvandor, Flamarande, Edgar181, Sloman, Hmains, Carl.bunderson, VJ Emsi, Ludi, KaragouniS, TimBentley, Thurifer, MK8, Roscelese, Tsnyder9, Mladifilo- zof, Nin me sa ra, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Clinkophonist, Rrburke, Dradamh, Leoboudv, Pastorwayne, Makemi, LoveMonkey, Andrew c, Vina-iwbot, Kukini, Nareek, Rigadoun, Joshua Scott, IronGargoyle, SimonATL, Optakeover, Drieakko, Dukemeiser, Jose77, D64, Chrisch59, SimonD, Holscher, Iridescent, Wfgiuliano, Shannernanner, Ewulp, Courcelles, Angeldeb82, JayHenry, Filelakeshoe, Danielwellsfloyd, JForget, CmdrObot, Atrick, KyraVixen, Mpete510, Jgrischow1, Slazenger, Cydebot, Aristophanes68, Jon Stockton, A Softer Answer, Dmurga, Kiske, Mamalujo, Epbr123, Peter Deer, Second Quantization, Aubee91, Escarbot, AntiVandalBot, Guy Ma- con, Brian0324, FHSerkland, Jj137, Fayenatic london, Kid1000002000, JAnDbot, Gcm, Laboratorio.Ricerche.Evolutive, KonstableBot, PhilKnight, Mikemill, GrimbleGrumble, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, Alekjds, 28421u2232nfenfcenc, Afaprof01, Nikolaj Christensen, Der- Hexer, Eternal Pink, Roastytoast, Anaxial, Mabu2, Johnpacklambert, Frightner, Ash, J.delanoy, Sidhekin, Mike.lifeguard, Ian.thomson, Carlo ms06, Ctwink, Jbanning22, NewEnglandYankee, Minesweeper.007, Lanternix, Colin 8, HyDeckar, Pastordavid, MishaPan, Ja 62, JavierMC, TheNewPhobia, Funandtrvl, Casimir Declan O'Conchobhar, Deor, Noble Caraqueño, VolkovBot, Cireshoe, MemeGeneScene, James Callahan, Alexandria, Jrox05, Irish Pearl, Philip Trueman, Vipinhari, Steven J. Anderson, John Carter, Gekritzl, Obuli, Noogster, Tsenter, BigDunc, Quantpole, Logan, Vahagn Petrosyan, Mocu, SieBot, StAnselm, Coffee, Tiddly Tom, Ergateesuk, Yintan, Xenophon777, Prestonmag, Vanished user ewfisn2348tui2f8n2fio2utjfeoi210r39jf, Philly jawn, Anchor Link Bot, .jose, Band Aide, Gr8opinionater, SlackerMom, Elassint, ClueBot, Marino-slo, The Thing That Should Not Be, Flominator, Nnemo, Hafspajen, CounterVandalismBot, Tykkenaalst, Chaosduck, Snocrates, CohesionBot, Panyd, Jsmaine22, Gingergenocide77, Joeproszek, Razorflame, Elizium23, Jinlye, Glo- rthac, Bjhannon, AMC0712, Versus22, Teacherbrock, Ahburner, Njbiker1000, EstherLois, Ambrosius007, BarretB, AidanP02, Stickee, WikHead, Robboholic, NellieBly, Kaiwhakahaere, Jbeans, Jond89, Good Olfactory, Addbot, Don'tKnowItAtAll, Tcncv, Drovetto, Rich jj, GeneralAtrocity, Whitefort, CanadianLinuxUser, Leszek Jańczuk, Cst17, ShepBot, Glane23, Shmeekloff, Eddau, Filipfkn92, Superduf, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Tarheelz123, Ret.Prof, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Legobot II, KamikazeBot, AnakngAraw, Roltz, Alexkin, Diver- ,Ckruschke, Bob Burkhardt ,ادریس فاتح ,Dave, AnomieBOT, Jim1138, Ambrosiaster, LlywelynII, BobKilcoyne, Kingpin13, Limideen Xqbot, Transity, XZeroBot, Dsity1, Omnipaedista, Mattis, Creation7689, Green Cardamom, Willymike, Pepper, ResPublicae, James the Artist, Rjapenga, I dream of horses, Buddhaamaatya, MJ94, 27christian11, Jschnur, Labrynthia9856, Dboid, Julien1978, FoxBot, Veron, Lotje, Oracleofottawa, Vrenator, Jaba1977, Stalwart111, Reach Out to the Truth, Gigogag, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Cathardic, Priscilla1826, Mukogodo, EmausBot, Orphan Wiki, Acather96, Lipsio, Laurel Lodged, Dishcmds, Tommy2010, Mmeijeri, Imadjafar, Jackson Montana, EWikist, Wayne Slam, L Kensington, Donner60, Willthacheerleader18, MALLUS, ClueBot NG, Earthhavoc, Mannanan51, Runehelmet, Widr, Booyahhayoob, Telpardec, Ad Libertatem, Helpful Pixie Bot, Jean-Pol GRANDMONT, Juro2351, AngBent, MusikAnimal, Marco- capelle, JohnThorne, Luaphacim, Jeffrey.hendrix, Jfhutson, Jacksson47, Mike Agricola, Valponcho, Khazar2, EuroCarGT, MadGuy7023, JYBot, Dlelandgilton, Revjohnv, Hmainsbot1, TopazStar, Achayan, Anon, Periglio, I12know, Cigojkihbtklhgierugn, GranChi, Dantheman567, F6Zman, Sonĝanto, Eyesnore, Penguins53, Kharkiv07, Jheyse, Wingnut8392, Ginsuloft, MagicatthemovieS, Lyttle-Wight, Infantom, JaconaFrere, PurpleCoat14, Writers Bond, AsteriskStarSplat, Joseph from the tribe of, Cnmcrile, Soulmagnet, Wikibooty and Anonymous: 484

11.2 Images

• File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: MarkusMark • File:Albrecht_Dürer_-_The_Four_Holy_Men_(John_the_Evangelist_and_Peter)_-_WGA7025.jpg Source: http://upload. wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_The_Four_Holy_Men_%28John_the_Evangelist_and_Peter%29_ -_WGA7025.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Web Gallery of Art: Inkscape.svg Image Information icon.svg Info about artwork Original artist: Albrecht Dürer • File:Apostle_John_and_Marcion_of_Sinope,_from_JPM_LIbrary_MS_748,_11th_c.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/ wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Apostle_John_and_Marcion_of_Sinope%2C_from_JPM_LIbrary_MS_748%2C_11th_c.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Original publication: Manuscript, Italy, 11th century Immediate source: http://corsair.themorgan.org/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=338126 Original artist: Unknown (Life time: 1100?) • File:Byzantinischer_Maler_um_1100_001.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Byzantinischer_Maler_ um_1100_001.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN 3936122202. Distributed by DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. Original artist: Byzantinischer Maler um 1100 10 11 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Gloriole_blur.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg License: Public domain Contrib- utors: Own work Original artist: Eubulides • File:Hans_Memling_039.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Hans_Memling_039.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN 3936122202. Distributed by DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. Original artist: Hans Memling (circa 1433–1494) • File:Johannesminne_BNM.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Johannesminne_BNM.jpg License: Pub- lic domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Photo: Andreas Praefcke • File:John_Evangelist.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/John_Evangelist.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Iconostasis of Transfiguration church, Kizhi monastery, Karelia, Russia Original artist: 18 century icon painter • File:Kirchenfenster_Böckweiler.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Kirchenfenster_B%C3% B6ckweiler.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/11596438@N00/2435169073/sizes/o/in/ photostream/ Original artist: tiegeltuf • File:Lamentation_of_the_Virgin_Rohan.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Lamentation_of_the_ Virgin_Rohan.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: This is a scan from a book that I own, The Rohan Master. Original artist: The Rohan Master • File:Nicaea_icon.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Nicaea_icon.jpg License: Public domain Contribu- tors: [1],[2] Original artist: Unknown • File:Pietro_Perugino_040.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Pietro_Perugino_040.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN 3936122202. Distributed by DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. Original artist: • File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Rei-artur Original artist: Nicholas Moreau • File:Zampieri_St_John_Evangelist.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Zampieri_St_John_Evangelist. jpg License: Public domain Contributors: National Gallery, London Original artist:

11.3 Content license

• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0