Chapter 8 Plant biosecurity RD&E Plant biosecurity research, development and extension

Understanding the biology of plant pests, the hosts that are susceptible to them, their effects on production and methods of control are fundamental to an effective plant biosecurity system.

Plant biosecurity research, development and extension (RD&E) develops this understanding and how it can be applied to minimise the negative impacts from plant pests.

Industry and government often combine resources to invest in plant biosecurity RD&E. The research on pests and how to manage them is undertaken by research institutions across Australia, including

PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT CSIRO, the Australian Government, state and territory agencies as well as universities, plant industries, Plant Health Australia (PHA), botanic gardens and private organisations.

The science underpinning Australia’s plant biosecurity system takes many forms. It covers the topics of pest management, crop improvement, crop protection, risk analysis, data management, CHAPTER 8: 8: CHAPTER surveillance, diagnostics, protecting the natural environment, and the basic biology of pests and crops. It also involves the full range of crops grown in Australia as well as pollinators.

The pests investigated include bacteria, fungi, nematodes and viruses, along with the diseases they cause, as well as weeds, insects and other invertebrates, such as mites.

The 2020 data provides an overview of national plant, weed and pollinator biosecurity RD&E, with a summary of where it was carried out, the size, the topic, pest and crop types.50 Surveillance programs that include some research or extension activities are also included, as are some training and awareness programs.

Biosecurity Coordinator Callum Fletcher presenting on on-farm biosecurity and exotic pests, using tomato potato psyllid as a case study, at the 2020 NT Farmers workshop in Darwin, NT. Image courtesy of Madeleine Quirk, AUSVEG 50 Every year, the methods used to collect data for this chapter improve incrementally. While every effort is made to secure accurate data for inclusion in Table 60 on page 230, we acknowledge that it is not complete. 216 Australia andForest andWood Products Australia. Corporation, DairyAustralia,GRDC,SugarResearch Australia,AgriFutures Australia,Wine behalf ofthestateandterritorygovernments), Cotton Research andDevelopment Development Corporations), theVictorianDepartment ofJobs, Precincts andRegions (on The committee isfundedby Hort Innovation (leadcoordinator role across theResearch and CSIRO andthePlant BiosecurityResearch Initiative. Hort Innovation, GrainsResearch andDevelopment Corporation (GRDC), WineAustralia, state governments, PHA,theCouncil ofRural Research andDevelopment Corporations, The implementation committee includesrepresentatives from theAustralianGovernment, implementation ofthestrategy. the AGSOC Research andInnovation Committee, ischaired andsupportedby PHAtodrive The NationalPlant BiosecurityRD&EStrategy Implementation Committee, whichreports to matters ofnationalinterest suchasplant biosecurityresearch. whose goalistoimplement cross-jurisdictional cooperative andcoordinated approaches to the Agriculture SeniorOfficials’Committee (AGSOC) Research andInnovation Committee sits undertheNationalPrimaryIndustriesRD&EFramework. Theframework isoverseen by Developed in2013by PHAincollaboration withstakeholders around Australia,thestrategy establish orspread withinAustralia. and socialrisksposedby establishedpestsaswell asthosethatmay enter, emerge, The strategy’s objective istoenabletheeffective management ofeconomic, environmental dependent onthem. and strengthen cross-sectoral biosecurityRD&Efor Australia’s plant industriesandthose The NationalPlant BiosecurityRD&EStrategy provides anoverarching framework toguide National PlantBiosecurityRD&EStrategy

the Department ofForeign Affairs andTrade. Science, theDepartment ofEducation, theDepartment oftheEnvironment andEnergy, and and theEnvironment (DAWE), butalsothrough theDepartment ofIndustry, Innovation and RD&E activities.Thisoccurs predominantly through theDepartment ofAgriculture, Water The AustralianGovernment currently contributes toavariety ofplant biosecurityrelated statutory authorities Australian Government agenciesand Initiative willencourage furthercross-sectoral activities. A memorandumofunderstandingsignedin2020withthePlant BiosecurityResearch the region. reducing threats tospeciessuchasAcacia andEucalyptus growing inAustraliaandacross learning modules.ACIAR’s initiationofasouth-eastAsianforest biosecuritynetwork is Clinics andexpert mentoring, andthePacific Plant BiosecurityPartnership offers online for incursionsandpre-border security. Research projects buildcapacitythrough Plant Health knowledge ofthespread ofpestsanddiseasescontributes toAustralia’s preparedness Building biosecurityscience capacityinourneighbouringcountries contributes toearlier exotic incursions,andtodevelop andshare bestpractice inbiosecuritymanagement. about thebiologyandmanagement ofexotic pestsanddiseases,preparing for potential management, beehealthandforestry. Thisresearch provides auniqueopportunitytolearn program areas, includinghorticulture, agriculturalsystems, crop improvement and ACIAR’s biosecurityprojects adopt various approaches andare spread across several collaborations. research haspositionedACIAR asatrustedscience partnerandhasresulted inenduring and Australia.By focusing onfieldswhere Australiahasspecialresearch competence, the productive andsustainableagriculturalsystems for thejoint benefitofdeveloping countries International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) commissions research toachieve more Through international agriculturalresearch partnerships,theAustralianCentre for aciar.gov.au RESEARCH AUSTRALIAN CENTRE FOR INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL

217 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E AUSTRALIAN RESEARCH COUNCIL

arc.gov.au The Australian Research Council (ARC) is a Commonwealth entity and advises the Australian Australia’s Biosecurity Future: Unlocking the Government on research matters, administers the National Competitive Grants Program next decade of resilience (a significant component of Australia's investment in research and development) and has responsibility for Excellence in Research for Australia. In November 2020, CSIRO released the report Australia’s Biosecurity Future: Unlocking the Next Decade of Resilience. The report produced in partnership The ARC’s purpose is to grow knowledge and innovation for the benefit of the Australian with Animal Health Australia, PHA and the Centre for Invasive Species Solutions community through funding the highest quality research, assessing the quality, engagement is an update on the 2014 version. and impact of research, and providing advice on research matters.

The report was developed collaboratively through interviews and workshops In seeking to achieve its purpose, the ARC supports the highest-quality fundamental and PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT with 26 organisations across the biosecurity system including the Australian applied research and research training through a multi-disciplinary national competition. Government, state governments, research, industry, and non-government Clinical and other medical research is primarily supported by the National Health and Medical organisations. It acknowledges the growing biosecurity risks with links to Research Council. In addition, the ARC encourages partnerships between researchers and increasing trade and travel, outlines a transformational vision for a resilient industry, government, community organisations and the international community. CHAPTER 8: 8: CHAPTER biosecurity system in 2030 and provides recommendations under three key themes: system connectivity, shared responsibility, and science and technology. The outcomes of ARC-funded research deliver cultural, economic, social and environmental benefits to all Australians. The report is available from csiro.au/en/Do-business/Futures/Reports/Health/ Biosecurity-Futures

Researchers in the lab of the Plant Innovation Centre at the Post-Entry Quarantine facility at Mickleham in VIC. Image courtesy of Mark Whattam, Plant Innovation Centre

218 COMMONWEALTH SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH ORGANISATION csiro.au/research As Australia’s national science agency, CSIRO solves the greatest challenges through Improving border diagnostics and treatment options innovative science and technology, in collaboration with industry, governments and The team from the Plant Innovation Centre at the Post-Entry Quarantine facility communities. CSIRO feeds into the plant biosecurity system via the Health and Biosecurity (PIC@PEQ), have partnered with key research and industry collaborators to further and Agriculture and Food business units, and the national research collections. build diagnostic capability and assess emerging treatments to better manage biosecurity risks. The Health and Biosecurity unit delivers research-based solutions to manage the impacts of invasive pests, weeds and diseases. It also assesses the risks they pose, prioritises the The team is working with the Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries pathways of entry and provides new technologies for surveillance and early response (QDAF) to assess the Oxford nanopore sequencing MinION technology which through sensor networks and autonomous platforms. The Agriculture and Food unit provides real-time DNA and RNA sequencing to improve identification of insects to RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT takes an integrated gene-to-plate approach to improving crop quality and yield. species level at the border.

CSIRO is the custodian of a number of plant and plant pest specimen collections that A related project is evaluating emerging technologies using CRISPR-Cas genetic contribute to the biological knowledge that underpins a significant part of the country’s

manipulation for in-field detection of high priority pathogens. With QDAF’s help, 8: CHAPTER taxonomic, genetic, agricultural and ecological research. Collections include the Australian the Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment is updating the use of Tree Seed Centre, Australian National Insect Collection and Australian National Herbarium, conventional DNA amplification assays to more efficient quantitative or ‘real-time’ amongst others. assays to target key pests and pathogens in imported high-risk plants.

PLANT INNOVATION CENTRE In terms of assessing emerging treatments, the team is investigating alternative The Plant Innovation Centre was launched at the Mickleham Post-Entry Quarantine facility herbicides to replace glyphosate as a pre-border treatment to ‘devitalise’ imported near Melbourne’s Tullamarine Airport in November 2017. The purpose of the facility, known cut flowers to prevent them from being propagated. as PIC@PEQ, is to:

• develop in-house R&D capability to conduct applied trials that address operational issues with a focus on implementing into service delivery • partner with scientific research communities and industry leaders • develop closer collaborative links with the education sector. Outcomes will improve the capacity to address current and anticipated plant biosecurity risks, ensuring the nation has a modern and effective plant biosecurity system in place to secure Australia's border.

The centre’s research team consists of a small group of departmental scientists who partner with external scientists and other biosecurity stakeholders to deliver on plant biosecurity related projects.

MinION e-DNA system is being used to identify species of insects. Image courtesy of CSIRO 219 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATIONS Research and development corporations (RDCs) bring together industry and researchers to establish the strategic directions for RD&E and to fund projects that provide industries with the innovation and productivity tools needed to compete in global markets.

There are fifteen rural RDCs covering most Australian agricultural industries, with seven focusing on plant production. RDCs provide funding and support to research providers including state governments, universities, CSIRO, industry associations and research organisations in the private sector. They invest around $800 million each year, with almost $300 million of this from Australian Government funding and around $500 million from industry levies.

PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT In 2020, the DAWE released its National Agricultural Innovation Agenda, providing national leadership and driving improvements across the agricultural innovation system by targeting five pillars of reform:

1. strengthening ecosystem leadership, cohesion and culture through clear strategic CHAPTER 8: 8: CHAPTER direction and increased collaboration

2. improving the balance of funding and investment to deliver both incremental and transformational innovation, and growing private sector and international investment

3. embedding world-class innovation practices through greater transparency and entrepreneurship

4. strengthening our regions to achieve a greater uptake of innovation

5. creating the next generation innovation platform by improving the foundations of agricultural innovation, including data and regulatory setting.

In late 2020, 15 rural RDCs came together to form the Agricultultural Innovation Australia Ltd (AIA) to drive a new cross-industry research, leverage private sector investment and to target transformational innovation.

The National Agricultural Innovation Policy Statement is expected to be released in the first half of 2021, to deliver maximum benefits to industry and the broader economy.

The statement will:

• provide a narrative for Australia’s agricultural innovation system, including the importance of supporting the uptake of innovation • help new entrants navigate the system through its many players, organisations and structures • outline new National Agricultural Innovation Priorities to drive collaboration and focus investment.

Testing alternative treatments to devitalise imported cut flowers so they cannot be propogated. Image courtesy of Mark Whattam, Plant Innovation Centre (PIC@PEQ) 220 Image caption • • • RD&E thatcontributes to: the goalofincreasing theproductivity andprofitability ofcotton farms.CRDCsupports Protecting Australiancotton from endemicandexotic biotic threats isakey focus area under CRDC invests across five strategicareas, asoutlined intheStrategic RD&EPlan2018–23. impact. continued success isinvestment ininnovation andtransformative technologiestodeliver the cotton industryandthewidercommunity. Akey drivingforce behind theindustry’s Australian Government andcotton growers thatinvests inworld-leading RD&Etobenefit The Cotton Research andDevelopment Corporation (CRDC) isapartnershipbetween the crdc.com.au • • • • • • AgriFutures Australiainvests inbiosecurityRD&Eactivities,including: the organisation istogrow thelong-term prosperity ofAustralian ruralindustries. affect theagriculturalsector. Primarilyfundedby theAustralianGovernment, thevisionof industries thatdonot have theirown RDC,new andemerging industries,andthe issuesthat AgriFutures Australiainvests inresearch, leadership,innovation andlearningtosupport agrifutures.com.au to levy payers andtheAustralianGovernment. principles thatmustbeobserved wheninvesting levy funds,aswell asreporting obligations have statutoryfundingagreements withtheAustralianGovernment thatlay outthegeneral mixture ofindustryowned companies andstatutorycorporations. Theindustryowned RDCs RDCs ofrelevance toAustralia’s plant industriesare describedinthissection.They includea COTTON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION AGRIFUTURES AUSTRALIA

adoption ofknowledge. resistance breeding weed management pest management biosecurity planning incursion riskanalysis preparedness activitiesandaddress identified knowledge gaps. working collaboratively withgrowers andconsultants todeliver industryledbiosecurity surveillance, prevention andsustainableresponsible management ofbiotic threats investigating anddelivering new andimproved tools, systems andstrategiesfor the threats investigating andmonitoring theeconomic, environmental andsocial impactsofbiotic and papermanufacturers. government agencieswithintheAustralianwood products sector, withtheexception ofpulp international competitiveness ofwood products. FWPA isfundedby private companies and FWPA provides services totheindustrythatare designedtoincrease thesustainabilityand solutions for theindustryandpromotion oftheindustry’s products, services andvalues. These services includedirect andcollaborative investment inRD&Eto provide innovative RD&E investments, genericpromotion andother services asrequested by members. impediments totheirsupply. FWPA iscommitted tohelpingindustrygrow through targeted nationally integrated strategytoincrease demandfor forest andwood products andreduce Forest andWood Products Australia(FWPA) isanindustryservice company thatprovides a fwpa.com.au FOREST AND WOOD PRODUCTS AUSTRALIA

221 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E GRAINS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION

grdc.com.au The GRDC is a corporate Commonwealth entity established to plan and invest in RD&E for the Australian grains industry to create enduring profitability for grain growers. Activities drive the discovery, development and delivery of innovation to the benefit of grain growers, the grains industry value chain and the wider community.

GRDC’s primary source of income is through a levy on grain growers, which is partially matched by the Australian Government. The research portfolio covers 25 leviable crops, spanning temperate and tropical cereals, oilseeds and pulses, which are worth over $13 billion a year in farm production. PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT The GRDC investment objective ‘optimise input costs’ and an overarching core biosecurity framework are part of the GRDC’s five-year RD&E plan.

The following key investment targets are related to crop protection and biosecurity: CHAPTER 8: 8: CHAPTER • develop and implement management options to minimise the cost of effectively and sustainably managing vertebrate and invertebrate pests, weeds and diseases • maintain and/or improve the price of Australian grain through differentiation based on functionality, food safety and traceability, sustainability of production, reduced downgrading, new and/or enhanced grain classification processes, and optimal management of biosecurity issues • reduce the gap between actual and potential grain yield through more informed and timely decision-making on planting time, crop or variety choice, weed management, pest and disease control, and crop nutrition.

222 Image caption community. Key functionsare to: research, development andmarketing annuallytoprovide benefittoindustryandthewider maintaining adiverse rangeofRD&Eandmarketing service providers. sound investment ofindustryandpublicfunds,supportscapacitybuildingby Hort Innovation isaccountable for theefficient, effective andeconomically andethically ort Innovation (2020). 51 for possibleincursionsisalsoahighpriority. Cooperating withgovernment departments toprevent entry ofthesepestsand toprepare pest-resistant crop varieties andsupportquarantine anddisease-free seedcaneprograms. The SRA Breeding Program andSRA BiosecurityProgram collaborate tobreed diseaseand biosecurity, plant healthandfarmingsystems. in-house researchers conducts research intheareas ofplant breeding, traitdevelopment, and millingbusinesses,matchingfundsfrom theAustralianGovernment. Ateamof In itsrole astheindustryservices body, SRA receives thestatutorylevies paidby growers payers andtheAustraliansugarcane industry. and adoption projects thatdrive theproductivity, profitability andsustainabilityofitslevy Sugar Research Australia(SRA) invests inandmanagesaportfolio ofresearch, development sugarresearch.com.au • • • • (RDC) for Australia’s $14.4billionhorticulture industry. Hort Innovation isanot-for-profit, grower-owned research anddevelopment corporation horticulture.com.au HORT INNOVATION SUGAR RESEARCH AUSTRALIA

H of horticulturalproducts. promote theinterests ofAustralianhorticulturalindustriesoverseas, includingtheexport provide information, services andproducts related toprogram outcomes marketing, programs andservices horticultural industriesby investing grower levies andgovernment fundsinRD&E, increase theproductivity, farmgateprofitability andglobalcompetitiveness of provide leadershipto,andpromote thedevelopment of, theAustralianhorticulture sector Australian Horticulture Statistics Handbook 2018-19 51 Around $110millionisinvested in of thewineindustry. key stakeholders tocoordinate anddirect investments tobestaddress theRD&Epriorities contributions matchedby theAustralianGovernment. WineAustralia collaborates with Wine Australia’s revenue comes from levies ontheannualwinegrapeharvest with wine. disseminating knowledge, encouraging adoption andprotecting thereputation ofAustralian Wine Australiasupportsacompetitive winesectorby investing inRD&E,marketing, wineaustralia.com industry andgovernment. International Year ofPlant Health, providing astrong focal point for collaboration between In thelaterpartof2020,PBRIsupportednationalefforts oftheUN-declared mutual benefits. ACIAR towork withitscountry partners onbiosecurityresearch andcapacitybuildingwith global biosecurityissues.InNovember 2020,afurtherpartnershipwas formalised with and Euphresco, extend therole ofPBRI’s collaboration andco-investment oncommon Strategic international partnershipswithBetter Border Biosecurity(B3)New Zealand (NZ) focus areas toensure thatRD&Eprioritiesreflect current nationalbiosecurityissues. An investment planwillbedeveloped toimplement thisstrategy, usingthePBRI’s sixkey Strategy was subsequently renewed toprovide acurrent framework for co-investment. In July2020,thePBRIprogram was refunded for afurtherthree years, andthePBRI biosecurity. of nationalsignificance, whichhave thepotential tocreate areal difference toplant In May 2020,anindependent review found thePBRIhadcoordinated investment inprojects period, includingcashandin-kind,isapproximately $50million. though PBRImembers.Thetotal value ofthecross-sectoral portfolio over thethree-year Since 2017,there have been15collaborative RD&Eprojects coordinated andcontracted the Plant BiosecurityResearch Initiative (PBRI)throughout 2020. Collaboration andcoordinated investment inbiosecurityRD&Econtinued tobeafocus for pbri.com.au WINE AUSTRALIA THE PLANT BIOSECURITY RESEARCH INITIATIVE

223 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E State and territory governments

Most of Australia’s state and territory departments of agriculture have dedicated RD&E Regulating biosecurity risks from seed in the mail divisions that undertake research, including aspects of plant biosecurity that are a priority for that jurisdiction. These organisations carry out a significant proportion of Australia’s Imported seeds and invasive weeds pose a significant biosecurity risk as they can agricultural RD&E. carry exotic insects and diseases. A smaller proportion of projects are undertaken by researchers in other departments in Regulations imposed on imported seeds depend on the species, the risks posed some states. Research projects are funded by the state, territory and Australian and end-uses. Some can be imported without restrictions, others require Governments, and some are commissioned by commercial clients. treatment at the border, and some need to be grown and tested for diseases in post-entry quarantine facilities. PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT Last year, more than 158 million mail articles were posted to Australia. The challenge of regulating mail was expounded by an international ‘brushing’ scheme which led to people receiving unsolicited seeds in their mail. Over 200

CHAPTER 8: 8: CHAPTER seed packets are found daily and, while detector dogs regularly find seeds, packaging and low odour makes it difficult.

To improve detection, DAWE partnered with Rapiscan Systems to trial low-energy, high-resolution x-rays with real-time video imaging and computer algorithms to automatically detect seeds in mail.

PIC@PEQ are also working with Steritech to assess the use of low dose eBeam and x-rays to treat undeclared seed in mail by ‘shooting’ a beam of electrons to break DNA molecules, to kill the seed or render it harmless.

Proof-of-concept trials have begun, with various substrates – like glass, electronics and plastics – to assess possible negative effects on other materials.

Seeds are most commonly intercepted biosecurity risk items. In 2020 they made up 75 per cent of the total interceptions in mail centres. Image courtesy of DAWE Field of legumes. Image courtesy of Madeleine Quirk, AUSVEG 224 Tourism andTrade andCharlesDarwinUniversity. A partnershipalsoexists between theNorthern Territory Department ofPrimaryIndustry, Queensland Department ofAgriculture andFisheries. Centre for Crop Health –apartnershipbetween University ofSouthernQueenslandand Primary IndustriesandCharlesSturt University. Graham Centre for Agriculture Innovation –apartnershipbetween NSW Department of Development InstituteandtheUniversity ofAdelaide. Waite Research Institute–apartnershipbetween theSouthAustralianResearch and Primary Industries,Parks, Water andEnvironment and theUniversity ofTasmania. Tasmanian InstituteofAgriculture –apartnershipbetween theTasmanian Department of Queensland Department ofAgriculture andFisheriestheUniversity ofQueensland. Queensland Alliance for Agriculture andFood Innovation –apartnershipbetween the and LaTrobe University. AgriBio –apartnershipbetween theVictorianDepartment ofJobs, Precincts andRegions of expertise for thegovernment agenciestowork with. biosecurity prioritiesare fundedandsupportedby researchers. Italsoprovides alarger pool Collaborative research arrangements alsoensure thatstateandterritorygovernment plant generation sequencers) andencourage thespecialistagriculturaltrainingofstudents. These partnershipsallow for thesharingoffacilities,staffandequipment (such asnext Some stateandterritorygovernments have formed partnershipswithuniversities. industries. research skillsinareas ofsignificance totheAustraliancommunity andplant production facilities andservices inspecificsubjectareas. They contribute specialistknowledge and Private research institutionscommonly collaborate withuniversities toprovide research arrangements. governments, industriesanddomesticorinternational sources, ofteninpartnership the community, ofteninpartnershipwithother organisations. Research isfundedby Many universities across Australiaprovide biosecurityresearch andeducationservices for University andprivate research institutes COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH ARRANGEMENTS

growers. management strategies,worked todeliver real impactandin-field solutionsfor Australian through laboratory-based research, fieldwork andthedevelopment ofintegrated farm In 2019,thecentre grew tomore than75researchers andprofessi onal supportstaffwho, Five foundation projects willalsosupportCCDM’s research outputs: There are three key research themes: direction thatwillguideitsresearch efforts andfocus through tomid-2022. co-supported by Curtin University andtheGRDC.In2019,CCDM rolled outitsnew strategic impact ofdiseaseintheAustraliangrainsindustry. Establishedin2014,thecentre is The Centre for Crop andDiseaseManagement (CCDM) focuses onreducing theeconomic ccdm.com.au Attraction and Acceleration Program. Centre program, withsupplementary supportfrom theNSWTrade andInvestment’s Research activities are supportedby a$3.7mgrant from theARC’s IndustrialTransformation Training who are distributedacross andmove freely between participatingorganisations. Research With afocus onresearch training,thecentre supportsresearch fellows andPhDstudents, organisations. coordinates research andresearch trainingacross three universities andfour partner sustainable andenvironmentally friendlytoolstocontrol fruitflypests.Thecentre Training Centre dedicatedtoproviding theAustralianhorticulture industrieswithnew, The Centre for Fruit FlyBiosecurityInnovation isanARCfunded IndustrialTransformation fruitflyittc.edu.au • • • • • • • • CENTRE FOR CROP AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT CENTRE FOR FRUIT FLY BIOSECURITY INNOVATION

improving thereturn oninvestments incrop protection. communication andengagement genomic analysis ofco-infection physiological impactsofdisease bioinformatics canola andpulsediseases. cereal diseases fungicide resistance management anddiseaseimpacts

225 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE FOR BIOSECURITY RISK ANALYSIS COOPERATIVE RESEARCH CENTRE FOR HONEY BEE PRODUCTS cebra.unimelb.edu.au The Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk Analysis (CEBRA) is a group of quantitative crchoneybeeproducts.com scientists housed in the School of Biosciences at the University of Melbourne. CEBRA The Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) for Honey Bee Products was established in focuses on improving the management of biosecurity risk, working closely with Australia November 2017 to bring together industry and research expertise from across Australia and New Zealand’s peak biosecurity regulatory bodies. for five years. The research work is trans-disciplinary across four programs, driving innovation within the industry to meet export demands. CEBRA’s remit covers animal, plant and environmental biosecurity, as well as protecting social amenity, and its scientific output spans the biosecurity continuum. Areas of expertise The CRC aims to help resolve problems that limit the value and expansion of the Australian include pest pathway analysis, incursion impact assessment, mathematical and statistical honey bee products industry by focusing on honey bee hive sites, honey products, modelling, and agricultural economics. health and chain of custody. The CRC has 25 industry and community partners and is

PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT presently running 35 projects. CEBRA collaborates with organisations in New Zealand and the United States, and has international linkages with Canada, South Africa and the United Kingdom. CEBRA collaborates with a wide range of state and national agencies.

CHAPTER 8: 8: CHAPTER CEBRA was created in 2013 by deeds between the Australian Government's DAWE, New Zealand’s Ministry for Primary Industries and the University of Melbourne, which will expire in 2021.

AUSTRALIAN PLANT BIOSECURITY SCIENCE FOUNDATION

apbsf.org.au The Australian Plant Biosecurity Science Foundation was established to follow the Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre (PBCRC), which finished operations in June 2018, and is supported by unspent funds from PBCRC.

The foundation supports plant biosecurity RD&E and capacity building, particularly where there is a need for investment in environmental, capacity building, international linkages, non-levy payer, cross-sectoral and strategic plant biosecurity research. It also invests in commercial IP developed by and inherited from the PBCRC. The Foundation aims to build on the legacy of the PBCRC, strengthening the collaborative networks between communities, governments, research and industry in Australia and overseas.

Bee Biosecurity Officers inspecting hives in an avocado orchard. Image courtesy of WA DPIRD 226 Kevin Powell (SRA) and ISRI team evaluating moth borer trails in sugarcaine, Indonesia. Image courtesy of Sugar Research Australia

227 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Plant biosecurity RD&E projects in 2020 Figure 95. RD&E projects by research type or location 8% Field based (ecology) In 2020, a substantial amount of RD&E that benefits plant biosecurity occurred across 8% Field based (other) Australia. PHA received data from over 90 organisations who were asked to provide information relevant to plant or pollinator (e.g. honey bee) biosecurity RD&E projects 16% Laboratory based (molecular) which they either funded or in which they were involved. 5% Laboratory based (non-molecular)

Research projects covered the spectrum of crops and pest types relevant to Australian 46% Multiple plant production industries and the natural environment. Figures 94–98 present the 17% Policy or office-based research projects by pest type, research type, project value, biosecurity area and affected crop type to give some indication of how research budgets are spent in Australia.

PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT Table 60, starting on page 230, lists 681 plant biosecurity related research projects undertaken during 2020. Although projects have simply been listed by project title in the table, other information (e.g. an abstract) was sourced to help categorise the research. CHAPTER 8: 8: CHAPTER

Figure 94. RD&E projects by pest type Figure 96. RD&E projects by project value

2% Bacteria 5% $1-$20,000 19% Fungi 21% $20,001-$100,000 20% Insect 12% $100,001-250,000 14% $250,001-$500,000 38% Multiple 14% $500,001-$1,000,000 2% Nematode 22% $1,000,001-$5,000,000 0% Other 7% $5,000,001+ 4% Other invertebrate 5% Unknown 2% Other pathogen

0% Unknown 3% Virus 11% Weed

228 *The definitionfor ‘crop type’ are generally basedontheHort Innovation, AgriFutures Australia andGRDC crop groupings. Figure 97. RD&E projects by biosecurityareas 23% 14% <1% 12% 6% 6% 2% 3% 5% 8% 1% 1% 2% 3% 7% 7% Risk analysisandmodelling Research centreorcommitte Prevention Pest management Pest basicbiology Multiple Mark Information management Host orpestidentification Host basicbiology Extension Emergency response Diagnostics Crop improvemen Systems approaches Surveillance et accesssupport

t e Figure 98.RD&Eprojects by crop type* <1% 24% <1% 11% <1% 19% 4% 6% 1% 4% 3% 7% 4% 2% 3% 2% 1% 3% 3% Nursery crops Natural environment Horticulture -other Horticulture -multiple Horticulture -vegetable Horticulture -nuts Horticulture -grapes Horticulture -fruit Fo Broadacre -other Broadacre -multiple Broadacre -sugarcane Broadacre -grains Broadacre -cotton Other crops Multiple crops Urban/amenities Unknown Pollinators restry s

229 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E 230

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects Helicoverpa monitor for resistance allelesin Application ofmoleculartoolsto – Fullbright Scholarship support Managing Verticillium riskfor cotton cotton pests2 support management ofemerging Integrated pestmanagement to cotton pests1 support management ofemerging Integrated pestmanagement to for highyieldresearch technical leadandpestmanagement Integrated pestmanagement diseases Innovative solutionstocotton whitefly oncotton farms Improved management ofsilverleaf cotton integrated pestmanagement in Identifying sensorsfor better cotton spider miteandstrawberryin caused by two spotted mite,bean Evaluation ofrelative damage in cotton Alternaria andblackroot rot disease management practices tocontrol chemistries, biocontrol agents and Evaluate efficacyofnovel from irrigationwater pathogens using environmental DNA Detecting cotton pestsand and soils suppressive cotton farmingsystems Characteristics ofdisease improved cotton production Biological basedproducts for Bioclay Verticillium for cotton Project title CSIRO Texas Tech NSW DPI,Lower NamoiCGA, CSIRO NSW DPI QDAF NSW DPI QDAF Queensland Univeristy ofSouthern NSW DPI NSW DPI University ofQueensland QDAF, NSWDPI,CSIRO Western Sydney University University ofQueensland research Organisation undertakingthe Broadacre –cotton Scholarship, NSWDPI CRDC, Fullbright CRDC, CSIRO CRDC, NSWDPI CRDC, QDAF CRDC, NSWDPI CRDC, QDAF QDAF Southern Queensland, CRDC, University of CRDC, NSWDPI CRDC, NSWDPI DAWE CSIRO CRDC, QDAF, NSWDPI, CRDC, Converte PtyLtd ARC Hub CRDC, Monsanto (USA) Funding source orbody northern region sorghum stalkrot in the GRDC sustainable management of An integrative approach towards increased lentil yield Actinobacterial endophytes for increased chickpeayield Actinobacterial endophytes for weeds real-time detection ofresistance in A simpleandinnovative testfor ascochyta blight risk A modelfor predicting chickpea practices inWA weed resistance management A 'focus farms' study tooptimise systems disease suppressive cotton farming Using DNAdiagnosticstomonitor cotton withtheGFP gene(Hon) causal agent ofVerticillium wiltof Transformation ofVerticillium dahliae, monitoring improved insectresistance resistance management through Sustainable silverleaf whitefly development innorthernAustralia Science leadershipfor cotton black root rot risks Ready-to-use soiltesttomanage extension extension andcentral QLDregional National biosecurityordisease best practice Mirid andmealybugmanagement Project title Broadacre –cotton (continued) Queensland University ofSouthern Flinders University Flinders University University ofWestern Australia Authority Queensland, WA Agricultural University ofSouthern University ofWestern Australia Sydney Crown Analytical,University of Queensland NSW DPI,University of QDAF CSIRO Australia Microbiology Laboratories QDAF QDAF research Organisation undertakingthe Broadacre –grains GRDC Flinders University Flinders University GRDC GRDC GRDC Distributors Ltd, CSIRO CRDC, Cotton Seed CRDC CRDC, QDAF CSIRO Co-operative Ltd, QDAF, CRDC, Ord River District CRDC CRDC, QDAF CRDC, QDAF Funding source orbody Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) program –wheatandbarley Australian cereal rustcontrol leaf rust,striperustandstem2 wheat andbarley withresistance to and knowledge required tobreed program –delivering genetic tools Australian cereal rustcontrol leaf rust,striperustandstem1 wheat andbarley withresistance to and knowledge required tobreed program –delivering genetic tools Australian cereal rustcontrol cereal rustpathogensinAustralia program –continued monitoringof Australian cereal rustcontrol to root lesionnematode Assess wheatcultivars for tolerance focus onlentils Ascochyta blight ofpulseswitha focus onchickpea Ascochyta blight ofpulseswitha Ascochyta blight offieldpea defence andfood security molecular interactions for plant Cereals andrustdiseases– breeding support Project title ratings for thesouthernregion Cereal andpulsecultivar resistance Management Centre for Crop Disease Bioinformatics foundation project analysis molecular marker program –genetic Australian wheatandbarley regional level resistance management targeted at Extension Network –fungicide Australian Fungicide Resistance

Broadacre –grains(continued) University ofSydney CSIRO University ofSydney Queensland University ofSouthern Curtin University (CCDM), SARDI Curtin University (CCDM) Curtin University (CCDM) DJPR Curtin University (CCDM) Curtin University (CCDM) University ofAdelaide Melbourne Queensland, University of University ofSouthern Curtin University (CCDM), University ofSydney University ofSydney research Organisation undertakingthe ARC Funding source orbody GRDC GRDC GRDC Technologies Breeders, AustralianGrain LongReach Plant GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC, DJPR GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC region farming systems ofthesouthern seed banksinhigh rainfall zone management ofannualryegrass enable theintegrated andprofitable Development oflocalstrategies to rust Australian barley crops againstleaf Development ofgenetic toolsfor crops deployment ofgenetic resistance in principles tooptimise the strategies –usingevolutionary Development ofgenedeployment grain cropping herbicide resistance inAustralian Determining theincidence of grains region pest management inthenorthern Delivery ofimproved invertebrate yield control andmaintenance ofcrop Cultural management for weed Cultivar crown rot tolerance trials Crown rot resistance ciliate protozoa – biologicalcontrol ofslugsusing products for snailandslugcontrol Control ofsnailsandslugs:New crops weeds innarrow leafandalbuslupin WA bluelupinandother broadleaf potential herbicidesfor managing Consultative review determine species revision ofAustralianTrogoderma Conduct integrative taxonomic foundation project Communicatons andengagement aphids incanolafields(PhD) aphidophagous arthropods tolocate Chemical cuesusedby Project title Broadacre –grains(continued) University ofAdelaide University ofSydney, CSIRO CSIRO Charles Sturt University QDAF University ofWestern Australia Crown AnalyticalServices PtyLtd Queensland University ofSouthern University ofMelbourne Australia Network PtyLtd Independent Consultants CSIRO Curtin University (CCDM) Murdoch University research Organisation undertakingthe GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC Intergrain GRDC GRDC DAWE GRDC GRDC Funding source orbody

231 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E 232

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) program the Australianpeanutbreeding key agronomic andqualitytraitsin and genotyping toolsfor selectionof Development ofrapidphenotyping and tolerance for Pratylenchus thorneiresistance Evaluation ofCAIGEelitegenotypes stripe rustdisease Enhancing resistance towheat Engineering rustresistance ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)inbarley season weed set control ofannual Effective useofdiquatfor late Stagonospora nodorumblotch Effective genetic control of tritici blotch Effective genetic control ofSeptoria resistance varieties withgreater crown rot improved grower access todurum Durum crown rot benchmarkingfor powdery mildew Durable resistance tobarley ascochyta blight? metabolites for andagainst Do somechickpeasproduce service) Disease screening service (fee for grain growers management toolsfor Australian Disease epidemiologyand deployment nematode resistance gene Development oftoolstoaccelerate Project title Broadacre –grains(continued) Australia Queensland, Peanut Company of University ofSouthern of SouthernQueensland University ofSydney, University Australian NationalUniversity CSIRO Synergy Consulting WA DPIRD NSW DPI Queensland University ofSouthern Curtin University (CCDM) Department ofRegional NSW DJPR University (CCDM) Western Australia,Curtin Queensland, University of University ofSouthern WAAA, NSWDPI,SARDI, DJPR, of SouthernQueensland,SARDI University ofAdelaide, University research Organisation undertakingthe GRDC ARC (USA) Two Blades Foundation GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC Fee for Service GRDC GRDC Australia Peanut Company of Funding source orbody virulence ofthepathogen and understanding ofevolution and resistance toSeptoria leafblotch Identification of novel sources of grass weeds inwinter cereals management ofemerging summer Herbicide options for the Grains farmbiosecurityprogram Grain weeds advisorycommittee treatments thornei andP. neglectus withspecific Glasshouse trialfor Pratylenchus stem rot ofcanolaandpulses Genetics solutionstoSclerotinia potential inchickpea ASSD approach toenhance adaptive gene-pool expansion andintegrated Genetics ofwildgermplasm, to out-compete weeds Genetically improving wheat's ability barley Genetic solutionstocrown rot in in cereals andpulses enhancement for nematodecontrol affecting majorcrops –germplasm Genetic control ofnematodespecies crops legged earthmiteinAustraliangrain Future options for thecontrol ofred underlying mechanisms Fungicide resistance detection and pathogenesis offungalplant disease Extracellular vesicles inthe Extension andengagement Project title Broadacre –grains(continued) University ofAdelaide Incorporated Northern Grower Alliance PHA Rural Directions PtyLtd Queensland University ofSouthern Curtin University (CCDM) Curtin University (CCDM) CSIRO CSIRO Queensland, GRDC University ofSouthern Cesar Australia Queensland University ofSouthern Curtin University (CCDM), La Trobe University Curtin University (CCDM) research Organisation undertakingthe GRDC GRDC GPA GRDC FMC Australasia GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC ARC GRDC Funding source orbody Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) crown rot inwheat Integrated genetic solutionsto region diseases intheGRDCnorthern tools tomanagesummercrop Integrated diseasemanagement growers strategies for cereal andpulse Integrated diseasemanagement chickpeas package for ascochyta blight in Integrated diseasemanagement virus management preparedness andimplicationsfor peach aphid–nationalsurveillance, Insecticide resistance inthegreen cereal andpulses Incidence andseverity ofdiseasein delivery ofherbicidetolerance traits Improving weed control inpulses– management ofEtiella inlentils Improving monitoringand Phytophthora root rot ofchickpea Improving management of practices through improved agronomic Improving diseasemanagement wheat management ofyellow spot in Improved genetic solutionsfor disease diagnostics novo fungicideresistance and Improved approaches for rapidde disease-induced yieldloss Impacts ofhostresistance on of grainspests advisory platform for management Identification, surveillance and Project title Broadacre –grains(continued) QDAF of SouthernQueensland, CSIRO, University ofSydney, University Queensland (lead),QDAF University ofSouthern DJPR CSIRO Cesar Australia DJPR University ofAdelaide SARDI Western Sydney University SARDI University ofAdelaide, DJPR University (CCDM), WAAA, Southern Queensland,Curtin WA DPIRD, University of Curtin University (CCDM) DJPR Cesar Australia research Organisation undertakingthe Funding source orbody GRDC GRDC GRDC, DJPR GRDC GRDC GRDC, DJPR GRDC SA GrainIndustryTrust NSW DPI GRDC GRDC GRDC Australia, DJPR University ofWestern DPI, SARDI, QDAF, GRDC, WA DPIRD, NSW GRDC pathogen populations profit: surveillance andmonitoring of barley foliar pathogensonyieldand Minimising theimpactofmajor service model material transitioningtoafee for profit: screening ofelitebreeder barley foliar pathogensonyield and Minimising theimpactofmajor host differential sets profit: development ofinternational barley foliar pathogensonyieldand Minimising theimpactofmajor in blacklegdiseaseofcanola Mechanisms of antifungal resistance inheritance ofresistance Mechanisms, evolution and groups co-ordination ofgrower andadvisor in NSW–establishment and Managing earlyseasoncanolapests development oftechnicalcontent establishment pestsinNSW– Managing earlyseasoncanola intensive pulsecropping systems Managing Botrytis diseasesin under threat offungicideresistance Management ofbarley diseases NSW ryegrass workshop, south-east Let’s talkglyphosateresistant canola small conical snailsoutofbarley and Investigating snailrollers toclean improvement network International mungbean at Lake Bolac herbicide resistant annualryegrass Integrated weed management of Project title Broadacre –grains(continued) University ofAdelaide, SARDI QDAF DJPR University ofMelbourne University ofAdelaide FarmLink Research Limited Cesar Australia SARDI Curtin University (CCDM) FarmLink Research Limited Stirlings toCoast Farmers Development Centre, QDAF Asian Vegetable Research and Southern Farming Systems research Organisation undertakingthe GRDC GRDC GRDC ARC GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC ACIAR GRDC Funding source orbody

233 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E 234

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) Ethiopia sustainability offababeansin improve productivity and Mitigating diseaseconstraints to crown rot including interactions with Fusarium and durumgraininnorthernNSW high qualityAustralianprimehard improve profitability ofproducing Optimum management strategiesto pests management ofinvertebrate grain Novel suppression andresistance New usesfor existing chemistry decisions ingraincrops timing ofpestmanagement New knowledge toimprove the cereal crops for root pathogens New capabilitytosurvey pulseand cultivar diseaseresistance ratings National variety trials–pathologyof National variety trials–pathology program National mungbeanimprovement National hay agronomy project improvement program –phaseII National Brassicagermplasm management ofresistance deployment offungicidesfor Modelling framework for optimising in Bangladeshandbeyond Mitigating theeffects ofwheatblast and easternAfrica on wheatproduction insouthAsia Mitigating theeffects ofstriperust Project title Broadacre –grains(continued) University ofWestern Australia Department ofRegional NSW University ofMelbourne University ofQueensland CSIRO SARDI DJPR Queensland University ofSouthern QDAF WAAA, DJPR NSW DPI Curtin University (CCDM) Improvement Centre International WheatandMaize University ofSydney research Organisation undertakingthe GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC Trust GRDC, SA Grain Industry GRDC GRDC GRDC, QDAF AgriFutures Australia GRDC GRDC ACIAR ACIAR ACIAR Funding source orbody Sorghum midgetestingscheme Australian farmingsystems Soil-borne diseaseinteraction in Snail biocontrol revisited –phaseII Septoria nodorumblotch ofwheat toolkit R-HapSelect, ahaplotype-based resistance inbarley novel using utilisation ofnovel disease germplasm for rapiddiscovery and Screening ofdiverse barley Resistance tobarley net blotches thresholds for Russian wheataphid Regional riskassessment and by growers plant tissue toguidesustainableuse Quantification offungicideactives in PulseBio 4–biosecure pulseseeds insect pests Protection ofstored grainsagainst Phosphine resistance use Pathways toregistration –minor mungbean improvement program Pathology supportfor theQLD Project title industry western node Statistics for theAustraliangrains Stem nematodeinoats weeds inAustraliangraincropping Surveillance ofherbicideresistant Broadacre –grains(continued) QDAF Queensland, WA DPIRD, WAAA University ofSouthern DJPR, NSWDPI,CSIRO, SARDI, CSIRO Curtin University (CCDM) University ofQueensland Curtin University (CCDM) SARDI, Cesar Australia Department ofRegional NSW DJPR Davren GlobalPtyLtd Murdoch University AKC Consulting PtyLtd University ofQueensland research Organisation undertakingthe Curtin University University ofAdelaide University ofWestern Australia Charles Sturt University, GRDC WA DPIRD of SouthernQueensland, CSIRO, SARDI, University GRDC, DJPR, NSWDPI, GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC GRDC ACIAR WA DPIRD GRDC QDAF Funding source orbody GRDC AgriFutures Australia GRDC Table 60. Plant biosecurity RD&E projects (continued)

Organisation undertaking the Project title Funding source or body research Broadacre – grains (continued) Survey of the summer and autumn Brassica refuges for diamondback moth in the western region to WA DPIRD GRDC predict early season risk of infestation

Survey of vertebrate and invertebrate pests and beneficials WA DPIRD GRDC harbouring in harvest weed seed control systems PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT Surveys and associated diagnostics of the incidence and severity of QDAF GRDC, QDAF diseases of cereals and pulses in the northern region

Surveys and associated diagnostics 8: CHAPTER of the incidence and severity of University of Adelaide GRDC diseases of cereals and pulses in the southern region (SA) The functional characterisation of a Australian National University ARC novel immune response in plants

The interaction between arbuscular University of Southern mycorrhizal fungi, rhizobia and root GRDC Scholarship Queensland lesion nematodes in mungbean

The roles of pathogen effectors in Australian National University ARC promoting rust diseases of plants

Towards effective genetic and sustainable management of ascochyta blight of chickpea: accurate, effective, cheaper and DJPR GRDC rapid high-throughput method for qualitative and quantitative evaluation for ascochyta blight genetic resistance

Towards effective genetic and sustainable management of Griffith University, University of scochyta blight of chickpea: Southern Queensland, DJPR, WA GRDC ascochyta blight pathogen biology, DPIRD population dynamics and epidemiology

Towards effective genetic and sustainable management of ascochyta blight of chickpea: identification and characterisation of University of Adelaide GRDC novel sources of ascochyta blight resistance in elite cultivars and wild relatives of chickpea Moth borer Sesamia grisescens larva in sugarcane. Image courtesy of Sugar Research Australia

Image caption 235 236

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) and chickpeagenotypes phenotyping ofpathogenisolates ascochyta blight ofchickpea: sustainable management of Towards effective genetic and virus inMyanmar vectors ofsugarcane streak mosaic Identification ofpotential arthropod QLD General pestmanagement –south QLD General pestmanagement –north QLD General pestmanagement –central Woodford training andtechnicaladvice – General pathologydiagnostic, training andtechnicaladvice –Tully General pathologydiagnostic, stunting disease Diagnostic laboratoryfor ratoon productivity improved sugarcane soilhealthand molecular biologicalassays for Development ofcommercial canegrubs Development ofanartificialdiet for ethylene injection(PhD) Control ofred witchweed by Weed surveillance investment Weed speciesfor potential research respond tochangingvirusthreats oilseeds breeding programs to germplasm for Australianpulseand Virus threats –new toolsand by Fusarium molecular details ofcanolainfection Towards understandingthe Project title Broadacre –grains(continued) Broadacre –sugarcane Areas Agriculture Research inDry International Centre for SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA University ofQueensland QDAF DJPR Queensland, DJPR, WA DPIRD NSW DPI,QDAF, University of University ofMelbourne research Organisation undertakingthe ACIAR SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA QDAF GRDC GRDC GRDC, NSWDPI ARC GRDC Funding source orbody Project title the absence ofbees Ensuring lucerne seedproduction in protection Eco-friendly pesticidesfor crop higher CO activate grassresistance under Time toprime–usingsilicon to monitoring through improved insectresistance Sustainable insectmanagement Soldier flymanagement rot – nematodesandPachymetra root Soil diagnosticassay laboratory sugarcane (including biosecurity)inAustralian for pest,diseaseandweed RD&E Situation analysis andopportunities program –Woodford resistance for theSRA breeding Screening clonesfor disease program –Tully resistance for theSRA breeding Screening clonesfor disease detection blueprint at thesugarfactory–disease Ratoon stunting diseasedetection manage themwhenthey arrive? Moth borers –how are we goingto – inthefield Keeping ourchemicalsintheirplace germplasm quarantine for sugarcane International anddomestic existing product contingency for lossofamenitywith insecticides for canegrubcontrol as Identifying new generation 2 Broadacre –sugarcane (continued) University ofWestern Australia University ofQueensland Western Sydney University research Organisation undertakingthe NSW DPI SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA, University ofQueensland SRA James Cook University, SRA SRA SRA Broadacre –multiple Broadacre –other AgriFutures Australia Ag PtyLtd ARC, NSWDPI,Innovate ARC CRDC, NSWDPI,GRDC SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA SRA, QDAF Funding source orbody Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) China blueberries for market access to for Queenslandfruitflyin Additional cold treatment schedule Gasteroclisus) Fireweed biocontrol (weevil: Australia Rice –weed management in wasps seed wasp andassociatedparasitoid Quantitative DNAtestsfor lucerne north Australia rice growing packages for tropical Northern Rice Australia –developing crus-galli) indrill-sown rice barnyard grass(Echinochloa establishment, andgrowth of phase ontheseedbank, Impacts ofthepasture legume wilt ofbananainsouth-eastAsia response tothespread ofFusarium An integrated management Project title progenitors for resistance Nigeria andscreening wildbanana – community management in Banana bunchy topvirusmitigation Avocado sunblotch viroid survey capacity building Avocado industrybiosecurity biosecurity project Australian mangoindustry communication program Australian lychee industry Auscitrus horticulturalproject Australian appleandpearindustry weed management program for the An integrated pest,diseaseand Broadacre –other(continued) QDAF CSIRO, DAWE Agropraisals PtyLtd University ofAdelaide Queensland University ofSouthern Charles Sturt University University ofQueensland University ofQueensland University ofQueensland Association Australian MangoIndustry Association Australian Lychee Growers' NSW DPI DJPR, University ofTasmania QDAF research Organisation undertakingthe Horticulture –fruit Funding source orbody Hort Innovation AgriFutures Australia AgriFutures Australia AgriFutures Australia AgriFutures Australia DAWE Foundation Bill &Melinda Gates Hort Innovation Hort Innovation PHA Hort Innovation Collaborative Research QDAF Tasmania, NSWDPI, DPIRD, University of Hort Innovation, DJPR, WA ACIAR maximum residue limitprogram Citrus agrichemicalandexport development Cherry market access andtrade Breeding better bananas and passionfruitindustries Biosecurity planfor lychee, papaya sunblotch viroid Bee surveillance for avocado Banana industryR&Dcoordination Project title Horticulture –fruit(continued) Citrus Australia Cherry Growers Australia University ofQueensland PHA CSIRO Council Australian BananaGrowers' research Organisation undertakingthe Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Melinda GatesFoundation Tropical Agriculture, Bill& International Institiutefor Hort Innovation University ofQueensland Hort Innovation Funding source orbody

237 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 60. Plant biosecurity RD&E projects (continued)

Organisation undertaking the Organisation undertaking the Project title Funding source or body Project title Funding source or body research research Horticulture – fruit (continued) Horticulture – fruit (continued) National citrus canker Facilitating the development of the Citrus canker research NT DITT Berries Australia Hort Innovation eradication program Australian berry industries

Citrus pest and disease prevention Farm survey 2020 – charcoal rot Victorian Strawberry Citrus Australia Citrus Australia Victoria Strawberry Industry committee incidence in the VIC strawberry Industry Development Certification Authority industry Committee Agricultural Produce Cold plasma treatment of Murdoch University Commission (Strawberry post-harvest strawberry pathogens Fusarium wilt tropical race 4 Committee) University of Queensland Hort Innovation research program 2 PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT Conditional non-host systems QDAF Hort Innovation Fusarium wilt tropical race 4 QDAF (led), NT DITT, James Cook protocol for fruit fly in mangoes Hort Innovation research program 3 University Developing integrated pest Generation of data for pesticide management compatible controls Peracto Pty Ltd Hort Innovation IPM Technologies Hort Innovation applications in horticulture crops 1 CHAPTER 8: 8: CHAPTER for spotted wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) Generation of data for pesticide Peracto Pty Ltd Hort Innovation Developing knowledge and applications in horticulture crops 2 management of strawberry red leaf QDAF, University of Queensland Hort Innovation disorder High health, pre-commercial propagation material for Australian DJPR Hort Innovation Development of area-wide strawberry growers management approaches for fruit Huanglongbing tolerant rootstock flies in mangoes for Indonesia, QDAF ACIAR NSW DPI NSW DPI Philippines, Australia and the evaluation Asia-Pacific region Implementation of Development of integrated pest recommendations from the avocado management compatible methods IPM Technologies, Cesar GIA Hort Innovation Hort Innovation industry nursery voluntary for controlling Drosophila suzukii in Australia accreditation scheme review berry crops Development of molecular markers Implementing precision agriculture for Fusarium wilt resistance in University of Queensland Hort Innovation solutions in Australian avocado University of New England Hort Innovation banana production systems

Disinfestation of blueberries against Improved management of charcoal QDAF Hort Innovation Mediterranean fruit fly for market Murdoch University Hort Innovation rot of strawberry access to Japan Improved plant protection for the QDAF, NT DITT Hort Innovation Employment of a national citrus banana industry Citrus Australia PHA surveillance coordinator Improving avocado orchard productivity through disease Murdoch University Hort Innovation University of Tasmania Tasmanian Government management 1 Expanding crop protection options (Tasmanian Institute of (Agricultural Innovation for control of blueberry rust Agriculture), Staphyt Pty Ltd, Fund) NSW DPI Improving avocado orchard productivity through disease University of Queensland Hort Innovation management 2 Exploring integrated pest management compatible methods Cesar Australia Hort Innovation Improving biosecurity preparedness for spotted winged drosophila in PHA, Citrus Australia Hort Innovation berry crops of the Australian citrus industry

238 Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) Industry ledsurveillance pilot citrus canker development ofavolatile profile for Odour detection dogand improvement program National strawberryvarietal program 2 National passionfruitbreeding program 1 National passionfruitbreeding breeding including PRSV-P resistance National papaya breeding program, diseases onstrawberryfarms biosecurity for control ofsoil-borne National masterclassestoimprove and education program (phase 4)–surveillance National bananabunchy topvirus Melon industrybiosecurityofficer WA avocado orchards –phase2 Management ofsixspotted mite in diseases innorthQLD Management ofbananapestsand fumigation ofplums Low-dose methyl bromide bugs inavocados Investigation into citrusblossom Torres Strait with aview toeradicationinthe Sigatoka, anddiseasesuppression enhanced management ofblack Investigating technicalfeasibility of blackberries redberry mite(Acalitus essigi)on Integrated pestmanagement of Project title Horticulture –fruit(continued) Citrus Australia NT DITT QDAF Southern Cross University Southern Cross University Griffith University Development Committee Victorian Strawberry Industry Council Australian BananaGrowers' Melons Australia WAAA Council Australian BananaGrowers' QDAF QDAF, University ofQueensland QDAF University ofTasmania research Organisation undertakingthe Funding source orbody DAWE Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation APBSF Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation DAWE Hort Innovation Citrus Australia pineapple andavocado diseases delivered dsRNA for management of Topical applicationofBioClay- diagnostic capacity Strengthening thebananaindustry program Strawberry industryminoruse banana industry biosecurity andsustainabilityinthe Strategic industry development, Rubus industryminoruseprogram manual for cherry producers development ofabiosecurity plan for thecherry industryand Review ofthenationalbiosecurity plan for thebanana industry Review ofthenationalbiosecurity the berrysector Review ofthebiosecurityplanfor for avocados andmangoes Review ofnationalbiosecurityplans management arthropod pestsandtheir Review andextension ofavocado blood diseaseinIndonesia Reversing theimpactofbanana environments surveillance inurbanandperi-urban Remote sensingfor biosecurity material Protecting Australia’s citrusgenetic program Pineapple integrated crop protection for theappleindustry Pilot sterilecodling moth releases Project title Horticulture –fruit(continued) University ofQueensland University ofQueensland Hort Innovation Council Australian BananaGrowers' Hort Innovation PHA PHA PHA PHA IPM Technologies University ofQueensland(QAAFI) University ofNew England Incorporation Propagation Association NSW DPI,AustralianCitrus Global QDAF, Growcom, Agri Supply Agriculture) (Tasmanian Instituteof University ofTasmania research Organisation undertakingthe QDAF Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation APBSF Hort Innovation (RRD4P) Innovation, NSWDPI Auscitrus, Hort Hort Innovation Growers Tasmania Hort Innovation, Fruit Funding source orbody

239 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E 240

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) Queensland fruitflyintablegrapes management supportfor Area wideintegrated pest epidemiology green mottle mosaicvirus role ofhoney beesincucumber Understanding andmanagingthe emphasis ongrapevine virusA (PhD) physiology ofShirazdiseasewithan Molecular epidemiologyand Australian viticulture Managing fungicideresistance in established grapevine phylloxera Integrated management of in diverse climatesinAustralia management for vineyard longevity Grapevine trunkdisease efficiency andreduced costs technology for improved water combinations andevaluation ofnew Field trialswithnew scion-rootstock of unwanted fungalaromas rot tolerance inwineanddetection Determining thresholds for bunch Coonawarra rootstock trial information ofagrochemicals Collecting anddisseminating pathogens (PhD) agents ofgrapevine trunkdisease microorganisms asbiologicalcontrol evaluation ofendophytic associated withgrapevines and Characterisation ofthemicrobiome and pearindustry certification devices for theapple Variety evaluation andtree management ofcharcoal rot Use ofbiofumigant crops for Project title Horticulture –fruit(continued) Association Australian Table Grape NT DITT Wine Research Institute University ofAdelaide, Australian SARDI DJPR SARDI CSIRO Charles Sturt University Vignerons Wine Estates,Coonawarra Vinehealth Australia,Treasury Institute Australian WineResearch Charles Sturt University Apple andPear AustraliaLimited Certification Authority Victorian Strawberry Industry research Organisation undertakingthe Horticulture –grapes Wine Research Institute of Adelaide, Australian Wine Austraia,University Wine Australia Wine Australia Wine Australia Wine Australia Wine Australia Coonawarra Vignerons Treasury WineEstates, Vinehealth Australia, Wine Australia Sturt University Wine Australia,Charles Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Committee Industry Development Victorian Strawberry Hort Innovation Funding source orbody Chestnut industrybiosecurity officer coordinator Chestnut blight response industry program for theAustralianalmond An integrated pestmanagement industry program for theAustralianalmond An integrated diseasemanagement biotrophic grapevine pathogens agrochemical resistance in Understanding thebasisof in Australianagriculture (PhD) control ofgrapevine pinot grisvirus The molecularepidemiologyand Surveillance ofSA for phylloxera testing Botrytis andpowdery mildew DNA Spore trappingtechnologiesfor resistant varieties ingrapevines development ofnew disease- Scion genetics andimprovement – phylloxera to root knot nematodesand rootstocks withdurableresistance improvement –new improved Rootstock genetics and manual for theviticulture industry Review ofthebiosecurityplanand germplasm –pathway toadoption Regional evaluation ofnew productivity (Ag Kelpie) control tomaximiseagricultural Novel autonomousrobotic weed canopy anddiseasemanagement New technologiesfor dynamic Project title Horticulture –grapes(continued) Chestnuts Australia Chestnuts Australia DJPR DJPR Institute Australian WineResearch La Trobe University, DJPR Vinehealth Australia Institute SARDI, AustralianWineResearch CSIRO CSIRO PHA CSIRO University ofNew England Agent Oriented Software, CSIRO research Organisation undertakingthe Horticulture – nuts Chestnuts Australia Chestnuts Australia Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Wine Australia Wine Australia Adelaide University, DJPR, Vinehealth Australia Wine Australia Wine Australia Wine Australia Innovation Wine Australia,Hort Wine Australia and Resources Industry, Science, Energy Australian Department of CRC Project Round 9, Wine Australia Funding source orbody Table 60. Plant biosecurity RD&E projects (continued)

Organisation undertaking the Project title Funding source or body research Horticulture – nuts (continued) Chestnut industry communications Chestnuts Australia Inc. Hort Innovation program

Establishing the walnut Emergency Australian Walnut Industry Australian Walnut Plant Pest Response levy Association Industry Association

Hazelnut growth through the implementation of the 2030 Hazelnut Growers of Australia AgriFutures Australia strategic blueprint

Integrated pest management in RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT NSW DPI Hort Innovation macadamia Investigating the infection process of Rhizopus stolonifer and symptom DJPR DJPR development in the almond disease, hull rot 8: CHAPTER Macadamia integrated disease University of Queensland Hort Innovation management

National almond breeding and Hort Innovation, University of Adelaide evaluation program Australian Almonds

National macadamia breeding and University of Queensland Hort Innovation evaluation program New technologies for improved insect management for the almond DJPR DJPR industry Pathogens and other factors contributing to dark staining on AgXtra Pty Ltd Hort Innovation pistachio shells

Understanding and managing insect Ag Dynamics Pty Ltd Hort Innovation pests of pistachios

Walnut owner reimbursement cost Australian Walnut Industry Australian Walnut template Association Industry Association Horticulture – vegetable

A genomic approach to understanding the diversity and DJPR DJPR biology of phytoplasmas threatening vegetable production in Australia

A strategic approach to weed management for the Australian University of New England Hort Innovation vegetable industry

Area wide management of QDAF (lead), University of Hort Innovation, QDAF, vegetable diseases – viruses and Tasmania, NSW DPI, NT DITT, DJPR, WA DPIRD, bacteria DJTR, WA DPIRD University of Tasmania Mark testing Abraxis kit for devitalisation test. Image courtesy of Mark Whattam, PIC@PEQ

Image caption 241 242

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) Project title pilot project Peri-urban vegetable biosecurity nematode control Novel approaches for root knot nematology National diagnosticprotocols – industry Minor usepermitsfor theonion glasshouse hydroponic crops Microbial rhizosphere diversity in potato roots resistance topowdery scabin Mechanisms andmanipulationof in potato nutrition factorsinfluencingpinkrot Investigation thesoilpH and nematodes insweetpotatoes Integrated pestmanagement of Germinate toexterminate zucchini unusual Pseudomonasdiseaseof bacterial crown andfruitrot, an Elucidating theepidemiologyof New Guinea of sweetpotato production inPapua options insupportofintensification Developing improved crop protection Horticulture –vegetable (continued) research Organisation undertakingthe AUSVEG, PIRSA, DJPR, NSWDPI Australian Sweetpotato Growers QDAF, Henderson RDE, Central QueenslandUniversity, DJPR Hort Innovation University ofNew England University ofTasmania University ofTasmania QDAF University ofTasmania DJPR Queensland University ofSouthern Charles Sturt University, DAWE Sweetpotato Growers QDAF, Australian SARDI (SPHD) Onions Australia Future Food Systems Ltd Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Queensland University ofSouthern Queensland University, Growers, Central Australian Sweetpotato Hort Innovation, QDAF, Simplot PtyLtd DJPR Institute (PNG) Agricultural Research (PNG), National Development Agency Fresh Produce Queensland University, PNG-Unitech, Central Charles Sturt University, Southern Queensland, ACIAR, University of Funding source orbody Project title flies (PhD) sexual inhibitioninQueensland fruit Biochemistry ofejaculatemediated cuelure responsiveness alternative approach toreduced fruit fly, andselectionlinesasan ketone supplements for Queensland Benefits andrisksofraspberry officer program Vegetable andpotato biosecurity Liberibacter solanacearum Testing ofcarrot seedfor Candidatus Papua New Guineahighlands production andmarketing inthe Supporting commercial sweetpotato manual for potato producers development ofabiosecurity plan for thepotato industryand Review ofthenationalbiosecurity manual for onionproducers development ofabiosecurity plan for theonionindustryand Review ofthenationalbiosecurity the vegetable industry Review ofthebiosecurityplanfor the sweetpotato industry Review ofthebiosecurityplanfor disease potato industryinvestments Program approach for pestand potato production inIndonesia Potato virusresistance tosupport seeds Polymerase chainreaction testsfor Horticulture –vegetable (continued) Horticulture – multiple crops research Organisation undertakingthe Macquarie University Macquarie University AUSVEG DJPR Sweetpotato Growers Henderson RDE,Australian Research Institute(PNG), (PNG), NationalAgricultural Produce Development Agency University, Enterprises, Fresh QDAF, AustralianNational Central QueenslandUniversity, PHA PHA PHA PHA RMCG Consultancy DJPR DJPR Hort Innovation Program (Austria) Cooperative Research Energy Agency International Atomic AUSVEG DAWE, DJPR ACIAR Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Scholarship La Trobe University DAWE Funding source orbody Table 60. Plant biosecurity RD&E projects (continued)

Organisation undertaking the Project title Funding source or body research Horticulture – multiple crops (continued)

Biotic mortality factors of Australian fruit fly across different regions Western Sydney University ARC (PhD)

Chemical relationships between Queensland fruit flies and their Macquarie University ARC natural enemies (PhD)

Combining SIT in Queensland fruit RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT fly integrated pest management Macquarie University Hort Innovation programs (PhD)

International Atomic Comparisons of new sexing strains Energy Agency

Macquarie University 8: CHAPTER of Queensland fruit fly Cooperative Research Program (Austria)

Contribution RRD4P project – Hort Innovation AgriFutures Australia improving plant pest management

Crop hygiene – hort indexing DJPR Fee for Services

Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus and melon necrotic spot virus DJPR DAWE diagnostic project

Entomology – use of genomic tools to improve molecular diagnostics DJPR DJPR and surveillance of Queensland fruit fly

Essential market access data QDAF Hort Innovation packages

Factors influencing efficacy of Trichoderma harzianum and its interaction with Botrytis cinerea to University of Tasmania BioAust, Hort Innovation improve biological control in horticultural crops

Fruit fly lures from microbial odours Macquarie University ARC (PhD)

Fungal taxonomy – use of genomic tools to differentiate important La Trobe University DJPR fungal pathogens of VIC horticultural Scholarship produce destined for Asian markets

Macadamias. Image courtesy of Tamara Hepburn

Image caption 243 Table 60. Plant biosecurity RD&E projects (continued)

Organisation undertaking the Project title Funding source or body research

Horticulture – multiple crops (continued)

Generation of data for pesticide Eurofins DAWE application in horticulture 1

Generation of data for pesticide Peracto Pty Ltd DAWE application in horticulture 2

Genetics of fruit fly thermal PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT Macquarie University Hort Innovation tolerance and pupal colour

Gut bacteria mediated physiology in Macquarie University Hort Innovation Queensland fruit fly (PhD) CHAPTER 8: 8: CHAPTER

Heritability of stress tolerance in Macquarie University Hort Innovation Queensland fruit fly (PhD)

Improving preparedness of the Australian horticultural sector to the NSW DPI, DJPR, WA DPIRD, Hort Innovation threat potentially posed by Xylella QDAF, NZ MPI fastidiosa (a severe biosecurity risk)

Improving the biosecurity preparedness of Australian PHA Hort Innovation horticulture for the exotic spotted wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii)

Industrial transformation training Macquarie University, Western centre – Centre for Fruit Fly Sydney University, Queensland ARC Biosecurity Innovation University of Technology

Interactions of entomopathogens Western Sydney University ARC and Australian fruit fly

Investigate the use of smart traps in Hort Innovation DAWE fruit fly surveillance

Mating frequency of Queensland fruit fly – a potential constraint on Macquarie University Hort Innovation SIT (PhD)

Molecular basis of sexual performance in Queensland fruit Macquarie University ARC fly (PhD) Cauliflowers. Image courtesy of Madeleine Quirk, AUSVEG

244 Image caption Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) production 2 Post-factory pilot of SITPlusfly production 1 Post factory pilot ofSITplus fly Planthoppers inCixiidae Plant pestsurveillance project flies andassociatedbacteria(PhD) Olfactory relationship between fruit significance tools for insect pestsofbiosecurity New integrated pestmanagement program coordinator National tomatopotato psyllid zebra chipsurveillance National tomatopotato psyllid and National Fruit FlyCouncil –phaseIII Xylella vectors National diagnosticprotocols – Medfly R&DCentre) Mediterranean fruitfly(Australian disinfestation research on National centre for post-harvest summerfruit industry National biosecurityplanfor the phase II managing Australiantree crops – Multi-scale monitoringtoolsfor Project title Horticulture –multiplecrops (continued) SARDI, NSWDPI,PFRA Macquarie University, DJPR, Macquarie University NSW DPI DJPR, University ofQueensland Macquarie University DJPR AUSVEG SARDI WA DPIRD(led),NTDITT, DJPR, NFFC, PHA DJPR, WA DPIRD Murdoch University PHA NT DITT, QDAF Central QueenslandUniversity, University ofNew England, research Organisation undertakingthe DPI Association, QDAF, NSW Medical Informatics NT DITT, American Queensland University, farming, Central New England,Tieup Imaging, University of DAWE RRD4P, Ceres Horticulture Innovation, Funding source orbody NSW DPI,PFRA University, DJPR, SARDI, Hort Innovation, Maquarie Hort Innovation DEE Hort Innovation ARC DJPR Hort Innovation SARDI Hort Innovation, DJPR, governments Hort Innovation, state PHA (SPHD) Ltd, QDAF, WA DPIRD Consultancy Services Pty Hort Innovation, Kalang AgriFutures Australia, Hort Innovation Chemical minoruse permitresearch initiative leadership structuraldevelopment Australian teatree industry the olive industry management extension program for An integrated pestanddisease Drosophila strain dynamicsinAustralian Wolbachia endosymbionts –novel so many polyphagousfruitflies? The evolution ofgeneralism–why Process Strategic Agrichemical Review concept SITplus production facility–proof of SIT toworld standard SITplus –raisingQueenslandfruitfly factory pilot operation2 fruit flysterileinsecttechnique SITplus –Port AugustaQueensland Queensland fruitflystrain temperature-sensitive-lethal, production ofamale-only, SITplus –developing andoptimising species for useinSITplus Sex selectiongenesfrom fruitfly using nearinfrared spectroscopy Sex determination offruitflypupa solanacearum Sampling for Candidatus Liberibacter (PhD) Queensland fruitflymass-rearing Quality control procedures for incursions ofDrosophila suzukii Potential ofgenedrives toeliminate Project title Horticulture –multiplecrops (continued) QDAF PHA Western Sydney University University ofMelbourne Technology Queensland University of AGK Services Western Sydney University Macquarie University University PIRSA, Western Sydney SARDI Macquarie University James Cook University SARDI Macquarie University University ofMelbourne research Organisation undertakingthe Horticulture – other AgriFutures Australia DAWE Hort Innovation ARC ARC Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Sydney University Hort Innovation, Western Hort Innovation Hort Innovation QDAF Hort Innovation Hort Innovation ARC Funding source orbody

245 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E 246

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) Guinea andAustralia coffee berry borer inPapua New Protecting thecoffee industryfrom industry research services for themushroom Pest and diseasemanagement and phytophagous mitesonturfgrass Integrated pestmanagement of industry againstpestsanddiseases Improving gingertofuture proof the (Ustilago cynodontis) inturf disease management ofcouch smut Improved capacityfor integrated detection inseedgingerstock Ginger ninja–automatingdisease project Ginger extension coordination Australian teatree industry Enhanced market agilityfor the farmers inwest Africa Disease diagnosticsfor smallcocoa of poppy system for systemic downy mildew Development ofariskmanagement for theteatree industry Development ofabiosecurityplan for Australianmushrooms Development ofabiosecurityplan tolerance todrought (PhD) pepper for resistance todiebackand Developing toolstoscreen native Project title Horticulture –other(continued) QDAF University ofTasmania IPM Technologies University oftheSunshineCoast University ofQueensland Technology Queensland University of Association Australian GingerIndustry Southern Cross University University ofQueensland University ofTasmania PHA PHA University ofTasmania research Organisation undertakingthe ACIAR Hort Innovation Hort Innovation AgriFutures Australia Hort Innovation AgriFutures Australia AgriFutures Australia Tree IndustryAssociation University, AustralianTea CRC, SouthernCross Vice-Chancellor) (Office oftheDeputy University ofQueensland USDA Tasmanian Alkaloids, SunPharm Aus, Growers Tasmania, ARC, DPIPWE,Poppy Industry Association Australia Tea Tree Hort Innovation Diemen Pepper Funding source orbody species mitigation planfor AustralianAcacia Developing anenvironmental risk communities grasslands, threatened ecological (Vachellia farnesiana) innatural Control options for Mimosa bush unique flora disease threatening Australia’s Combating myrtle rust,anew identifying key ecological processes Colonisation by alienmicrobiota – WA Boneseed invasion management in plants surveillance ofhighriskinvasive Application ofremote sensing for for invasive insectspecies flowers andtheirrole asapathway mitigation ofimportedfresh cut The biosecurityriskand Tea tree breeding program 2 cropping systems. Site-specific weed control for ginger plantations management inteatree oil Scoping studyofsustainableweed plantations management inteatree oil Scoping studyofintegrated pest the Pacific Islands diversity for improving livelihoods in Safeguarding anddeploying coconut the gingerindustry Review ofthebiosecurityplanfor Project title Horticulture –other(continued) PHA University ofQueensland University ofSydney Western Sydney University Catchments Council CSIRO, WAAA, SouthWest DJPR Murdoch University Southern Cross University University ofSydney University ofNew England QDAF Pacific Community (SPC) PHA research Organisation undertakingthe Natural environment DAWE Services North West Local Land Heritage Office ofEnvironment and Foundation, NZIPFR,NSW Australian Flora Industry Association, ARC, AustralianTea Tree ARC WA DPIRD DJPR Murdoch University Industry Association Australian Tea Tree Agrifutures Australia, AgriFutures Australia AgriFutures Australia AgriFutures Australia ACIAR AgriFutures Australia Funding source orbody Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) composition andecological function psidii) infection oncommunity Impact ofmyrtle rust(Austropuccinia Lake Mulwala Impact ofdraw-down on Egeria in ecosystems Myrtaceae andassociated on regeneration offire damaged Fire andrust–impactofmyrtle rust critically endangered Australiantaxa novel control for myrtle rustin Exploration ofRNAivaccines asa pests anddiseases country andtoprotect country from monitoring capacitytocare for biosecurity surveillance and Expanding Indigenouscommunities' Island) unique ecosystems onK’gari (Fraser biosecurity capacitytoprotect our Expanding environmental plants Evolution ofchemicalwarfare in Island priority weed incursiononKing Eradication ofinkweed, anew a culturalcontext Environmental biosecurity–adding Rainforest ecosystems with World Heritage Gondwana subtropical rainforests associated and culturallysignificant lowland rainforest Myrtaceae inecologically assess theimpactsofmyrtle ruston Enhancing community capacityto channels Egeria containment inirrigation associated communities mitigation planfor mangroves and Developing anenvironmental risk Project title Natural environment (continued) Technology Queensland University of University ofQueensland, DJPR QDAF University ofQueensland Charles DarwinUniversity QDAF Monash University Management Group King IslandNaturalResource Butchulla LandandSeaRangers NSW DPI DJPR PHA research Organisation undertakingthe Funding source orbody APBSF Water Corporation, DJPR Goulburn Murray Rural APBSF APBSF APBSF APBSF ARC Program National Landcare APBSF APBSF Water Corporation, DJPR Goulburn Murray Rural DAWE program WA bitoumanagement –eradication Myrtaceae resistance tomyrtle rustacross the the identification ofinnate Using metabolites asbiomarkers for attack onrainforest plant health The role ofdrought stress and insect impacted jarrahforest (PhD) Restoration ofPhytophthora against exotic strainsofmyrtle rust Proactive pre-border vigilance dry forest ecosystems tri-trophic community structures in Plant invasions asadriver of susceptibility tomyrtle rust Plant epidemiology –host field implementation parasitic plant, from laboratoryto for weed control usinganative Plant ecophysiology –prospecting Wollemi pine Phosphonate barkpainting of ecological restoration andresilience Optimising plant populationsfor and testingpreparedness Myrtle rustinWA –surveillance plan Project title Natural environment (continued) CSIRO Western Sydney University University James Cook University, Griffith Murdoch University QDAF Monash University Technology Queensland University of University ofAdelaide Environment andHeritage Trust, NSWOffice of Royal Botanic Gardens Domain University ofNew SouthWales Murdoch University research Organisation undertakingthe Fremantle Port Authority APBSF ARC Shire ofMundaring APBSF Australia Ecological Society of APBSF Management Boards Basin NaturalResources Australian Murray Darling Lofty Ranges,South Fund, Adelaide andMount Lirabenda Endowment Nature Foundation SA, SA, DEWNRSA, PIRSA, ARC, SA Water, Forestry Botanic Garden Sydney Environment, Royal Planning and NSW Department of ARC APBSF Funding source orbody

247 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E 248

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) disease Control ofTeratosphaeria leaf biosecurity drivers andmitigation for industry's Biological invasions inforestry – (BiCEP) alliance Biological Control ofEucalypt Pests agents againstforest pests and development ofbiocontrol A modelsystem for thediscovery production assessing biosecurityinnursery Resourcing, supportingand program sustainability plant production National biosecurityand biosecurity planreview andupdate Production nurseryindustry biosecurity engagement measures Greenlife IndustryAustralia biosecurity program National nurseryindustry pyrethrum Integrated diseasemanagement in industry the biosecurityofnursery tospoviruses andthripstoenhance Improving surveillance strategiesfor nursery industry Improving pestmanagement for the industry Australian production nursery biosecurity capacityofthe Building theresilience andon-farm production industryproject capacity inAustralia’s nursery Building plant healthsurveillance Project title Research Consortium Forest Pest Management University ofthe SunshineCoast University ofthe SunshineCoast University oftheSunshineCoast QDAF GIA PHA GIA GIA University ofTasmania QDAF, Agribio Agriculture andFood Innovation, Queensland Alliance for GIA QDAF GIA research Organisation undertakingthe Plantation forests Nursery crops of theSunshineCoast FWPA, DAWE, University HQP USC, FWPA, PHA,NSCC, Advance Qld(DITID), DAF, Sunshine Coast, QDAF Portugal, University ofthe South Africa, CELPA IPEF Brazil,Forestry Tasmania NSW DPI,Forestry of theSunshineCoast, FWPA, DAWE, University Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation DAWE Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Hort Innovation DAWE Funding source orbody Project title venoms novel biopesticides from arachnid Be(e) friendly venomous spiders – pollinators important agriculturalinsect A world without bees–simulating research andextension management group –applied The industryplantation program field strainprompts urgent review of Sirex biocontrol –cryptic nematode network insouth-eastAsia Scoping for aforest biosecurity review Plantation forests biosecurityplan surveillance program National forestry biosecurity forest pestsurveillance Mobile applicationstosupportexotic Vietnam plantation diseasesinIndonesiaand Management strategiesfor Acacia Giant pine scalechemicalcontrol (PhD) Giant pine scalebiologyandecology for useinplantations alternative weed control strategies Development ofaportfolio of high-risk areas pest surveillance capacityin Developing exotic forest andtree Plantation forests (continued) research Organisation undertakingthe University ofQueensland Monash University WA Plantation Resources FABI University oftheSunshineCoast, University ofTasmania University oftheSunshineCoast, PHA University oftheSunshineCoast, PHA DPJR, DPIPWE,NSWDPI,QDAF PHA, WA DPIRD, PIRSA, NTDPIR, Development Agency (Indonesia) (Indonesia), Forest Research and Gadjah MadaUniversity of Forest Sciences (Vietnam), NSW DPI,Vietnamese Academy University oftheSunshineCoast, University ofTasmania, HVPlantations La Trobe University University ofSouthAustralia QDAF DPIR, DPJR, DPIPWE,NSWDPI, University ofSouthAustralia,NT PHA, WA DPIRD, PIRSA, Pollinators ARC ARC WA Plantation Resources Coast University oftheSunshine Coordination Committee, FWPA, NationalSirex Sunshine Coast ACIAR, University ofthe FWPA Paper) Competitiveness White DAWE (Agricultural FWPA, DAWE ACIAR companies) Products Association(16 FWPA, AustralianForest companies) Products Association(16 FWPA, AustralianForest Australia University ofSouth Collaborative Fund, FWPA, Grower FWPA, DAWE Funding source orbody Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) Bee pollinationprojects surveillance Improving Asianhoney bee collapse detection ofmalnutritionandcolony Honey beenutrition–early grant Honey beeindustrydevelopment Honey beediseasediagnostics horticultural pollinationservices Healthy beepopulationsfor production inAustralia pollination services for almond Enhancing andsafeguarding surveillance program Enhanced nationalbeepest in honey bees Diagnostics for Americanfoulbrood native bees risk mitigationplanfor Australian Development ofanenvironmental Australia improved honey beegenetics to of protocols toenableimportationof Development andimplementation bee pestsurveillance program of aportalsolutionfor thenational Development andimplementation program national beepestsurveillance surveillance network withinthe a honey beevirusdiagnostic Development andestablishment of honey bees Context dependent flower choice in products Chain ofcustodyfor honey bee Project title Pollinators (continued) Western Sydney University of agriculture, PHA State andterritorydepartments University ofWestern Australia BQUAL University ofWestern Australia Western Sydney University Western Sydney University PHA University ofWestern Australia PHA CSIRO Soda Strategic CSIRO University ofSydney University ofWestern Australia research Organisation undertakingthe Funding source orbody PHA (DAWE) Products CRC for Honey Bee AgriFutures Australia Products CRC for Honey Bee Hort Innovation Olam International PtyLtd DAWE Grain Producers Australia, Hort Innovation, AHBIC, for Honey BeeProducts) (managed through CRC Agrifutures Australia DAWE Hort Innovation PHA (DAWE) PHA ARC Products CRC for Honey Bee Syngenta Australia bee pestsurveillance program as partoftheoverarching national deployment ofremote catchboxes Refinement, development and website Redevelopment ofthePortBees in aninvasive socialinsect Rapid evolution viagenetic novelty bees analysing gutbacteriainhealthy Probiotic development for bees– maintenance Portal website supportand Pollination harmony program enhancements National beepestsurveillance National beebiosecurityprogram glasshouses andpolytunnels Multi-point honeybee monitoringin program implementation into abeebreeding disease resistance and Molecular marker identification for Managing fliesfor crop pollination chalkbrood outbreaks inAustralia Investigating factorsthatinfluence in pollination Improving thehealthofhives used Australia better understandingbeehealthin Improving biosecurityresources and technology long-range communication communication usinglow-power, Remote beehive health Project title Pollinators (continued) Queensland University ofSouthern MTP Services University ofSydney University ofCanberra MTP Services University ofWestern Australia PHA PHA Monash University University ofWestern Australia England University, University ofNew WAAA, Western Sydney CSIRO University ofAdelaide PHA University ofWestern Australia research Organisation undertakingthe PHA (DAWE PHA (DAWE) ARC AgriFutures Australia DAWE Grain Producers Australia, Hort Innovation, AHBIC, Products CRC for Honey Bee DAWE AHBIC AgriFutures Australia Products CRC for Honey Bee Hort Innovation AgriFutures Australia AgriFutures Australia AgriFutures Australia Products CRC for Honey Bee Funding source orbody )

249 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 60. Plant biosecurity RD&E projects (continued)

Organisation undertaking the Project title Funding source or body research Pollinators (continued) Review and update standard operating procedures for bee PHA PHA (DAWE) surveillance

Review of the biosecurity plan for PHA PHA honey bee levy the honey bee industry

Hort Innovation, AHBIC, Review of the national bee pest Biosecurity Advisory Service Grain Producers Australia,

PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT surveillance program DAWE Hort Innovation, University of Sydney, University of Adelaide, University of New CHAPTER 8: 8: CHAPTER England, Australian National University, WA DPIRD, SA Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources, O’Connor NRM, Native Vegetation Council, Trees for Life, CSIRO, Lucerne Australia, South Australia Apiarist Association, Securing pollination for productive Apple and Pear Growers agriculture – guidelines for effective Association of South AgriFutures Australia pollinator management and Australia, Costa Group, stakeholder adoption Australian Melon Association, Australian Mango Industry Association, Terrestrial Ecosystems Research Network, Greening Australia, Almond Board of Australia, Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Natural Resources Management Board, Natural Resource Northern and Yorke, Raspberries and Blackberries Australia

Stingless bees as effective managed Western Sydney University Hort Innovation pollinators for Australian horticulture

Strengthening and enabling effective PFRNZ Hort Innovation pollination for Australia The mechanisms underlying crop pollinator effectiveness in University of New England ARC agro-ecosystems Image courtesy of Madeleine Quirk, AUSVEG 250 Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) (PhD) and response toachangingclimate Tropical crop pollination,productivity sustainable agriculture? Can naturalgenedrives beparts of new diagnostictests capability todevelop andvalidate Building in-housemolecular and enhancement Biosecurity network coordination Science Innovations inPeptide andProtein ARC Centre ofExcellence for invertebrate speciesidentification Application ofDArT technologyfor compound discovery biosensors andomics-guided protection through plant immune- Advancing microbe assistedcrop Health event coordinator 2020 International Year ofPlant Health 2020 International Year ofPlant Varroa mitehostswitch Project title Pollinators (continued) James Cook University CSIRO QDAF, DAWE PHA University ofQueensland Murdoch University CSIRO Hort Innovation Hort Innovation Australian NationalUniversity research Organisation undertakingthe Unknown crop Funding source orbody CSIRO DAWE DAWE Ltd, Zealand Pharma Washington, Vapourtec of Tokyo, University of Southampton, University University of University ofOxford, Urbana-Champaign, University ofIllinoisat Nordisk, Questacon, Plants PtyLtd, Novo of Technology, Nexgen Massachusetts Institute Innovate Ag PtyLtd, CSIRO, Hexima Ltd, Bioplatforms Australia, Therapeutics PtyLtd, Group, AstraZeneca, Beta Australia PtyLtd, Almac Hospital, ABSciex ARC, BostonChildren’s Chevron (USA) CSIRO Australia, WineAustralia Innovation, AgriFutures CRDC, GRDC,Hort All plant RDCs,PBRI,PHA ARC Mars Incorporated caterpillar parasitoids (PhD) Braconidae), akey group of microgastrine wasps (Hymenoptera: Systematics ofAustralian genes dynamics ofinsecticideresistance Sexual conflict andevolutionary Remote sensing approach toboostcrop immunity Profiling theprofiler –anovel activities diagnostics andsurveillance National plant biosecurity biosecurity risks to improve management of Investigating novel pesttreatments hunt biosecurity surveillance scavenger International Year ofPlant Health – engagement withAustralia implications for bilateralbiosecurity responses toCovid-19 – Indonesia’s decentralised andlocal against below-ground herbivory? communities affect plant defences How dodifferent mycorrhizal fungal competition 2020 schools ‘plant health’ science Hermitage Research Facility – MPI analysis practice riskanalysis approaches in improve uptake andimpactofbest Harnessing pastandnew work to peptides post-translationally modified Fungal ribosomallysynthesised and insect pests approaches for effective control of Developing host-delivered RNAi effective weed management Catalysing collective actionfor Project title Unknown crop (continued) University ofAdelaide University ofMelbourne Hort Innovation CSIRO PHA Steritech, DAWE NSW DPI Foundation Indonesian Biosecurity Queensland University ofSouthern QDAF England CEBRA, University ofNew University ofWestern Australia CSIRO University ofWollongong research Organisation undertakingthe University ofAdelaide ARC DAWE CSIRO DAWE DAWE APBSF APBSF Science Australian Academy of APBSF NZMPI, CEBRA ARC CSIRO ARC Funding source orbody

251 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E 252

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) manage pestfruitfliesinAustralia A nationalbiocontrol program to gardens andarboreta surveillance inAustralianbotanic Establishing aprogram ofplant pest formulation the useofaTrichoderma The control offungalpathogensby and spraying ofHarrisiacactus techniques for automaticdetection Applying new imagerecognition trial management AgVet minoruseaccess grants – AgVet access grants 2018 for control ofrangelandweeds Advancing splattergun technology industry resilient citiesandsafeguard rural understand emerging risks,support foundational approach to Urban plant biosecurity–usinga suppression peri-urban Mediterranean fruitfly Strengthening theweakest linkin biosecurity surveillance learning applicationsfor urbanforest Remote sensingandmachine peptide cyclisation Understanding themechanismsof nanopore sequencing diagnostic outcomes usingMinION Trialling more accurate border Project title Unknown crop (continued) DJPR PHA Western Sydney University Cropping Land Services, Warrakirri University, North West Local Autoweed PtyLtd, JamesCook AgAware Consulting PtyLtd AgAware Consulting PtyLtd QDAF, University ofQueensland Cesar Australia Biosecurity Group WA DPIRD, Peel Harvey University ofWestern Australia, NSW DPI University ofQueensland QDAF, DAWE research Organisation undertakingthe Urban andamenity Multiple DAWE AgriFutures Australia AgriFutures Australia DAWE DAWE APBSF APBSF APBSF DAWE ARC DAWE Resources Science, Energy and Department ofIndustry, Neutrog AustraliaPtyLtd, Funding source orbody management –stage2 Biocontrol research for weed initiative –phaseVI Australian herbicideresistance initiative –phaseV Australian herbicideresistance AUSPestCheck™ trial hyperspectral andthermalimagery early diseasedetection using Artificial intelligence methods for economic opportunity weed management, socialand systems weeds, investigating the Area widemanagement for cropping crop protection ARC research hubfor sustainable productivity anddiseaseprevention ARC research hubfor drivingfarming Project title CSIRO University ofWestern Australia University ofWestern Australia PHA University ofMelbourne University ofQueensland CSIRO, University ofAdelaide, University ofQueensland Monash University research Organisation undertakingthe Multiple (continued) Environmental Trust GRDC GRDC DAWE DAWE AgriFutures Australia GRDC (RRD4P), CRDC, California (Riverside) Tasmania, University of University, University of University, LaTrobe University, Curtin Institute, AUSVEG, Griffith Australian WineResearch DPI, WineAustralia, Innovation, QDAF, NSW CRDC, GRDC,Hort ARC, NufarmLimited, ARC Funding source orbody Table 60. Plant biosecurity RD&E projects (continued)

Organisation undertaking the Project title Funding source or body research Multiple (continued) AgriFutures Australia, GRDC, CSIRO, DJPR, NSW DPI, QDAF, PIRSA, Seqwater, Shire of Ravensthorpe, NSW Weed Biocontrol Taskforce, North West Local Land Services, NSW DPE, Bundaberg Regional Council, Gladstone Regional Council, RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT HQPlantations, Goulburn– Murray Water Corporation, Biocontrol solutions for sustainable Meridian Agriculture, CSIRO, Murrumbidgee Irrigation management of weed impacts to NSW DPI, QDAF, DJPR, Hot Tin

Ltd, Coleambally Irrigation 8: CHAPTER agriculture Roof Communications Cooperative, Goulburn Broken Catchment Management Authority, Murray Local Land Services, USDA Agricultural Research Service (USA), Australian Biological Control Laboratory, Wyong Shire Council, NSW National Parks Service, Central Murray County Council, Murrumbidgee Landcare Inc, NQ Dry Tropics CSIRO, Meat and Livestock Biological control of blackberry DJPR Australia, DJPR Biological control of crop pests using WA Department of Jobs, next-generation precision Murdoch University Tourism, Science and biopesticides for horticultural and Innovation broadacre agriculture FWPA, DJPR, ADK Softwoods, The Trust Company ANZOF Sub 1, Hancock Vic Plantations Pty Ltd, Forestry SA, Norske Skog, Forestry Corporation of NSW, ACT Biological control of giant pine scale DJPR, CABI, Hellenic Agricultural Parks Conservation and in Australia Organization (Demeter) Lands, Green Triangle Forest Operating Sub Trust, HQ Plantations Pty Ltd, OneFortyOne Plantations, Hume Forests, Green Triangle Forest Products, Forest Products Commission Image courtesy of Madeleine Quirk, AUSVEG 253 254

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) Mediterranean fruitflydata Curate andprepare WA Indonesia cropping systems incoastal management ofshallot-chilli-rice Crop healthandnutrient Cotton bushweed management control options ofRutherglen bug and future chemicalandbiological Consultative review ofpast,current sensitivity analysis scheme –continuous samplingplan Compliance basedinspection and key management areas overseas datatoidentify difference Australia andcomparison with Mediterranean fruitflydataacross Collation andanalysis of crops for non-transgenic modificationof Clay nanoparticle-facilitated RNAi armyworm) Spodoptera frugiperda (fall Australia's ongoingmanagement of Boosting nationalinterest R&Dfor production industries Boosting diagnosticsfor plant plant production industries Boosting diagnosticcapacityfor industry action inthefreight andlogistics Boosting biosecurityawareness and nightshade Biological control ofsilverleaf grass withleafsmutfungi Biological control ofgiant ratstail Project title Murdoch University University ofQueensland South West Catchments Council CSIRO, WA Agriculture Authority, Australia Network PtyLtd Independant Consultants England CEBRA, University ofNew Aghort Solutions University ofQueensland PHA Western Sydney University AUSVEG, SRA, Lincoln University NT DITT, NZIPFR,PHA,SARDI, Cesar Australia,CSIRO, DPIPWE, BioProtection Research NZ, Regional NSW, QDAF, DJPR, WA DPIRD, Department of NSW DPI DJPR University ofQueensland research Organisation undertakingthe Multiple (continued) DAWE ACIAR WA DPIRD GRDC DAWE, CEBRA DAWE ARC DAWE GRDC NZIPFR, PHA,SARDI CSIRO, DPIPWE,NTDITT, Lincoln, Cesar Australia, DJPR, BioProtection DPIRD, NSWDPI,QDAF, GRDC (RRD4P), CRDC,WA APBSF PIRSA, GRDC AgriFutures Australia, DAWE (RRD4P), QDAF Funding source orbody exotic invasive ant species trapping solutionfor detection of Development ofaninnovative taxa of Ceratocystis fimbriataandrelated diagnostic protocol for identification Development ofanational the genusCoptotermes diagnostic protocol for termitesin Development ofanational herbicides and manageresistance tokey Developing strategiestomitigate technologies management toolsusinggene Developing self-sustaining weed maps for priorityplant pests Developing scientifically robust risk strategies inmonitoringandcontrol of myrtle rustdiseasetofacilitate Developing molecularfingerprinting weeds usingdisparatedatasources of establishedvertebrate pestsand distribution, abundance andimpact Developing methods toinfer the key Asianmarkets biosecurity requirements toaccess approach for meeting AM17001 Developing anationalsystems pearls inpasture dieback Determining therole ofground farming systems barley grassinthelow rainfallzone management strategiestocontrol implementation ofintegrated weed Demonstrating andvalidating the in thePilbara transformer weed (Passiflora foetida ) benefits by controlling athreatening Delivering broad conservation Project title NT DITT University ofQueensland NT DITT University ofAdelaide CSIRO University ofMelbourne (CEBRA) Western Sydney University CSIRO, ABARES, DAWE CSIRO University ofQueensland University ofAdelaide Wildlife CSIRO, Department ofParks and research Organisation undertakingthe Multiple (continued) DAWE PHA (DAWE) PHA (DAWE) GRDC CSIRO DAWE APBSF ABARES, DAWR Hort Innovation Australia Meat andLivestock GRDC and Attractions Biodiversity, Conservation Department of Funding source orbody Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) tools Development ofsmartsurveillance AUSPestCheck Enhance thecapabilityofuse retention coating –from drop impactto Engineering better sprays for leaf rigidum Australian majorweed Lolium Elucidating trifluralinresistance in against plant pathogenicfungi Efficacy ofabiocontrol agent against fruitflies bromide disinfestation treatments Efficacy datatosupportmethyl WA grainbelt control –aworkshop seriesfor the Early andeffective summerweed integrity across value chains Driving food safety culture and broadacre graincrops for SA Disease management strategiesin for NationalPriorityPlant Pests Diagnostic surge capacitysimulators Project title Phytophthora inNSW Forging aneffective fight against Field surveillance capability Farm biosecurityprogram sensitivities andgenetic make-up Fall armyworm insecticide peptides Evaluation ofinsecticidalspider establishment marmorated stinkbugriskof Estimating worldwide brown surveillance data TM incollating DJPR University ofNew SouthWales University ofWestern Australia Monash University QDAF AGRONOMO DJPR University ofAdelaide Group) SPHD (Surge CapacityWorking research Organisation undertakingthe Environment andHeritage Trust, NSW Office of Royal Botanic Gardens Domain DJPR PHA, AHA CSIRO University ofQueensland University ofMelbourne (CEBRA) PHA Multiple (continued) Funding source orbody ARC ARC, NuFarm Australia Nutrifield PtyLtd DAWE GRDC DJPR GRDC PHA (DAWE) DJPR Heritage of Environment and Domain Trust, NSWOffice Royal Botanic Gardens DAWE PHA, AHA Agriscience FMC Australasia,Corteva GRDC (lead),ACIAR, CRDC, UniQuest PtyLtd DAWE DAWE amenity andenvironmental pests consequence assessment of Improving the methodology for high-throughput sequencing more accurate diagnosticsusing new genetics through fasterand Improving plant industryaccess to Pacific Islands Improving plant biosecurityinthe diseases incitrus biosecurity for graft-transmissible Improving diagnosticsand biosecurity planning Improving implementation of using next-generation sequencing Improving access tonew germplasm in theinternational mailpathway associated withseedinterceptions Improved profiling ofrisks surveillance system Implementation ofamulti-target for agriculture iMapPESTS –sentinel surveillance using endemicpathogens Giant rats tailgrassbiologicalcontrol General surveillance Project title University ofNew England University ofMelbourne (CEBRA), Technology, DAWE, DJPR, NZMPI Queensland University of Consultants Agrisystems Protection Fund, Biosecurityand Development Initiative, Crawford Pacific Agribusiness Research for Agricultural Market Access, Pacific Horticultural and Consultancy, Pacific NPPOs, Kalang Consulting, Magee Auscitrus Queensland (QAAFI), WA DPIRD, NSW DPI,University of PHA Technology DJPR, QueenslandUniversity of University ofMelbourne (CEBRA) Murdoch University UK), DJPR, CSIRO, WA DPIRD Rothamsted Research Limited, (Burkard Scientific Limited,UK), Queensland (via CRDC),SARDI AUSVEG, SRA, University of each subproject) –PHA, Eight service providers (one for CSIRO, QDAF CSIRO research Organisation undertakingthe Multiple (continued) DAWE Hort Innovation, DAWE ACIAR, DAWE Hort Innovation DAWE Technology Queensland University of Hort Innovation, DJPR, DAWE Chevron (USA) WA DPIRD (UK), GIA,DAWE (RRD4P), Manufacturing Company (UK), Burkard Rothamsted Research DJPR, CSIRO, NZPFR, FWPA, CRDC,SARDI, Australia, Wine SRA, GRDC,AgriFutures Hort Innovation, PHA, QDAF DAWE Funding source orbody

255 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E 256

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) of regional focus paddocks and establishment andmonitoring coordination ofworkshop material northern grainsregion – Managing weeds intheGRDC Locally important weeds fastidiosa field deployable testtodetect Xylella Investigating arapid,accurate and certification assurance scheme Interstate tradereform –interstate Australian leafblotch minermoths Integrated taxonomic revision of for Parkinsonia development ofadditionalagents Integrated management and chemical sensitivities in red leggedearthmiteand Insecticide resistance management absence remote sensingfor presence or Innovative technologies project – spore trapcontents and next generationsequencingon surveillance usingmetabarcoding Innovative plant pathogen northern region cropping systems Innovative crop weed control for ant eradication Innovative BioClay platform for fire Biosecurity Innovation centre –Centre for Fruit Fly Industrial transformation training systems high break crop intensity farming Improving weed management in Project title Local Land Services WA DPIRD QDAF, DAWE PHA CSIRO Australia, DJPR CSIRO, Meat andLivestock University ofMelbourne CSIRO DJPR University ofSydney University ofQueensland CSIRO, Macquarie University SARDI research Organisation undertakingthe Multiple (continued) GRDC GRDC DAWE governments DAWE, stateandterritory DAWE Australia Meat andLivestock GRDC DAWE Scholarship La Trobe University GRDC QDAF Macquarie University GRDC Funding source orbody whiteflies protecting crops from aphids and New horizons withBioClay – applications National working partyonpesticide – genotype prediction toolbox National tree genomicsprogram microbiology National diagnosticprotocols – – entomology National diagnosticprotocols insecticide resistance risk management ofoutbreak and forecasting andadaptive Monitoring diamondbackmoth for national diseasesurveillance Molecular DiagnosticCentre – – powdery mildews (PhD) market access into Asianmarkets pathogen herbariumtosupport specimens intheVictorianplant Molecular characterisationof disease and immunitytoFusarium wilt Molecular basisfor susceptibility Melon biosecuritychampions for soil-bornediseasecontrol Manipulating plant root exudation Project title plan 1 weed biocontrol, implementation New South Wales Trust –stage3 University ofQueensland PHA Western Sydney University DJPR DJPR SARDI SARDI DJPR, LaTrobe University Australian NationalUniversity Melons Australia University ofTasmania research Organisation undertakingthe Trust CSIRO, NSW Environmental Multiple (continued) Innovation Technology and of Science Information Queensland Department Association ofAustralia SRA, Aerial Application Wine Australia,CRDC, CropLife Australia,GRDC, Hort Innovation SARDI (SPHD) SARDI (SPHD) GRDC GRDC DJPR ARC DAWE ARC Funding source orbody Trust NSW Environmental Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) plan 2 weed biocontrol, implementation New SouthWales Trust –stage 3 surveillance community ofpractice for general biosecurity network –pilot Peri-urban environmental fruit fliesinAustralia Parasitoids for themanagement of and advisers management for western growers Paddock level herbicideresistance plants asentry pathways for viruses Ornamental andAsianvegetable training andawareness resources Online plant healthsurveillance virus protection Novel tropical vegetable andcotton marmorated stinkbug and sensitive detection ofbrown Novel technologiestoassistrapid crop diseases Novel technologiesfor control of biosecurity engagement plan Non-English speakinggrowers viroids entry quarantine plant virusand Next-generation sequencing–post Project title CSIRO, NSWEnvironmental Trust NSW DPI DJPR University ofWestern Australia University ofQueensland PHA University ofQueensland PFRNZ Farmers' Federation, EnviroDNA, Cesar Australia,Victorian CSIRO NT Farmers' Association Technology Queensland University of research Organisation undertakingthe Multiple (continued) Funding source orbody DAWE Hort Innovation GRDC APBSF DAWE Hort Innovation Wine Australia Hort Innovation, PFRNZ, CSIRO DAWE DAWE NSW Environmental Trust weeds withsmartphasefarming maximising crops andminimising Post doctoral fellowship – Portable, in-field pathogen detection systems (Spodoptera frugiperda ) management innorthernfarming Podcasts for fallarmyworm agriculture inMyanmar achieving sustainable'green' Plant health–amajorchallengeto flora Plant breeding –Australiannative – phaseII Plant Biosecurity Research Initiative Plant Biosecurity Research Initiative them where they doandhow tocontrol Pilot workshops – why weeds grow fungi inAustralia Phylogenomic classificationofrust distribution ofAustralia's fruitflies Phenology, demography and Pest andDiseaseImageLibrary Project title University ofWestern Australia DJPR CRDC CABI (Malaysia) Kings Park andBotanic Garden Projects ledby individualRDCs Projects ledby individualRDCs Planfarm PtyLtd University ofQueensland DPIR, PIRSA DPI, VICDJPR, WA DPIRD, NT University ofTechnology, NSW QDAF (led),Queensland PHA research Organisation undertakingthe Multiple (continued) GRDC DJPR GRDC ACIAR sources Various external funding SRA, WineAustralia RRDC, DAWE, GRDC,HLA, Australia, CRDC,Council of PHA, AgriFutures Hort Innovation, FWPA, Australia, FWPA SRA, AgriFutures GRDC, WineAustralia, Hort Innovation, CRDC, GRDC DAWE DAWE DAWE Funding source orbody

257 CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E 258

CHAPTER 8: PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E Table 60.PlantbiosecurityRD&Eprojects (continued) (pesticides) Regulatory support andcoordination biosecurity (Indonesia) Regional master classesinplant implementation Reference collections strategy using biocontrol agents European wasp (Vespula germanica ) established pestsincludingthe Re-evaluating management of food-borne outbreak surveillance Real-time phylogenetics for vegetable leafminer eradication andpreparedness for RD&E program for control, biosecurity threats Rapid diagnosticsfor major table Putting new herbicidetargets onthe shared responsibility for biosecurity Protecting Australia’s food future – – output2 armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) Prevention andpreparedness for fall – output1 armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) Prevention andpreparedness for fall Indian drywood termite Prevention andcontrol ofWest Project title AKC Consulting Lovett Associates DJPR University ofNew England University ofMelbourne (CEBRA), University ofTechnology Sydney University ofMelbourne, PHA AUSVEG, Cesar Australia,NAQS, SARDI, Macquarie University University ofWestern Australia University ofTasmania CSIRO Cesar Australia QDAF research Organisation undertakingthe Multiple (continued) Hort Innovation APBSF PHA DAWE, CEBRA ARC Hort Innovation DAWE ARC ARC GRDC GRDC QDAF Funding source orbody cropping districts Summer weed survey ofWA new modesofactionfor herbicides Structure based investigations into plans Streamlining plant pestcontingency environment awareness intheAustralian delicatula) biology, ecology and Spotted lanternfly (Lycorma Smart surveillance tools detection retrieval for rapidplant disease Single modelirregular region weeds Seed bankbiologyofemerging Scoping studyfor VirusCurateAU RNAi technologyfor pestcontrol pathogens crop protection againstfungal RNA vaccines for next generation Plant Biosecurity Strategy implementation oftheNational strategies tosupport Review anddevelopment ofnational ants Response procedures for invasive Pacific Islands disease threats tohorticulture inthe Responding toemerging pestand populations ofmyrtle rust genotypic diversity inAustralian and detection ofgenetic and Resolution ofdiseaseepidemiology Project title AGRONOMO University ofWestern Australia DJPR Cesar Australia DJPR Griffith University University ofAdelaide DJPR CSIRO University ofQueensland PHA BSASP PtyLtd University ofQueensland University ofQueensland(QAAFI) research Organisation undertakingthe Multiple (continued) GRDC ARC DAWE PBRI, APBSF, DAWE Paper) Competitiveness White DAWE (Agricultural ARC GRDC DAWE CSIRO Development Tourism Industry Department ofInnovation, Queensland Government Paper) Competitiveness White DAWE (Agricultural DAWE ACIAR APBSF Funding source orbody Table 60. Plant biosecurity RD&E projects (continued)

Organisation undertaking the Project title Funding source or body research

Multiple (continued)

SPHD (Surge Capacity Working Surge capacity simulation model PHA (SPHD) Group) Systematics of the chalcid wasp genus Psyllaephagus (Hymenoptera: University of Adelaide, University of Adelaide Encyrtidae), parasitoids of lerp DAWE insects

Tackling pests using game theory to University of Queensland ARC RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT support cooperative management

Taxonomic study of Trissolcus mitsukurii and its efficacy in control CSIRO DAWE of Halyomorpha halys, the brown marmorated stink bug 8: CHAPTER

Technical support on pest and disease forecasts and early warning University of Southern for the agromet program in Asia and FAO of the United Nations Queensland the Pacific countries, with particular focus on Cambodia

Tools and knowledge to mitigate the potential spread of Xylella fastidiosa DJPR, Wine Australia, DJPR, DPI DAWE, Hort Innovation, in Australia and New Zealand by NSW, PFRNZ Wine Australia understanding its potential vectors

Towards herbicide cocktails with a new mode of action to avert La Trobe University ARC resistance

Tropical plant industries biosecurity PHA DAWE surveillance strategy

Uncovering how rust fungi cause Australian National University ARC devastating plant diseases

Underpinning agricultural GRDC, AgriFutures productivity and biosecurity by weed CSIRO, AgriFutures Australia Australia biological control

Understanding when biocontrol and CSIRO, University of New South University of New South enemy release affect plant Wales Wales populations

Upskilling TAS growers and advisors to manage annual ryegrass through Southern Farming Systems GRDC exposure to external knowledge and peer-to-peer learning Hives in an almond orchard, to be inspected by a Bee Biosecurity Officer. Image courtesy of James Sheehan 259 Table 60. Plant biosecurity RD&E projects (continued)

Organisation undertaking the Project title Funding source or body research

Multiple (continued) Urban plant health network – pilot community of practice for general DJPR DAWE surveillance Using pest establishment likelihood maps to inform University of Melbourne DAWE multi-pest early detection (CEBRA) surveillance designs

PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT Validation of procedures for confidence in exporting from Janren Consulting Pty Ltd DAWE Australia's fruit fly pest free areas Virtual fencing for better crop CSIRO GRDC

CHAPTER 8: 8: CHAPTER integrated weed management Goulburn Murray Water, Murrumbidgee Irrigation, Coleambally Irrigation, Goulburn Broken CMA, Wyong Shire, NSW Office of Weed biocontrol DJPR Environment and Heritage, Central Murray Council, NQ Dry Tropics, Murray Local Land Services, Murrumbidgee Landcare, PIRSA, GRDC University of Southern Weed biological control QDAF Queensland WeedSmart University of Western Australia GRDC When are earwigs pests and CSIRO GRDC when are they beneficial? When is hybridisation helpful or Monash University ARC harmful to invaders? Wildfire impact on disease and pest populations and successional AgXtra Pty Ltd GRDC re-establishment in a grain crop fire scar Wine Australia, Hort Xylella coordinator Wine Australia Innovation, PBRI Other crops Developing a foundation for the Brussel sprouts. Image courtesy of Madeleine Quirk, AUSVEG long-term management of basal University of Queensland WA DPIRD stem rot of oil palm in Papua New 260 Image caption Guinea and Solomon Islands PLANT BIOSECURITY RD&E BIOSECURITY PLANT CHAPTER 8: 8: CHAPTER

Greenhouse strawberries. Image courtesy of Tamara Hepburn 261