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Super-Resolution Imaging.Pdf SUPER-RESOLUTION IMAGING THE KLUWER INTERNATIONAL SERIES IN ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE SUPER-RESOLUTION IMAGING Edited by SUBHASIS CHAUDHURI Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology - Bombay Mumbai, India 400 076. KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW !"##$%&'"() *+,*-+47004+7 ./012%&'"() *+792+37471+1 34**4%5678!/%9:;<!=0:%.7>60?@!/? (!8%A#/$B%"#?2#1B%C#/</!:@2B%D#1<#1B%E#?:#8 ./012%%34***%5678!/%9:;<!=0:%F%.6!17=%.7>60?@!/? (!8%A#/$ 966%/0G@2?%/!?!/H!< (#%I;/2%#J%2@0?%!"##$%=;K%>!%/!I/#<7:!<%#/%2/;1?=022!<%01%;1K%J#/=%#/%>K%;1K%=!;1?B%!6!:2/#10:B =!:@;10:;6B%/!:#/<01GB%#/%#2@!/80?!B%802@#72%8/022!1%:#1?!12%J/#=%2@!%.7>60?@!/ L/!;2!<%01%2@!%M102!<%'2;2!?%#J%9=!/0:; N0?02%5678!/%O1601!%;2)%% @22I)FF$678!/#1601!P:#= ;1<%5678!/Q?%!"##$?2#/!%;2) @22I)FF!>##$?P$678!/#1601!P:#= Contents Preface ix Contributing Authors xi 1 Introduction 1 Subhasis Chaudhuri 1.1 The Word Resolution 2 1.2 Illustration of Resolution 3 1.3 Image Zooming 5 1.4 Super-Resolution Restoration 6 1.5 Earlier Work 8 1.6 Organization of the Book 14 2 Image Zooming: Use of Wavelets 21 Narasimha Kaulgud and Uday B. Desai 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Background 22 2.3 Some Existing Methods 24 2.4 Proposed Method 28 2.5 Color Images 33 2.6 Results and Discussion 38 2.7 Conclusion 41 3 Generalized Interpolation for Super-Resolution 45 Deepu Rajan and Subhasis Chaudhuri 3.1 Introduction 46 3.2 Theory of Generalized Interpolation 48 3.3 Some applications of Generalized Interpolation 54 3.4 Experimental Results 59 3.5 Conclusions 68 4 High Resolution Image from Low Resolution Images 73 Brian C. Tom, Nikolas P. Galatsanos and Aggelos K. Katsaggelos 4.1 Introduction 74 4.2 Literature Review 81 vi SUPER-RESOLUTION IMAGING 4.3 Imaging Model 86 4.4 Simultaneous Registration and Restoration, RR-I Approach 88 4.5 Simultaneous Restoration, Registration and Interpolation: RRI Approach 95 4.6 Experimental Results 97 4.7 Conclusions and Future Work 101 5 Super-Resolution Imaging Using Blur as a Cue 107 Deepu Rajan and Subhasis Chaudhuri 5.1 Introduction 108 5.2 Theory of MRF 109 5.3 Modeling the Low Resolution Observations 112 5.4 MAP Estimation of the Super-resolution Image 114 5.5 Experimental Results 119 5.6 Conclusions 127 6 Super-Resolution via Image Warping 131 Terrance E. Boult, Ming-Chao Chiang and Ross J. Micheals 6.1 Background and Introduction 132 6.2 Image Formation, Image Restoration and Super-Resolution 133 6.3 Imaging-Consistency and The Integrating Resampler 135 6.4 Warping-based Super-Resolution 142 6.5 Quantitative Evaluation 148 6.6 Face-Based evaluation 160 6.7 Conclusion 165 7 Resolution Enhancement using Multiple Apertures 171 Takashi Komatsu, Kiyoharu Aizawa and Takahiro Saito 7.1 Introduction 172 7.2 Original Concept 173 7.3 Image Acquisition with Multiple Different-Aperture Cameras 178 7.4 Experimental Simulations 187 7.5 Conclusions 192 8 Super-Resolution from Mutual Motion 195 Assaf Zomet and Shmuel Peleg 8.1 Introduction 196 8.2 Efficient Gradient-based Algorithms 199 8.3 Computational Analysis and Results 205 8.4 Summary 206 9 Super-Resolution from Compressed Video 211 C. Andrew Segall, Aggelos K. Katsaggelos, Rafael Molina and Javier Mateos 9.1 Introduction 211 9.2 Video Compression Basics 213 9.3 Incorporating the Bit-Stream 216 9.4 Compression Artifacts 222 Contents vii 9.5 Super-Resolution 225 9.6 Conclusions 239 10 Super-Resolution: Limits and Beyond 243 Simon Baker and Takeo Kanade 10.1 Introduction 244 10.2 The Reconstruction Constraints 245 10.3 Analysis of the Constraints 248 10.4 Super-Resolution by Hallucination 257 10.5 Summary 271 10.6 Discussion 271 Index 277 !"#$%&'()%#*+)*+#,*'--.%-)/+%0-'*1 Preface The field of image processing is now quite a mature one. Many impor- tant developments have taken place over the last three or four decades. It finds applications in many diverse areas and a plenty of new applica- tions are being suggested on a regular basis. The bottom line of all image processing applications is that the quality of the input images should be good. Further, the area of interest in the digital picture should be repre- sented at a sufficiently high spatial resolution. One way to increase this resolution is to go for a very high resolution CCD camera which is often not a viable option. Thus, a need for generating a super-resolution im- age from a set of low resolution observations was felt by the researchers and this book is an outcome of such an effort. I, as the editor of the book, requested a team of authors to cover a wide range of problems and methods coming under the topic of super- resolution imaging so that the readers get a survey of the present state of the field. I believe that the field super-resolution imaging has reached a first stage of maturity, justifying the timeliness of the book. We primar- ily concentrate on three different issues in this book – summarization of the existing results, exploration of new ideas, and preparation of ground for further investigations. I hope that the book will become a widely used general reference and that it will motivate further research in this topic and stimulate communication between mathematicians, scientists and practicing engineers. If the book serves to demonstrate that there is a basic need for further exploration in this topic, I would consider my goal of editing this book to have been achieved. The book is addressed to a broad audience. The senior undergrad- uate and the graduate students in electrical engineering, computer sci- ence and mathematics disciplines may find it a good reference for their courses and seminars on image processing and computer vision. The academicians and the researchers at the universities and various labo- ratories may find it suitable to supplement their research interest. The practicing engineers will also find the book to be quite useful as the con- x SUPER-RESOLUTION IMAGING tributing authors have discussed the methodologies in sufficient details so that they can be very easily implemented. The book being very focused on a particular topic, it is mostly self contained. One does not require a very strong background in image pro- cessing to appreciate the contents of the book. However, some knowledge on image restoration would definitely help. The contributors of this book would be happy if the readers find the book to be useful. I would very much appreciate if readers send me some constructive suggestions. Acknowledgments I would like to express my sincere thanks to all authors for readily agreeing to my request to participate in this exercise and for their excel- lent contributions. It was wonderful that I did not have to send too many reminders to the contributors for their submissions. Thanks are also due to Jennifer Evans and Anne Murray of Kluwer Academic Publishers for their constant help and encouragement. They allowed me liberal exten- sions of deadlines whenever I needed. I should also thank my student Deepu Rajan for helping me in typesetting the book. Some financial support from the Curriculum Development Programme at IIT Bombay is gratefully acknowledged. My acknowledgments would be incomplete if I do not thank three most important people in my life – Sucharita, Ushasi and Syomantak for their understanding and support during the period of preparation for this book. It is not very common to write a dedication for an edited book. Yet I could not help but to do so. For the last few years I had to helplessly watch my father surrendering to the wrath of Parkinson’s disease. He lost his all forms of communication – the very precious thing he incul- cated in me since my childhood days. He breathed his last just three weeks ago. I dedicate this book to all such sufferers of Parkinson’s dis- ease. SUBHASIS CHAUDHURI Contributing Authors Kiyoharu Aizawa, Department of Electrical Engineering, The Univer- sity of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan. aizawa@hal.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp Simon Baker, Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pitts- burgh, PA 15213, USA. simonb@cs.cmu.edu Terrance E. Boult, Weisman Chair Professor and Chairman, Com- puter Science and Engineering Department, Lehigh University, Pennsyl- vania, USA. tboult@eecs.lehigh.edu Subhasis Chaudhuri Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400 076. India. sc@ee.iitb.ac.in Ming-Chao Chiang, Computer Science and Engineering Department, Lehigh University, Pennsylvania, USA. mingchao@earthlink.net Uday B. Desai, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, India. ubdesai@ee.iitb.ac.in Nikolas P. Galatsanos, Department of Electrical and Computer En- gineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA. npg@ece.iit.edu xii SUPER-RESOLUTION IMAGING Takeo Kanade, Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pitts- burgh, PA 15213, USA. tk@cs.cmu.edu Aggelos Katsaggelos, Department of Electrical and Computer Engi- neering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208. USA. aggk@ece.nwu.edu Narasimha Kaulgud, Department of Electronics and Communica- tions, SJ College of Engineering, Mysore 570 006, India. kaulgud@sjce.ac.in Takashi Komatsu, Department of Electrical Engineering, Kanagawa University, 3-27-1 Rokkakubashi,Kanagwa-ku, Yokohama,221-8686,Japan. komatt01@kanagawa-u.ac.jp Javier Mateos, Departamento de Ciencias de la Computación, Univer- sidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain. jmd@decsai.ugr.es Ross J. Micheals, Computer Science and Engineering Department, Lehigh University, Pennsylvania, USA. rjm2@eecs.lehigh.edu Rafael Molina, Departamento de Ciencias de la Computación, Univer- sidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
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