DOCSLIB.ORG

Christian Morals and the Ideal of Chastity As Reflected in Medieval Hungarian Sources

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Christian Morals and the Ideal of Chastity As Reflected in Medieval Hungarian Sources BRGÖ 2019 Beiträge zur Rechtsgeschichte Österreichs Miroslav LYSÝ, Pressburg Christian Morals and the Ideal of Chastity as reflected in Medieval Hungarian Sources This paper discusses the origin of the idea of chastity and sexual rigorousness in relation to the society of the Slovak territory in the early Middle Ages. The oldest sources are the so-called Moravian-Pannonian Legends, namely the Life of Constantine and the Life of Method. The above-mentioned outlook of the author is to be found in Moravian legal texts where sexual crimes and their punishments are of great importance. While the idea of chastity and sexual rigorousness had an important place in legal texts of the 9th century, this topic is represented rather briefly in the legends. The opposite can be observed in the period of the dynasty of Arpád in the Hungarian Kingdom, where we encounter two legends originally based on the above-mentioned ideas. To us, these legends are known as the Legend of Saint Emeric and the Legend of Saint Margaret. Emeric was described as a monarch’s son who decided to remain a virgin for his entire life. He took this decision despite his status as the heir to the throne and a married man. Mar- garet spent her short life in a monastery and the legend does not only describe her repugnance to marriage, but also her unattractive looks and disregard towards personal hygiene. Keywords: Arpádians – chastity – legends – Moravia – sexual rigorousness In this paper, we will attempt to examine the could generally differ from the attitudes of lay- influences of canon law and Christian norms on men. Even though this postulate is hard to prove the normative systems of archaic communities, directly (the authors are usually unknown and and the relationship between them. We will see lay authors are rare in our environment), in our how these systems came into the conflict, per- view, it is seen as very probable. haps in the same way, as an ideal (normative The relationship between the ideals framed by imperative) and a reality. As the object of inter- Christianity and criminal law in the past is not est is a barely Christianized society in Hungary, easy to describe. Still, it is useful to mention that we can confront this material with that from the the societies of the early or high Middle Ages 9th century, when Christianization on the territo- did not know the term criminal law. What exist- ry of Moravia came through and the territory of ed was simply the law, and members of society Central Europe was under the influence of the distinguished between the right and the wrong, Cyrillo-Methodian mission. We will try to find and the right could be violated. Law was rather out the extent to which it is possible to find simi- a procedural tool for remedy. Therefore, it was larities between the two countries. easier to terminologically grasp Christian Law,1 The majority of the written (especially narrative) sources from the early and high Middle Ages 1 The Moravians (or members of the Cyrillo- were created by clerics, who no doubt derived Methodian mission, but perhaps general the Slavs) expressed their Christian faith with the term their stances and value judgements from their ЗАКОНЪ (law). See: Žitije Konstantina, c. 14, in: status, education and position in the church BARTOŇKOVÁ, Magnae Moraviae fontes historici II, 99. hierarchy. Therefore, their value judgements http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/BRGOE2019-1s50 Christian Morals and the Ideal of Chastity in Medieval Hungarian Sources 51 distinct from archaic law not only by the content sanctions (reformation), the latter was directed of the rules, but also by its strictness and the not only to a less severe judging of women, but ways of their enforcing.2 obviously contained also the institute of the The relationship of domestic customary (archa- right to asylum. Not only particular individuals ic) law and canon law was a relationship of were affected in the former, but claiming reme- competing, mutually antagonistic rules that dy (in the form of killing the adulteress) was the could differ not only in respect to disposition, matter of the entire clan, who collectively bore but also regarding the sanctions. These two sys- obligations and claimed rights. Similarly, the tems coexisted side by side, influencing one “damage” was claimed collectively from Adal- another while modifying and getting accus- bertsʼs family, who were to be held liable for tomed to the oncoming social changes. To un- Adalbertʼs decision to shield the woman and derstand the conflicting systems that were con- thus to prevent her beheading. The blood feud trary to one another, we can retell the conflict towards Adalbertʼs family members was com- between the Prague archbishop Adalbert and pleted at the Slavnik castle at Libice, leading in the Czechs that ended with the murder of his turn to the departure of Adalbert from Bohe- family and his own retreat from Bohemia. What mia.4 Adalbert disliked in the first place were the non- This case from the late 10th century resembles in canonical marriages among the Czechs; howev- some features the fate of the Hungarian Queen er, he also was keen on collecting decimae and Gertrude, the wife of Andrew II (1205–1235). erecting churches. The Hungarian Chronicon Pictum asserts that The most serious controversy, however, was the she had forced the wife of Banus Bank to com- conflict between Adalbert and a Czech clan due mit adultery. Bank decided to take revenge to a noble woman who had committed adultery against the Queen directly and he succeeded by with a cleric. Adalbert decided to hide this killing her with a sword. The chronicler then woman in a monastery in order to save her life only vaguely mentions the bloodshed in the while being aware of the possibility of being Bank clan (he came from the Bor family).5 killed by the mob and thus to obtain martyrdom The severity of these archaic rules was simply for himself. However, the family of the deceived based on the notion described by Hans Hatten- husband told Adalbert that the revenge should hauer as the non-existence of mercy – if such a not fall upon Adalbert himself but on his broth- law was breached (and so was the divine order), ers, their wives and children, as well as on their property. Meanwhile, the adulteress was found 4 Convincing analysis of this event made by TŘEŠTÍK, kneeling at the altar, and beheaded.3 This story Zápisník a jiné texty 195–204. TŘEŠTÍK, Co se stalo 28. actually expresses the conflict between the ar- září 995?. 5 Chronici Hungarici compositio saec. XIV., c. 174, in: chaic law of the Czech Slavs and canon law. The SZENTPÉTERY, Scriptores rerum Hungaricarum I, 464f: former comprised a merciless application of “Sed proh dolor, humani generis inimico procul du- bio stuadente uxorem Banc bani magnifici viri, domi- 2 For more details see GLUCHMAN, Kresťanstvo na memorata (Gertruda) vi tradidit cuidam suo fratri a morálka. hospiti deludendam. Quam ob causam idem Bank 3 Vita antiquior auctore Iohanne Canapario, c. 19, in: banus de genere Bororiundus suum gladium in regine PERTZ, Monumenta Germaniae historica 589f. Here, in sanguine miserabiliter cruentavitet diro vulnere sau- this part of the legend, Saint Emmeram of Regensburg ciatam anno Domini M-o CC. XII. interfecit. [...] Pro cultus is possibly reflected, as he defended the daugh- cuius nece vox flebilis insonuit in tota Pannonia et in ter of the Bavarian duke because of her fornication. omni genere Bank bani execrabilis et horrendas san- See TŘEŠTÍK, Počátky Přemyslovců 252. guinis effusio subsecuta.” 52 Miroslav LYSÝ man could not give up settlement in such a case. where the decision of Constantine-Cyril not to This actually meant that the goal of archaic law live in marriage is mentioned. Firstly, Constan- was not an effort to reform the sinner from tine reportedly had a dream where he was sup- whom no repentance was expected. The goal posed to choose among the girls of Thessaloniki, was to cure the wrong by redemption, which and he symbolically selected wisdom (i.e. he had nothing in common with a compensation chose none of them); this eventually led his par- for the damage caused, as compared to modern ents to send him to study.7 A similar concept can law.6 Canon law brought a new merit in the be found in the next chapter of the Life of Con- sense that the sinner (later denoted as perpetra- stantine, where the logothete of Constantinople tor) was brought to the centre of the dispute and encouraged him to marry his goddaughter as his wrongdoing was to be judged from the view well as to obtain a considerable profane rank; of ethics. but when Constantine declined, he recommend- It is useful to supplement the sources of legal ed to him the profession of librarian.8 history (e.g. formal sources on the rise of law or Regarding moral wrongs, the Life of Method the sources on the knowledge obtained through contains a part on marriage entered into by rela- legal experience and activities) also with non- tives that breached canon law principles (it is legal sources of learning law, especially those not quite clear from the text whether these were concerning the periods where legal texts are a marriages of spiritual or blood-related rela- supplementary source of law only, or they do tives).9 It is interesting in this text that the not exist at all. It was the Slovak legal historian spouses were not punished by a secular power, Štefan Luby who in his time denoted legends which only supports the presumptions on diffi- and chronicles as the most significant non-legal culties in applying Christian rules in practice; sources of learning law.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Content and Linguistic Comparison of Ideological Structures of Slavic Reciprocity in the Works of Slovak and Croatian Thinkers at the End of the 18Th Century
    Graeco-Latina Brunensia 25 / 2020 / 2 https://doi.org/10.5817/GLB2020-2-9 Content and Linguistic Comparison of Ideological Structures of Slavic Reciprocity in the Works of Slovak and Croatian Thinkers at the End of the 18th Century Katarína Karabová (Trnava University) / ARTICLES ČLÁNKY Abstract The last two decades of the 18th century present an interesting opportunity to explore the origins of the idea of Slavic reciprocity as witnessed in the analysis of literary works written in Latin. The paper addresses the question of where and if there is an imaginary boundary of nationally tuned texts. The research should be primarily based on the works written at the end of the 18th century in the Slovak and Croatian milieu. Based on the analysis of content as well as linguistic analysis of the ideological intent in the literary texts of the contemporary authors (P. M. Katančić, J. Severini, J. Papánek and others), the author of the presented study aims to determine potential backgrounds. The research is based primarily on historically tuned works that at that time brought comprehensive insights into the history of individual nations and the related sensitive questions that are raised to a greater or lesser extent even today. The focus of the analysis on the content and language of ideological imaginations may be significant in the search for a milestone. It is clear that historical compendia had been written even before 1780, therefore the comparison of these works is more than beneficial, as it could bring new insights and give us the answer with regard to the development of the idea of Slavic reciprocity.
    [Show full text]
  • 275 1. Medieval Bosnian State the Very First Inhabitants of the Bosnia
    KURT 3EHAJI 3 Suad - State-legal vertical Bosnia and Herzegovina STATE -LEGAL VERTICAL BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Assistant Professor Ph. D. Suad KURT 3EHAJI 3 The University of Political Sciences in Sarajevo Summary Bosnia and Herzegovina has millennial existence. Bosnia was first mentioned in second half of the tenth century in the work of the Byzantine emperor and writer Constantin Porfirogenet „De administrando imperio“. The Charter of Kulin Ban as of 29 August 1189 is undisputed evidence that Bosnia was an independent State. During the domination of Tvrtko I Kotromanic in 1377, Bosnia was transformed into the kingdom and became the most powerful country in the Balkans. During 1463 Bosnia was ruled by the Ottoman Empire but retained certain features of political identification, first as the Bosnian province since 1580, and afterwards as the Bosnian Vilayet since 1965. After Austro-Hungarian having arrived, Bosnia became Corpus separatum. In the Kingdom of SHS, borders of Bosnia and Herzegovina complied with the internal regionalization of the country until 1929. During the Second World War, at the First Assembly of ZAVNOBiH in Mrkonjic Grad on 25th November 1943, Bosnian sovereignty within the Yugoslav Federation was renewed. After the Yugoslav crisis, which culminated in 1991 and 1992, Yugoslavia is in dissolution and peoples and citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina at the referendum on 29 February and 1 March 1992 voted for independence. The protagonists of greater Serbs policy could not accept such solution for Bosnia and Herzegovina and that was followed by aggression, which, after three and a half years ended by painful compromises contained in the Dayton Peace Agreement.
    [Show full text]
  • The South Slav Policies of the Habsburg Monarchy
    University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School January 2012 Nationalitaetenrecht: The outhS Slav Policies of the Habsburg Monarchy Sean Krummerich University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons, Ethnic Studies Commons, and the European History Commons Scholar Commons Citation Krummerich, Sean, "Nationalitaetenrecht: The outhS Slav Policies of the Habsburg Monarchy" (2012). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4111 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Nationalitätenrecht: The South Slav Policies of the Habsburg Monarchy by Sean Krummerich A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History College of Arts & Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor, Graydon A. Tunstall, Ph.D. Kees Botterbloem, Ph.D. Giovanna Benadusi, Ph.D. Date of Approval: July 6, 2012 Keywords – Austria, Hungary, Serb, Croat, Slovene Copyright © 2012, Sean Krummerich Dedication For all that they have done to inspire me to new heights, I dedicate this work to my wife Amanda, and my son, John Michael. Acknowledgments This study would not have been possible without the guidance and support of a number of people. My thanks go to Graydon Tunstall and Kees Boterbloem, for their assistance in locating sources, and for their helpful feedback which served to strengthen this paper immensely.
    [Show full text]
  • Oligarchs, King and Local Society: Medieval Slavonia
    Antun Nekić OLIGARCHS, KING AND LOCAL SOCIETY: MEDIEVAL SLAVONIA 1301-1343 MA Thesis in Medieval Studies Central European University CEU eTD Collection Budapest May2015 OLIGARCHS, KING AND LOCAL SOCIETY: MEDIEVAL SLAVONIA 1301-1343 by Antun Nekić (Croatia) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ Chair, Examination Committee ____________________________________________ Thesis Supervisor ____________________________________________ Examiner CEU eTD Collection ____________________________________________ Examiner Budapest Month YYYY OLIGARCHS, KING AND LOCAL SOCIETY: MEDIEVAL SLAVONIA 1301-1343 by Antun Nekić (Croatia) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. CEU eTD Collection ____________________________________________ External Reader Budapest Month YYYY OLIGARCHS, KING AND LOCAL SOCIETY: MEDIEVAL SLAVONIA 1301-1343 by Antun Nekić (Croatia) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ External Supervisor CEU eTD Collection Budapest Month YYYY I, the undersigned, Antun Nekić, candidate for the MA degree in Medieval Studies, declare herewith that the present thesis is exclusively my own work, based on my research and only such external information as properly credited in notes and bibliography. I declare that no unidentified and illegitimate use was made of the work of others, and no part of the thesis infringes on any person’s or institution’s copyright.
    [Show full text]
  • Christianization of the Territory of Today's Moravia and Slovakia Before 8631 Pokristjanjevanje Ozemlja Današnje Moravske In
    655 Izvirni znanstveni članek/Article (1.01) Bogoslovni vestnik/Theological Quarterly 80 (2020) 3, 655—667 Besedilo prejeto/Received:04/2020; sprejeto/Accepted:07/2020 UDK/UDC: 272-9(437.32+437.6) DOI: 10.34291/BV2020/03/Ivanic © 2020 Ivanič, CC BY 4.0 Peter Ivanič Christianization of the Territory of Today’s Moravia and Slovakia before 8631 Pokristjanjevanje ozemlja današnje Moravske in Slo- vaške pred letom 863 Abstract: Christianization, associated with consolidation of power and establish- ment of early Christian state formations, contributed significantly to creation of medieval Europe. Although the territory of today´s Moravia (eastern part of the Czech Republic) and Slovakia came into contact with Christianity already at the end of antiquity, the more intensive Christianization of these lands took place only from the 8th century, when this territory was settled by Slavs. Mis- sionaries from the Frankish Empire, from the territory of Istria, Dalmatia and northern Italy came here. Domestic Slavic elites started to convert to Christian- ity as from the 9th century. For them, Christianity became a means of recogniz- ing their social status externally and allowed them to integrate with the more culturally advanced Christian world. Archaeological findings (e.g. crosses and captorgs, plaques and bells from Bojná, objects of secular character), written sources, sacral architecture and burying methods testify to the existence of Christianity in the territory of today´s Moravia and Slovakia, especially in cen- ters of the power. Key words: christianization, Christianity, missionaries, Slovakia, Moravia Povzetek: Pokristjanjevanje, povezano z utrjevanjem oblasti in vzpostavljanjem zgodnjih krščanskih državnih tvorb, je odločilno prispevalo k oblikovanju sre- dnjeveške Evrope.
    [Show full text]
  • PS T5 Druk Cyfrowy Ksiega 1.Indb 122 23.02.2017 11:25 C  3
    PS T5_druk cyfrowy_ksiega 1.indb 122 23.02.2017 11:25 C 3 From a tribe to a state The archaeology of the early Middle Ages in the interior area between the Odra and Bug rivers – the so-called “tribal period” 124 Abstract 125 1. Introduction 130 2. The natural environment 132 3. The landscape of settlement 148 4. The economic landscape 153 5. The symbolic landscape 162 6. Conclusion 164 Bibliography PS T5_druk cyfrowy_ksiega 1.indb 123 23.02.2017 11:25 C 3 F©Ó° ¬ ѩ϶ª ÑÓ ¬ ²Ñ¬Ñª Abstract The present chapter is devoted to presenting the complexity of research issues related to the communities which inhabited Polish territory during the so-called tribal period (between the 7th and the middle of the 10th century AD). Despite long years of study, the most elementary questions remain unan- swered – as a result of the scarcity of material traces of the said communities and due to the changing nature of scholarly interest or the lack of enthusiasm for studying subjects beyond so-called tribal geography. The introduction presents the currently available data which may be used in the reconstruction of the natural en- vironment in the area in question, emphasizing the impact it may have had on the stability and structure of settlements. The following subchapter focuses on the forms of architec- ture and the often discussed issue of the possibly seasonal nature of the structures. A separate subsection discusses defensive structures which began to appear at the end of the period under analysis. It also takes note of the structural S³¬´Ó°Ï© MÓ;Ö¯ÏÓ®× dierences between the strongholds erected in south-eastern and in north-western regions of Polish territory, emphasiz- ing the ongoing discussion regarding the function of these structures, which indubitably went beyond strictly defensive purposes.
    [Show full text]
  • Mojmír Ii, the Great Moravian Ruler
    NÁRODNÁ BANKA SLOVENSKA MOJMÍR II, THE GREAT The Church of Saint Margarita from Antioch in Kopãany with MORAVIAN RULER earrings from the period of Great Moravia on its sides is depicted on the obverse of the coin. The name of the state, SLOVENSKÁ COMMEMORATIVE GOLD COIN REPUBLIKA, is located in the bottom section of the coin on the left and right. The state shield is in the middle and 2006, the mintage year is situated under it; Sk 5000, the nominal value of the coin is above it in two lines. MR, the initials of the author of the design are next to the earrings near the right edge, and MK, the trademark of the MincovÀa Kremnica mint are located near the left edge of the coin. The fictitious portrait of Mojmír II is depicted on the reverse; the handle of the sword on the stylized background is situated under it. An earring and parts of two swords are to the left of the portrait; the decoration of the horse harness is on the left. The words VEªKOMORAVSKÉ KNIEÎA (The Great Moravian Prince) are inscribed on the bottom part to the left and MOJMÍR II is on the right. The years 894 • 906 designating the period in which Mojmír II ruled are depicted near the right upper edge. Mojmír II, depicted by sculptor V. Matu‰inec Poznaƒ HAVOLANS POLANS C KaliÊ RO Sieradz SORBS AT I Gana Bautzen S â Wroc∏aw A INGIA M Opole Vislica LO VISLANS G Lviv THUR Kraków Prague OPOLANS PrzemyÊl BOHEMIA Olomouc A MORAVI Staré Mûsto Rajhrad âingov Regensburg UÏhorod Mikulãice Trenãín Pohansko NITRAVIA Zemplín Passau Tulln Devín Nitra Mautern Wienna Bratislava Hont BAVARIA
    [Show full text]
  • The Ban's Mana
    Cultural Studies ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rcus20 The Ban’s mana: post-imperial affect and public memory in Zagreb Jeremy F. Walton To cite this article: Jeremy F. Walton (2020): The Ban’s mana: post-imperial affect and public memory in Zagreb, Cultural Studies, DOI: 10.1080/09502386.2020.1780285 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/09502386.2020.1780285 © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group Published online: 16 Jun 2020. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 134 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rcus20 CULTURAL STUDIES https://doi.org/10.1080/09502386.2020.1780285 The Ban’s mana: post-imperial affect and public memory in Zagreb Jeremy F. Walton Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity, Göttingen, Germany ABSTRACT How might scholars of public memory approach the protean relationship among imperial legacies, nationalized collective memories and urban space from an ‘off-center’ perspective? In this essay, I pursue this question in relation to a monument whose political biography traverses, and troubles, the distinction between imperial and national times, sentiments, and polities. The statue in question is that of Ban Josip Jelačić, a nineteenth Century figure who was both a loyal servant of the Habsburg Empire and a personification of nascent Croatian and South Slavic national aspirations. Jelačić’s monument was erected in Zagreb’s central square in 1866, only seven years following his death; in the heady political context of the Dual Monarchy, his apotheosis as a figure of regional rebellion caused consternation on the part of the Hungarian authorities.
    [Show full text]
  • The Small War in the Late Middle Ages
    Samuel Beňa The Small War in the Late Middle Ages: A Comparison of the English and Bohemian Experiences MA Thesis in Medieval Studies Central European University CEU eTD Collection Budapest May 2014 The Small War in the Late Middle Ages: A Comparison of the English and TITLE OF THE THESIS Bohemian Experiences by Samuel Beňa (Slovakia) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ Chair, Examination Committee ____________________________________________ Thesis Supervisor ____________________________________________ Examiner ____________________________________________ Examiner CEU eTD Collection Budapest May 2014 The Small War in the Late Middle Ages: A Comparison of the English and Bohemian Experiences by Samuel Beňa (Slovakia) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ External Reader CEU eTD Collection Budapest May 2014 The Small War in the Late Middle Ages: A Comparison of the English and Bohemian Experiences by Samuel Beňa (Slovakia) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies. Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU. ____________________________________________ External Supervisor Budapest May 2014 CEU eTD Collection I, the undersigned, Samuel Beňa, candidate for the MA degree in Medieval Studies, declare herewith that the present thesis is exclusively my own work, based on my research and only such external information as properly credited in notes and bibliography.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of the Fitting from Haliczany in the Context of Other Early Medieval Finds from Selected Areas of the Western Slavic Territories1
    SlovenSká archeológia lXvi – 1, 2018, 49 – 105 CAROLINGIAN OR NOT? AN ANALYSIS OF THE FITTING FROM HALICZANY IN THE CONTEXT OF OTHER EARLY MEDIEVAL FINDS FROM SELECTED AREAS OF THE WESTERN SLAVIC TERRITORIES1 ZBIGNIEW ROBAK The paper presents some remarks on the chronology and spatial distribution of the late avar, carolingian, and great Moravian finds in selected areas of the Western Slavic Territories. The main subject of this paper is to analyse a particular item found in haliczany, chełm county in Poland. The fitting fromh aliczany has already been subjected to typological and chronological analyses twice. in each case, however, it led the authors to entirelly different conclusions and since the space for its interpretation remains broad, it requires some clarification. The purpose of the study is to indicate possible origins of the fitting fromh aliczany in terms of both typology and the route it travelled to finally reach the areas of today eastern Poland. There are two competing explanations that are examined in this paper concerning either carolingian or nomadic origins of the item in question. in the methodological dimension the paper provides arguments in favour of considering even single finds in a context broader than only stylistic speculations, including also cultural, historical, and when possible also ‘geopolitical’ determinants. key words: early Middle ages, central europe, late avar culture, carolingian culture, Slavic culture. INTRODUCTION The Fitting FroM haliczany The paper presents some remarks on the chro­ The artefact from haliczany is a small strap fit­ nology and spatial distribution of the late avar, ting, resembling a head of a sheep seen from the carolingian, and great Moravian finds in selected front (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Count Ivan Anž Frankopan, the Royal Steward of the Estate in Sweden 1426 - 1434
    COUNT IVAN ANŽ FRANKOPAN, THE ROYAL STEWARD OF THE ESTATE IN SWEDEN 1426 - 1434 Mladen Ibler Within the framework of medieval history of Europe and its own geostrategic location, Scandinavian royalties and nobility entertained contacts with central and western Europe. Less known however, is the relationship between Eric of Pomerania, the King of the three Scandinavian realms and the Croatian nobility of Frankopans. This paper attempts to provide the short description of the conditions in Croatia and Scandinavia at the beginning of XV century, the relationship between Eric of Pommerania and count Ivan Anž Frankopan, and the role of the Republic of Dubrovnik (Ragusa) during King Eric’s travel on his way to the Holy Land 1424-5. Based on Dubrovnik, Budapest, Vatican, and Scandinavian sources, a special emphasis is beeing given to the events surrounding Ivan Anž Frankopan’s visit to Sweden. In Venetian and Scandinavian sources, he is reffered to under the name of Gian Franchi and Johan Franke. Due to this reason, historians have been unaware of the real identity of King Eric’s steward of the estate (fief) Stegeborg in Sweden 1426-34, count Ivan Anž Frankopan. Key words: Frankopan, Ivan Anž; the King Eric of Pommerania; Stegeborg; Kalmar Union I. The Kingdom of Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia has been in personal union with Kingdom of Hungary since 1102. Its main parts, Dalmatia and Croatia were governed by a viceroy (Ban), and Slavonia, as the third part, was governed by its own viceroy. In the beginning of the fifteenth century the Kingdom was the object of fight between King Ladislas of Naples and his rival Sigismund of Luxemburg.
    [Show full text]
  • Petition to Protect the Monarch Butterfly (Danaus Plexippus Plexippus) Under the Endangered Species Act
    BEFORE THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR © Jeffrey E. Belth PETITION TO PROTECT THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY (DANAUS PLEXIPPUS PLEXIPPUS) UNDER THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT Notice of Petition Sally Jewell, Secretary U.S. Department of the Interior 1849 C Street NW Washington, D.C. 20240 [email protected] Dan Ashe, Director U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1849 C Street NW Washington, D.C. 20240 [email protected] Douglas Krofta, Chief Branch of Listing, Endangered Species Program U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 4401 North Fairfax Drive, Room 420 Arlington, VA 22203 [email protected] Monarch ESA Petition 2 PETITIONERS The Center for Biological Diversity (“Center”) is a nonprofit, public interest environmental organization dedicated to the protection of imperiled species and the habitat and climate they need to survive through science, policy, law, and creative media. The Center is supported by more than 775,000 members and activists throughout the country. The Center works to secure a future for all species, great or small, hovering on the brink of extinction. The Center for Food Safety (“CFS”) is a nonprofit public interest organization established in 1997 whose mission centers on protecting public health and the environment by curbing the adverse impacts of industrial agriculture and food production systems on public health, the environment, and animal welfare, and by instead promoting sustainable forms of agriculture. As particularly relevant here, CFS is the leading nonprofit working on the adverse impacts of genetically engineered crops and neonicotinoid pesticides. CFS and its over half-a-million members are concerned about the impacts of industrial agriculture on biodiversity generally, and on monarch butterflies specifically.
    [Show full text]