Behavior of Mie Scattering for Spherical Particles for Range of Conditions

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Behavior of Mie Scattering for Spherical Particles for Range of Conditions International Conference “Nuclear Science and its Application”, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, September 25-28, 2012 However, as the metallic rods (or nanoparticles) are absorbing, all the states in the blend will be decaying and eventually die off at the infinity. Yet all the Bloch eigenvalues in such systems have imaginary components. Our numerical calculations outline the importance of geometrical factors such as the size of the rods and their distribution. In particular, we have demonstrated, that interaction between adjacent nanorods brings the significant contribution to the transmission spectra, which is manifested as additional absorption peaks (that are missing in the effective-medium approach). The MG theory also disregards both the impacts of higher-order dipole contributions and formation of photonic band gaps in the case of arrays of large nanorods. Fig. 1. Transmittance, reflectance and absorption of a TE Fig. 2. Transmittance, reflectance and absorption of a mode travelling through the square arrays of nanorods single (a), a pair of horizontally (b) and vertically (c) with diameter aligned, and (d) four coupled nanorods for the TE- (a) 10 nm and (b) 60 nm. polarized light. 1. Dev et.al., Nanotechnology 17, 1533 (2006). 2. D. Losic et. al., Nanotechnology 16, 2275 (2005). 3. URL: http://www.sopra-sa.com/more/database.asp. 4. R. Quidant et. Al., Europhys. Lett. 66, 785 (2004). 5. M. Westphalen Sol. Energ. Mat. Sol. Cel. 61, 97, (2000). BEHAVIOR OF MIE SCATTERING FOR SPHERICAL PARTICLES FOR RANGE OF CONDITIONS Kenjaev Z.M.1,2, Mukimov K.M.1, Ramazonov A.Kh.1 1Institute of Applied Physics, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan 2Bukhara State University, Bukhara, Uzbekistan In present report we use Mie theory to study of light scattering on spherical particles for a range of conditions, including angular and size dependency. Based on the theory of Mie, the differential scattering cross sections are defined in terms of the angular intensity functions i1 and i2, as given by the expressions 219 Section II. Radiation Physics of Condensed Matter International Conference “Nuclear Science and its Application”, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, September 25-28, 2012 Two equations are averaged to define the differential scattering cross section for unpolarized incident light, which gives the relation In this equation, the intensity functions are calculated from the infinite series given by In the equations (3) and (4), the angular dependent functions πn and n are expressed in terms of the Legendre polynomials by where the parameters an and bn are defined as The size parameter α is defined as The Ricatti-Bessel functions and are defined in terms of the half-integer-order Bessel function of the first kind ((Jzn + 1/ 2 )), where Eq.(10) describes the parameter where Hzn + 1/ 2 () is the half-integer-order Hankel function of the second kind, where the parameter Xn is defined in terms of the half-integer-order Bessel function of the second kind, Yn + 1/ 2 (z), namely Finally, the total extinction and scattering cross sections are expressed as 220 Section II. Radiation Physics of Condensed Matter International Conference “Nuclear Science and its Application”, Samarkand, Uzbekistan, September 25-28, 2012 noting that the absorption cross section is readily calculated from the above two. Fig.2. The extinction efficiency as a function of Fig.1. Differential scattering cross-section as size parameter. a function of scattering angle . Fig.3. Differential scattering cross section at a fixed angle of 15o for vertical-vertical scattering as a function of scattering particle diameter for various particle refractive indices. METHODOLOGICAL AND TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS DURING PREPARATION FOR RADIATION HEATING-UP IN-PILE RESEARCHES Kadyrzhanov K.K., Kenzhin E.A., Izbaskhanova A.T. National Nuclear Center, Kurchatov, Kazakhstan In-pile research methods present more valuable and reliable information. During research performance special attention is paid to methodological and technical decisions making, which define conditions for in-pile experiments conduction. 221 Section II. Radiation Physics of Condensed Matter .
Recommended publications
  • An Atmospheric Radiation Model for Cerro Paranal
    Astronomy & Astrophysics manuscript no. nolletal2012a c ESO 2012 May 10, 2012 An atmospheric radiation model for Cerro Paranal I. The optical spectral range⋆ S. Noll1, W. Kausch1, M. Barden1, A. M. Jones1, C. Szyszka1, S. Kimeswenger1, and J. Vinther2 1 Institut f¨ur Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Universit¨at Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25/8, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria e-mail: [email protected] 2 European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany Received; accepted ABSTRACT Aims. The Earth’s atmosphere affects ground-based astronomical observations. Scattering, absorption, and radiation processes dete- riorate the signal-to-noise ratio of the data received. For scheduling astronomical observations it is, therefore, important to accurately estimate the wavelength-dependent effect of the Earth’s atmosphere on the observed flux. Methods. In order to increase the accuracy of the exposure time calculator of the European Southern Observatory’s (ESO) Very Large Telescope (VLT) at Cerro Paranal, an atmospheric model was developed as part of the Austrian ESO In-Kind contribution. It includes all relevant components, such as scattered moonlight, scattered starlight, zodiacal light, atmospheric thermal radiation and absorption, and non-thermal airglow emission. This paper focuses on atmospheric scattering processes that mostly affect the blue (< 0.55 µm) wavelength regime, and airglow emission lines and continuum that dominate the red (> 0.55 µm) wavelength regime. While the former is mainly investigated by means of radiative transfer models, the intensity and variability of the latter is studied with a sample of 1186 VLT FORS 1 spectra. Results. For a set of parameters such as the object altitude angle, Moon-object angular distance, ecliptic latitude, bimonthly period, and solar radio flux, our model predicts atmospheric radiation and transmission at a requested resolution.
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:1710.01658V1 [Physics.Optics] 4 Oct 2017 to Ask the Question “What Is the RI of the Small Parti- Cles Contained in the Inhomogeneous Sample?”
    Extinction spectra of suspensions of microspheres: Determination of spectral refractive index and particle size distribution with nanometer accuracy Jonas Gienger,∗ Markus Bär, and Jörg Neukammer Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestraße 2–12, 10587 Berlin, Germany (Dated: Compiled October 5, 2017) A method is presented to infer simultaneously the wavelength-dependent real refractive index (RI) of the material of microspheres and their size distribution from extinction measurements of particle suspensions. To derive the averaged spectral optical extinction cross section of the microspheres from such ensemble measurements, we determined the particle concentration by flow cytometry to an accuracy of typically 2% and adjusted the particle concentration to ensure that perturbations due to multiple scattering are negligible. For analysis of the extinction spectra we employ Mie theory, a series-expansion representation of the refractive index and nonlinear numerical optimization. In contrast to other approaches, our method offers the advantage to simultaneously determine size, size distribution and spectral refractive index of ensembles of microparticles including uncertainty estimation. I. INTRODUCTION can be inferred from measurements of the scattering and absorption of light by the particles. The refractive index (RI) describes the refraction of a A reference case is that of homogeneous spheres de- beam of light at a (macroscopic) interface between any scribed by a single refractive index, since an analytical two materials. Consequently, a variety of experimental solution for the mathematical problem of light scatter- methods exist for measuring the RI of a material that rely ing exists for this class of particles (Mie theory) [12, 13]. on the refraction or reflection of light at a planar interface This makes the analysis of light scattering data feasible between the sample and some other known material, such and at the same time is a good approximation for many as air, water or an optical glass.
    [Show full text]
  • 12 Light Scattering AQ1
    12 Light Scattering AQ1 Lev T. Perelman CONTENTS 12.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 321 12.2 Basic Principles of Light Scattering ....................................................................................323 12.3 Light Scattering Spectroscopy ............................................................................................325 12.4 Early Cancer Detection with Light Scattering Spectroscopy .............................................326 12.5 Confocal Light Absorption and Scattering Spectroscopic Microscopy ............................. 329 12.6 Light Scattering Spectroscopy of Single Nanoparticles ..................................................... 333 12.7 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 335 Acknowledgment ........................................................................................................................... 335 References ...................................................................................................................................... 335 12.1 INTRODUCTION Light scattering in biological tissues originates from the tissue inhomogeneities such as cellular organelles, extracellular matrix, blood vessels, etc. This often translates into unique angular, polari- zation, and spectroscopic features of scattered light emerging from tissue and therefore information about tissue
    [Show full text]
  • TIE-35: Transmittance of Optical Glass
    DATE October 2005 . PAGE 1/12 TIE-35: Transmittance of optical glass 0. Introduction Optical glasses are optimized to provide excellent transmittance throughout the total visible range from 400 to 800 nm. Usually the transmittance range spreads also into the near UV and IR regions. As a general trend lowest refractive index glasses show high transmittance far down to short wavelengths in the UV. Going to higher index glasses the UV absorption edge moves closer to the visible range. For highest index glass and larger thickness the absorption edge already reaches into the visible range. This UV-edge shift with increasing refractive index is explained by the general theory of absorbing dielectric media. So it may not be overcome in general. However, due to improved melting technology high refractive index glasses are offered nowadays with better blue-violet transmittance than in the past. And for special applications where best transmittance is required SCHOTT offers improved quality grades like for SF57 the grade SF57 HHT. The aim of this technical information is to give the optical designer a deeper understanding on the transmittance properties of optical glass. 1. Theoretical background A light beam with the intensity I0 falls onto a glass plate having a thickness d (figure 1-1). At the entrance surface part of the beam is reflected. Therefore after that the intensity of the beam is Ii0=I0(1-r) with r being the reflectivity. Inside the glass the light beam is attenuated according to the exponential function. At the exit surface the beam intensity is I i = I i0 exp(-kd) [1.1] where k is the absorption constant.
    [Show full text]
  • Reflectance and Transmittance Sphere
    Reflectance and Transmittance Sphere Spectral Evolution four inch portable reflectance/ transmittance sphere is ideal for measuring vegetation physiological states SPECTRAL EVOLUTION offers a portable, compact four inch reflectance/transmittance (R/T) integrating sphere for measuring the reflectance and transmittance of vegetation. The 4 inch R/T sphere is lightweight and portable so you can take it into the field for in situ meas- urements, delivered with a stand as well as a ¼-20 mount for use with tripods. When used with a SPECTRAL EVOLUTION spectrometer or spectroradiometer such as the PSR+, RS-3500, RS- 5400, SR-6500 or RS-8800, it delivers detailed information for measurements of transmittance and reflectance modes. Two varying light intensity levels (High and Low) allow for a broader range of samples to be measured. Light reflected or transmitted from a sample in a sphere is integrated over a full hemisphere, with measurements insensitive to sample anisotropic directional reflectance (transmittance). This provides repeatable measurements of a variety of samples. The 4 inch portable R/T sphere can be used in vegetation studies such as, deriving absorbance characteristics, and estimating the leaf area index (LAI) from radiation reflected from a canopy surface. The sphere allows researchers to limit destructive sampling and provides timely data acquisition of key material samples. The R/T sphere allows you to collect all diffuse light reflected from a sample – measuring total hemispherical reflectance. You can measure reflectance and transmittance, and calculate absorption. You can select the bulb inten- sity level that suits your sample. A white reference is provided for both reflectance and transmittance measurements.
    [Show full text]
  • Scattering and Absorption by Spherical Particles. Objectives: 1
    Lecture 15. Light scattering and absorption by atmospheric particulates. Part 2: Scattering and absorption by spherical particles. Objectives: 1. Maxwell equations. Wave equation. Dielectrical constants of a medium. 2. Mie-Debye theory. 3. Volume optical properties of an ensemble of particles. Required Reading : L02: 5.2, 3.3.2 Additional/Advanced Reading : Bohren, G.F., and D.R. Huffman, Absorption and scattering of light by small particles. John Wiley&Sons, 1983 (Mie theory derivation is given on pp.82-114, a hardcopy will be provided in class) 1. Maxwell equations. Wave equation. Dielectrical constants of a medium. r Maxwell equations connect the five basic quantities the electric vector, E , magnetic r r r vector, H , magnetic induction, B , electric displacement, D , and electric current r density, j : (in cgs system) r r 1 ∂D 4π r ∇ × H = + j c ∂t c r r − 1 ∂ B ∇ × E = [15.1] c ∂ t r ∇ • D = 4πρ r ∇ • B = 0 where c is a constant (wave velocity); and ρρρ is the electric charge density. To allow a unique determination of the electromagnetic field vectors, the Maxwell equations must be supplemented by relations which describe the behavior of substances under the influence of electromagnetic field. They are r r r r r r j = σ E D = ε E B = µ H [15.2] where σσσ is called the specific conductivity ; εεε is called the dielectrical constant (or the permittivity ), and µµµ is called the magnetic permeability. 1 Depending on the value of σ, the substances are divided into: conductors: σ ≠ 0 (i.e., σ is NOT negligibly small), (for instance, metals) dielectrics (or insulators): σ = 0 (i.e., σ is negligibly small), (for instance, air, aerosol and cloud particulates) Let consider the propagation of EM waves in a medium which is (a) uniform, so that ε has the same value at all points; (b) isotropic, so that ε is independent of the direction of propagation; (c) non-conducting (dielectric), so that σ = 0 and therefore j =0; (d) free from charge, so that ρρρ =0.
    [Show full text]
  • Beer-Lambert Law: Measuring Percent Transmittance of Solutions at Different Concentrations (Teacher’S Guide)
    TM DataHub Beer-Lambert Law: Measuring Percent Transmittance of Solutions at Different Concentrations (Teacher’s Guide) © 2012 WARD’S Science. v.11/12 For technical assistance, All Rights Reserved call WARD’S at 1-800-962-2660 OVERVIEW Students will study the relationship between transmittance, absorbance, and concentration of one type of solution using the Beer-Lambert law. They will determine the concentration of an “unknown” sample using mathematical tools for graphical analysis. MATERIALS NEEDED Ward’s DataHub USB connector cable* Cuvette for the colorimeter Distilled water 6 - 250 mL beakers Instant coffee Paper towel Wash bottle Stir Rod Balance * – The USB connector cable is not needed if you are using a Bluetooth enabled device. NUMBER OF USES This demonstration can be performed repeatedly. © 2012 WARD’S Science. v.11/12 1 For technical assistance, All Rights Reserved Teacher’s Guide – Beer-Lambert Law call WARD’S at 1-800-962-2660 FRAMEWORK FOR K-12 SCIENCE EDUCATION © 2012 * The Dimension I practices listed below are called out as bold words throughout the activity. Asking questions (for science) and defining Use mathematics and computational thinking problems (for engineering) Constructing explanations (for science) and designing Developing and using models solutions (for engineering) Practices Planning and carrying out investigations Engaging in argument from evidence Dimension 1 Analyzing and interpreting data Obtaining, evaluating, and communicating information Science and Engineering Science and Engineering Patterns
    [Show full text]
  • Irradiance and Beam Transmittance Measurements Off the West Coast of the Americas
    VOL. 84, NO. C1 JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH JANUARY 20, 1979 Irradiance and Beam Transmittance Measurements off the West Coast of the Americas RICHARD W. SPINRAD,J. RONALD V. ZANEVELD, AND HASONG PAK Schoolof Oceanography,Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 Measurementsof total irradiance versusdepth and beam transmissionversus depth were made at stationsnear shore along the west coast of the North and South American continents.The water typesat each station were optically classifiedaccording to the systemof Jerlov (1976), thus providingadditional information for the descriptionof the distribution of the world's ocean water types. In addition, the parameterk/c, wherek is the irradianceattenuation coefficient and c is the beamattenuation coefficient, has been shown to be a useful parameterfor determiningthe relative particle concentrationsof ocean water. INTRODUCTION mately 75 m. At two stations(8 and 9), equipmentmalfunc- Optical classificationof oceanwater is an important means tions preventedmeasurements from being taken. of distinguishing water types. Jerlov [1951] presented a The irradiance meter usedhad a flat opal glassdiffuser as a method of classificationaccording to spectraltransmittance of cosinecollector and containeda signallog amplifierto provide downward irradiance at high solar altitude. Downward irra- an outputsignal between +4 V dc. The spectralresponse of the diance is defined as the radiant flux on an infinitesimal element irradiance meter is shown in Figure 3. The transmissivity of the upper face (0 ø-180ø) of a horizontal surfacecontaining meter consistedessentially of a light-emitting diode (wave- the point being considered,divided by the area of that element length = 650 nm), collimatinglenses, and a photodiode.The [Jerlov, 1976]. Jerlov's [1951] classificationdefined three dif- optical path length of the meter was 0.25 m.
    [Show full text]
  • Radiometry and Photometry
    Radiometry and Photometry Wei-Chih Wang Department of Power Mechanical Engineering National TsingHua University W. Wang Materials Covered • Radiometry - Radiant Flux - Radiant Intensity - Irradiance - Radiance • Photometry - luminous Flux - luminous Intensity - Illuminance - luminance Conversion from radiometric and photometric W. Wang Radiometry Radiometry is the detection and measurement of light waves in the optical portion of the electromagnetic spectrum which is further divided into ultraviolet, visible, and infrared light. Example of a typical radiometer 3 W. Wang Photometry All light measurement is considered radiometry with photometry being a special subset of radiometry weighted for a typical human eye response. Example of a typical photometer 4 W. Wang Human Eyes Figure shows a schematic illustration of the human eye (Encyclopedia Britannica, 1994). The inside of the eyeball is clad by the retina, which is the light-sensitive part of the eye. The illustration also shows the fovea, a cone-rich central region of the retina which affords the high acuteness of central vision. Figure also shows the cell structure of the retina including the light-sensitive rod cells and cone cells. Also shown are the ganglion cells and nerve fibers that transmit the visual information to the brain. Rod cells are more abundant and more light sensitive than cone cells. Rods are 5 sensitive over the entire visible spectrum. W. Wang There are three types of cone cells, namely cone cells sensitive in the red, green, and blue spectral range. The approximate spectral sensitivity functions of the rods and three types or cones are shown in the figure above 6 W. Wang Eye sensitivity function The conversion between radiometric and photometric units is provided by the luminous efficiency function or eye sensitivity function, V(λ).
    [Show full text]
  • The Determination of Cloud Optical Depth from Multiple Fields of View Pyrheliometric Measurements
    The Determination of Cloud Optical Depth from Multiple Fields of View Pyrheliometric Measurements by Robert Alan Raschke and Stephen K. Cox Department of Atmospheric Science Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado THE DETERMINATION OF CLOUD OPTICAL DEPTH FROM HULTIPLE FIELDS OF VIEW PYRHELIOHETRIC HEASUREHENTS By Robert Alan Raschke and Stephen K. Cox Research supported by The National Science Foundation Grant No. AU1-8010691 Department of Atmospheric Science Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado December, 1982 Atmospheric Science Paper Number #361 ABSTRACT The feasibility of using a photodiode radiometer to infer optical depth of thin clouds from solar intensity measurements was examined. Data were collected from a photodiode radiometer which measures incident radiation at angular fields of view of 2°, 5°, 10°, 20°, and 28 ° • In combination with a pyrheliometer and pyranometer, values of normalized annular radiance and transmittance were calculated. Similar calculations were made with the results of a Honte Carlo radiative transfer model. 'ill!:! Hunte Carlo results were for cloud optical depths of 1 through 6 over a spectral bandpass of 0.3 to 2.8 ~m. Eight case studies involving various types of high, middle, and low clouds were examined. Experimental values of cloud optical depth were determined by three methods. Plots of transmittance versus field of view were compared with the model curves for the six optical depths which were run in order to obtain a value of cloud optical depth. Optical depth was then determined mathematically from a single equation which used the five field of view transmittances and as the average of the five optical depths calculated at each field of view.
    [Show full text]
  • Measurement of Scattering Cross Section with a Spectrophotometer with an Integrating Sphere Detector
    Volume 117 (2012) http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/jres.117.012 Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Measurement of Scattering Cross Section with a Spectrophotometer with an Integrating Sphere Detector A. K. Gaigalas1, Lili Wang1, V. Karpiak2, Yu-Zhong Zhang2, and Steven Choquette1 1National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 2Life Technologies, 29851 Willow Creek Rd., Eugene, OR 97402 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] A commercial spectrometer with an integrating sphere (IS) detector was used to measure the scattering cross section of microspheres. Analysis of the measurement process showed that two measurements of the absorbance, one with the cuvette placed in the normal spectrometer position, and the second with the cuvette placed inside the IS, provided enough information to separate the contributions from scattering and molecular absorption. Measurements were carried out with microspheres with different diameters. The data was fitted with a model consisting of the difference of two terms. The first term was the Lorenz-Mie (L-M) cross section which modeled the total absorbance due to scattering. The second term was the integral of the L-M differential cross section over the detector acceptance angle. The second term estimated the amount of forward scattered light that entered the detector. A wavelength dependent index of refraction was used in the model. The agreement between the model and the data was good between 300 nm and 800 nm. The fits provided values for the microsphere diameter, the concentration, and the wavelength dependent index of refraction.
    [Show full text]
  • Regular Spectral Transmittance
    NBS Measurement Services: Regular Spectral Transmittance NBS Special Publication 250-6 U.S. Department of Commerce National Bureau of Standards Center for Radiation Research The Center for Radiation Research is a major component of the National Measurement Laboratory in the National Bureau of Standards. The Center provides the Nation with standards and measurement services for ionizing radiation and for ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation; coordinates and furnishes essential support to the National Measurement Support Systemfor ionizing radiation; conducts research in radiation related fields to develop improved radiation measurement methodology; and generates, compiles, and critically evaluates data to meet major national needs. The Center consists of five Divisions and one Group. Atomic and Plasma Radiation Division Carries out basic theoretical and experimental research into the • Atomic Spectroscopy spectroscopic and radiative properties of atoms and highly ionized • Atomic Radiation Data species; develops well-defined atomic radiation sources as radiometric • Plasma Radiation or wavelength standards; develops new measurement techniques and methods for spectral analysis and plasma properties; and collects, compiles, and critically evaluates spectroscopic data. The Division consists of the following Groups: Radiation Physics Division Provides the central national basis for the measurement of far ultra- • Far UV Physics violet, soft x-ray, and electron radiation; develops and disseminates • Electron Physics radiation standards,
    [Show full text]