Ground Water Year Book of Kerala (2014-2015)
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भारत सरकार GOVERNMENT OF INDIA जल संसाधन, नदी विकास और गंगा संरक्षण मंत्रालय MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES RIVER DEVELOPMENT AND GANGA REJUVENATION CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD केरल के िावषिक भूजल ररपॉ셍ि GROUND WATER YEAR BOOK OF KERALA (2014-2015) केरल क्षेत्र KERALA REGION ति셁िनंिपरमु THIRUVANANTHAPURAM OCTOBER 2015 GROUND WATER YEAR BOOK OF KERALA (2014 -15) Table of Contents Foreword I INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 2 II HYDROGEOLOGY ............................................................................................................................... 5 Physiography .................................................................................................................. 5 Geology ........................................................................................................................... 5 Occurrence of Groundwater ............................................................................................ 6 III RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION IN KERALA DURING 2014 - 15 ....................................................... 7 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 7 Annual rainfall distribution ............................................................................................. 7 Monthly rainfall distribution ........................................................................................... 7 Normal rainfall vs. actual rainfall ................................................................................... 7 Hot weather period .......................................................................................................... 7 South-west monsoon period ............................................................................................ 8 North-east monsoon period ............................................................................................. 8 Winter period .................................................................................................................. 8 Seasonal rainfall contribution to the total rainfall of the year 2014-15 .......................... 8 Comparison of 2014-15 rainfall with previous year rainfall .......................................... 9 IV DEPTH TO WATER LEVEL SCENARIO DURING 2014 - 15 ...................................................... 19 Depth to water level during April 2014 ........................................................................ 19 Depth to water level during August 2014 ..................................................................... 20 Depth to water level during November 2014 ................................................................ 20 Depth to water level during January 2015 .................................................................... 21 V. WATER LEVEL FLUCTUATION IN KERALA DURING 2014-2015 ........................................... 30 Fluctuation between April 2014 and August 2014 ....................................................... 30 Fluctuation between April 2014 and November 2014 .................................................. 30 Fluctuation between April 2014 and January 2015 ...................................................... 31 VI. COMPARISON OF 2014-15 WATER LEVELS WITH THE DECADAL MEAN (2004-2013) .. 38 Fluctuation between Mean April (2004-2013) and April 2014 .................................... 38 Fluctuation between Mean August (2004-2013) and August 2014 .............................. 38 Fluctuation between Mean November (2004-2013) and November 2014 ................... 38 Fluctuation between Mean January (2005-2014) and January 2015 ............................ 39 VII LONG TERM GROUND WATER LEVEL TREND .................................................................... 48 VIII. BEHAVIOUR OF PIEZOMETRIC HEADS IN DEEP AQUIFERS OF CONFINED/SEMICONFINED NATURE DURING THE YEAR 2014-2015 ...................................... 53 Sedimentary area: ......................................................................................................... 53 Crystalline area: ............................................................................................................ 53 IX. HYDROCHEMISTRY ........................................................................................................................ 56 X SUM UP ................................................................................................................................................... 62 LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: District wise breakup of Ground Water Monitoring Wells in Kerala State as on 31-03-2015 ............ 3 Table 2.1: Geological Succession of Kerala ........................................................................................................ 5 Table 3.1: Monthly Rainfall Distribution (mm) during 2013-2014 ..................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 3.2:Seasonal Rainfall, Normal Rainfall and the percentage Departure in 2013-2014 in Kerala State...... 11 Table 3.3: Seasonal Rainfall Distribution and their Percentage Contribution to Annual Rainfall (2013-2014) . 12 Table 3.4: Comparison of 2013-2014 Seasonal Rainfall with the Seasonal Rainfall of 2012-2013 ................... 13 Table 4.1: District wise Well Frequency for Different ranges of depth to water level for April 2014 ............... 26 Table 4.2 : District Wise Well Frequency For Different Ranges Of Depth To Water Level For August 2014 .. 27 Table 4.3: District Wise Well Frequency For Different Ranges Of Depth To Water Level For November 201428 Table 4.4: District Wise Well Frequency For Different Ranges Of Depth To Water Level For January 2015 .. 29 Table 5.1: District wise – Fluctuation and Frequency Distribution for Different Ranges from April 2014 – August 2014 ....................................................................................................................................................... 35 Table 5.2: District wise – Fluctuation and Frequency Distribution for Different Ranges from April 2014 – November 2014 .................................................................................................................................................. 36 Table 5.3: District wise – Fluctuation and Frequency Distribution for Different Ranges from April 2014 – January 2015....................................................................................................................................................... 37 Table 6.1: District wise Well Frequency for Different Ranges of Water Level Fluctuation (April 2014 – Decadal mean (April 2004-2013) ....................................................................................................................... 44 Table 6.2: District wise Well Frequency for Different Ranges of Water Level Fluctuation (August 2014- Decadal mean (August 2004-2013) .................................................................................................................... 45 Table 6.3: District wise Well Frequency for Different Ranges of Water Level Fluctuation (November 2014 – Decadal mean (November 2004-2013) ............................................................................................................... 46 Table 6. 4: District wise Well Frequency for Different Ranges of Water Level Fluctuation (January 2015 – Decadal mean (January 2005-2014) ................................................................................................................... 47 Table 9.1: Frequency Distribution of Electrical Conductivity (Microsiemens/cm at 250C) ............................. 56 in the National Hydrograph MonitoringWells in Kerala State during April 2012- Statewise .......................... 56 Table 9.2: Frequency Distribution of Electrical Conductivity (Microsiemens/cm at 250C) in National Hydrograph Monitoring Wells during April 2012- Districtwise ....................................................................... 56 Table 9.3: National Hydrograph Monitoring Wells noted for localized pollution.............................................. 60 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Location of Ground Water Monitoring Wells in Kerala .................................................................... 4 Figure 3.1(a): Kerala State Rainfall Pattern(April & May2014) Figure 3.1(b): Kerala State Rainfall Pattern (June & September 2014) 14 Figure 3.1(c): Kerala State Rainfall Pattern(Oct & Dec 2013) ........................................................................... 15 Fig. 3.2 Seasonal rainfall contribution to annual rainfall in percentage (2014-15) ............................................ 16 Fig.3.3 Seasonal rainfall Departure from its Normal during the period 2014-15 ............................................... 17 Figure 4.1: Depth to water level in Kerala State during April 2014 ................................................................... 22 Figure 4.2: Depth to water level in Kerala State during August 2014 ................................................................ 23 Figure 4.3: Depth to water level in Kerala State during November 2014........................................................... 24 Figure 4.4: Depth to water level in Kerala State during January2015 ................................................................ 25 Figure 5.1: Water Level Fluctuation between April 2014 and August 2014 .....................................................