DOCSLIB.ORG

“Re-Entry and Reintegration: the Road to Public Safety”

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
“Re-Entry and Reintegration: the Road to Public Safety” NEW YORK STATE BAR ASSOCIATION ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ “RE-ENTRY AND REINTEGRATION: THE ROAD TO PUBLIC SAFETY” Report and Recommendations of the Special Committee on Collateral Consequences of Criminal Proceedings ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Albany, New York May 2006 The Special Committee is solely responsible for the contents of this report. This report is not the official position of the Association unless and until adopted in whole or in part by the House of Delegates of the Association. MISSION STATEMENT NYSBA Special Committee on Collateral Consequences of Criminal Proceedings The legal disabilities and social exclusions resulting from adverse encounters with the criminal justice system often erect formidable societal barriers for criminal defendants, people with criminal records, those returning to their communities after incarceration, and their families. These consequences are far-reaching, often unforeseen, and sometimes counterproductive. The Special Committee is charged with studying the effects these collateral punishments have on New York residents who have been arrested or charged with a criminal offense, whether convicted or not, and the consequences of these punishments on their families, their communities and our society in general. The Special Committee shall identify all of the collateral consequences of criminal proceedings; the original purpose and intent of these often hidden sanctions; their usefulness as a societal sanction; and their impact on the ability of formerly incarcerated persons to reintegrate successfully into society. This examination shall include, but not be limited to, consequences involving education, employment, disenfranchisement, immigration status, housing, and family reunification. The Special Committee also shall analyze the role played by each criminal justice stakeholder – including the prosecution, the defense, the judiciary, the legislature, civil legal services, probation, and parole – in the imposition of these sanctions, as well as the role of each in counseling defendants about the full consequences of criminal proceedings and assisting in the appropriate mitigation of such consequences. The Special Committee shall prepare a report recommending any appropriate reforms, both by statute and by practice, to the Executive Committee and the House of Delegates. RE-ENTRY AND REINTEGRATION: THE ROAD TO PUBLIC SAFETY Report and Recommendations of the Special Committee on Collateral Consequences of Criminal Proceedings TABLE OF CONTENTS – OVERVIEW Page Mission Statement....................................................................................................................... i Table of Contents – Overview.................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents – Detail..........................................................................................................iv INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................17 REPORT...................................................................................................................................43 I. BACKGROUND...........................................................................................................43 II. EMPLOYMENT ...........................................................................................................59 III. EDUCATION .............................................................................................................107 IV. BENEFITS..................................................................................................................133 V. FINANCIAL CONSEQUENCES................................................................................163 VI. HOUSING...................................................................................................................215 VII. FAMILY .....................................................................................................................263 VIII. CIVIC PARTICIPATION ...........................................................................................299 IX. IMMIGRATION .........................................................................................................325 RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................................379 I. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................379 II. OVERARCHING........................................................................................................389 III. EMPLOYMENT .........................................................................................................399 IV. EDUCATION .............................................................................................................405 V. BENEFITS..................................................................................................................411 VI. FINANCIAL CONSEQUENCES................................................................................415 VII. HOUSING...................................................................................................................419 ii Table of Contents - Overview VIII. FAMILY .....................................................................................................................423 IX. CIVIC PARTICIPATION ...........................................................................................433 X. IMMIGRATION .........................................................................................................439 CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................443 APPENDIX: MEDICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES....................................................1 GLOSSARY .............................................................................................................................25 iii RE-ENTRY AND REINTEGRATION: THE ROAD TO PUBLIC SAFETY Report and Recommendations of the Special Committee on Collateral Consequences of Criminal Proceedings TABLE OF CONTENTS – DETAIL Page Mission Statement....................................................................................................................... i Table of Contents – Overview.................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents – Detail..........................................................................................................iv INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................1 A. MAGNITUDE OF THOSE DIRECTLY AFFECTED ........................................................2 B. CONSIDERING RE-ENTRY AND RECIDIVISM............................................................4 C. FORMATION OF THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE..............................................................7 D. WORK OF THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE ......................................................................8 E. MEMBERS OF THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE...............................................................10 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................17 A. REPORT ..............................................................................................................17 1. Employment...........................................................................................17 2. Education ...............................................................................................19 3. Benefits ..................................................................................................22 4. Financial Penalties..................................................................................26 5. Housing..................................................................................................29 6. Family....................................................................................................31 7. Civic Participation..................................................................................35 8. Immigration............................................................................................37 B. RECOMMENDATIONS...........................................................................................38 1. Overarching............................................................................................38 2. Employment...........................................................................................39 3. Education ...............................................................................................39 iv Table of Contents - Detail 4. Benefits ..................................................................................................40 5. Financial Consequences..........................................................................40 6. Housing..................................................................................................40 7. Family....................................................................................................41 8. Civic Participation..................................................................................41
Load more

Recommended publications
  • World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2019 International Labour Office – Geneva: ILO, 2019
    WORLD EMPLOYMENT SOCIAL OUTLOOK 19 20 TRENDS UTLOOK UTLOOK O OCIAL S MPLOYMENT AND MPLOYMENT E TRENDS ORLD W 2019 ILO WORLD EMPLOYMENT SOCIAL OUTLOOK TRENDS 2019 International Labour Office • Geneva Copyright © International Labour Organization 2019 First published 2019 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Licensing), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with a reproduction rights organization may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2019 International Labour Office – Geneva: ILO, 2019 ISBN 978-92-2-132952-7 (print) ISBN 978-92-2-132953-4 (web pdf) employment / unemployment / labour market analysis / labour policy / economic development / sustainable development / trend / Africa / America / Arab countries / Asia / Central Asia / Europe / Pacific 13.01.3 ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers.
    [Show full text]
  • STACY LEA BAKER, ) Case No. 10-90127-BHL-7 ) Debtor
    Case 10-59029 Doc 59 Filed 09/28/11 EOD 09/29/11 08:04:30 Pg 1 of 20 SO ORDERED: September 28, 2011. ______________________________ Basil H. Lorch III United States Bankruptcy Judge UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF INDIANA NEW ALBANY DIVISION In re: ) ) STACY LEA BAKER, ) Case No. 10-90127-BHL-7 ) Debtor. ) ) ) MURPHY OIL USA, INC., ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) v. ) Adv. No. 09-59029 ) STACY LEA BAKER, ) ) Defendant. ) JUDGMENT This matter is before the Court on the Plaintiff’s Complaint to Determine Liability and Non-Dischargability of Debt Under 11 U.S.C. § 523, as supplemented by its More Definite Case 10-59029 Doc 59 Filed 09/28/11 EOD 09/29/11 08:04:30 Pg 2 of 20 Statement of the Claim [Docket # 41].1 The Court tried the matter on June 1, 2011. The Plaintiff and Defendants submitted post-trial briefs [Docket #s 71 and 72, respectively] on June 17, 2011. Murphy Oil USA, Inc. (“Murphy”), the Plaintiff, seeks a determination that the Defendants, John M. Baker and Stacy Lea Baker, are liable to it under various state law theories. Further, Murphy seeks a judgment liquidating the Bakers’ alleged obligations to Murphy and finding that the debts are excepted from discharge in their respective Chapter 7 bankruptcy cases pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2), (4), or (6). Having considered the foregoing, and for the reasons set forth below, the Court finds Mr. Baker to be liable to Murphy in the amount of $691,757.78, which judgment may not be discharged in Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • October 1988 Federal Sentencing Guidelines Manual
    UNITED STATES SENTENCING COMMISSION GUIDEUNES MANUAL [Incorporating guideline amendments effective October 15, 1988] UNITED STATES SENTENCING COMMISSION 1331 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE, NW SUITE 14OO WASHINGTON, D.C. 20004 (202) 662-8800 William W. Wilklns, Jr. Chairman Michael K. Block Stephen G. Breyer Helen G. Corrothers George E. MacKinnon llene H. Nagel Benjamin F. Baer (ex officio) Ronald L. Gainer (ex officio) William W. Wilkins, Jr. Chairman Michael K. Block Stephen G. Breyer Helen G. Corrothers George E. MacKinnon llene H. Nagel Benjamin F. Baer (ex-officio) Ronald L. Gainer (ex-officio) Note: This document contains the text of the Guidelines Manual incorporating amendments effective January 15, 1988, June 15, 1988, and October 15, 1988. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: Introduction and General Principles. Part A - Introduction 1.1 1. Authority 1.1 2. The Statutory Mission_ 1.1 3. The Basic Approach 1.2 4. The Guidelines' Resolution of Major Issues 1.5 5. A Concluding Note 1.12 Part B - General Application Principles 1.13 CHAPTER TWO: Offense Conduct 2.1 Part A - Offenses Against the Person 2.3 1. Homicide 2.3 2. Assault 2.4 3. Criminal Sexual Abuse 2.8 4. Kidnapping, Abduction, or Unlawful Restraint 2.11 5. Air Piracy 2.12 6. Threatening Communications 2.13 Part B - Offenses Involving Property 2.15 1. Theft, Embezzlement, Receipt of Stolen Property, and Property Destruction 2.15 2. Burglary and Trespass 2.19 3. Robbery, Extortion, and Blackmail 2.21 4. Commercial Bribery and Kickbacks 2.25 5. Counterfeiting, Forgery, and Infringement of Copyright or Trademark 2.27 6.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of Income, Social Mobility, Equality, and Health Indicators in an Under-Looked Segment of the Labor Force
    Undergraduate Economic Review Volume 14 Issue 1 Article 6 2017 Measuring Health Outcomes of Uncovered Employment: A Study of Income, Social Mobility, Equality, and Health Indicators in an Under-looked Segment of the Labor Force Zakariya Kmir University of Maryland, Baltimore County, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/uer Part of the Behavioral Economics Commons, Economic Theory Commons, Health Economics Commons, Labor Economics Commons, Macroeconomics Commons, and the Political Economy Commons Recommended Citation Kmir, Zakariya (2017) "Measuring Health Outcomes of Uncovered Employment: A Study of Income, Social Mobility, Equality, and Health Indicators in an Under-looked Segment of the Labor Force," Undergraduate Economic Review: Vol. 14 : Iss. 1 , Article 6. Available at: https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/uer/vol14/iss1/6 This Article is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Commons @ IWU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this material in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This material has been accepted for inclusion by faculty at Illinois Wesleyan University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ©Copyright is owned by the author of this document. Measuring Health Outcomes of Uncovered Employment: A Study of Income, Social Mobility, Equality, and Health Indicators in an Under-looked Segment of the Labor Force Abstract Economists have strongly supported the idea that unemployment causes many undesirable health outcomes.
    [Show full text]
  • Self-Help in the Collection of Debts As a Defense to Criminal Prosecution
    Washington University Law Review Volume 24 Issue 1 1938 Self-Help in the Collection of Debts as a Defense to Criminal Prosecution Milton H. Aronson Washington University School of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_lawreview Part of the Criminal Law Commons Recommended Citation Milton H. Aronson, Self-Help in the Collection of Debts as a Defense to Criminal Prosecution, 24 WASH. U. L. Q. 117 (1938). Available at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_lawreview/vol24/iss1/11 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by the Law School at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Washington University Law Review by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 19381 NOTES SELF-HELP IN THE COLLECTION OF DEBTS AS A DEFENSE TO CRIMINAL PROSECUTION Adverse economic conditions present the spectacle of petty creditors going to unusual lengths to collect. Some apply cajol- ery, trickery, threats, even force in attempting to secure pay- ments. But save in instances of self-defense, recaption and repri- sals, entry on lands, the abatement of nuisances, and distraint, the right to self-redress is not recognized,' because The public peace is a superior consideration to any one man's private property; and * * * , if individuals were once allowed to use private force as a remedy for private injuries, all social justice must cease, the strong would give law to the weak, and every man would revert to a state of nature; for these reasons it is provided that this natural right * * * shall never be exercised where such exertion must occasion strife and bodily contention, or endanger the peace of so- 2 ciety.
    [Show full text]
  • Infanticide in Early Modem Gennany: the Experience of Augsburg, Memmingen, Ulm, and Niirdlingen, 1500-1800
    Infanticide in Early Modem Gennany: the experience of Augsburg, Memmingen, Ulm, and Niirdlingen, 1500-1800 Margaret Brannan Lewis Charlottesville, Virginia M.A., History, University of Virginia, 2008 B.A., History and Gennan, Furman University, 2006 A Dissertation presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Virginia in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Virginia May, 2012 i Abstract Between 1500 and 1800, over 100 women and men were arrested for infanticide or abortion in the city of Augsburg in southern Germany. At least 100 more were arrested for the same crime in the three smaller cities of Ulm, Memmingen, and Nördlingen. Faced with harsh punishments as well as social stigma if found pregnant out of wedlock, many women in early modern Europe often saw abortion or infanticide as their only option. At the same time, town councils in these southern German cities increasingly considered it their responsibility to stop this threat to the godly community and to prosecute cases of infanticide or abortion and to punish (with death) those responsible. The story of young, unmarried serving maids committing infanticide to hide their shame is well-known, but does not fully encompass the entirety of how infanticide was perceived in the early modern world. This work argues that these cases must be understood in a larger cultural context in which violence toward children was a prevalent anxiety, apparent in popular printed literature and educated legal, medical, and religious discourse alike. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, this anxiety was expressed in and reinforced by woodcuts featuring mass murders of families, deformed babies, and cannibalism of infants by witches and other dark creatures.
    [Show full text]
  • Alternance Training for Young People: Guidelines for Action. INSTITUTION European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training, Berlin (West Germany)
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 270 627 CE 044 586 AUTHOR Jallade, Jean-Pierre TITLE Alternance Training for Young People: Guidelines for Action. INSTITUTION European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training, Berlin (West Germany). REPORT NO ISBN-92-825-2870-7 PUB DATE 82 NOTE 105p. PUB TYPE Guides - Non-Classroom Use (055) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC05 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Cooperative Planning; Coordination; Educational Cooperation; Educational Policy; *Education Work Relationship; Employment Programs; *Foreign Countries; *Job Training; *Nontraditional Education; Public Policy; School Business Relationship; Secondary Education; Training Methods; *Transitional Programs; Unemployment; *Youth Employment; Youth Programs IDENTIFIERS Europe ABSTRACT Alternance training and employment policy should improve youth employment prospects in the European community in three ways. It should enhance young people's employability, improve youth's motivation and clarify vocational options, and better prepare youth to adapt to abrupt changes in job content. Because alternance training is concerned with young people's transition from school to work, the supply of alternance training places should be geared to the number of those leaving the school system. Guidance, acquisition of skills, and social integration are the three primary aims of alternance training. No single formula can be applied throughout the European community to determine who will need alternance training. Training needs must instead be determined on the basis of school experience, employment situation, socioeconomic attributes, and local labor market requirements. Alternance training schemes must combine in-school learning and in-plant experiences in a way that is more than a mere juxtaposition, but is rather mutually reinforcing. For this, the efforts of teachers and trainers must be coordinated and mutually reinforcing as well.
    [Show full text]
  • Out of Order, out of Time: the State of the Nation's Health Workforce
    OUT OF ORDER OUT OF TIME The State of the Nation’s Health Workforce OUT OF ORDER OUT OF TIME The State of the Nation’s Health Workforce A report by the Association of Academic Health Centers The Association of Academic Health Centers, a national non-profit association, represents the nation’s academic health centers and is dedicated to advancing health and well-being through leadership in health professions education, patient care, and research. © 2008 by the Association of Academic Health Centers All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher. ISBN: 978-0-9817378-0-5 Printed in the United States of America. Additional copies of this book may be ordered from: Association of Academic Health Centers 1400 Sixteenth Street, NW Suite 720 Washington, DC 20036 202-265-9600 www.aahcdc.org Executive Summary ut of Order, Out of Time: The State of the Nation’s Health Workforce is a report undertaken by the Association of Academic Health Centers (AAHC) to focus attention on the critical need for a new, collaborative, coordinated, na- tional health workforce planning initiative. The report is Obased on the following premises: • The dysfunction in public and private health workforce policy and infrastructure is an outgrowth of decentralized decision-making in health workforce education, planning, development and policy- making (out of order); • The costs and consequences of our collective failure to act effectively are accelerating due to looming socioeconomic forces that leave no time for further delay (out of time); • Cross-cutting challenges that transcend geographical and profes- sional boundaries require an integrated and comprehensive national policy to implement effective solutions; • The issues and problems outlined in the report have not been ef- fectively addressed to date because of the inability of policymakers at all levels to break free from the historic incremental, piecemeal approaches; and • Despite many challenges, the prospects for positive change are high.
    [Show full text]
  • Proof of Guilt Presumption
    PROOF OF GUILT PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE ­ Requires the government to prove the guilt of a criminal D and relieves D ​ of burden to prove their innocence ● Why do we have it? ○ Cost­benefit determination ­ some errors were worse / more costly than others ○ Reduces the risk of error ○ Commands the respect of citizens ● Proof Beyond a Reasonable Doubt ○ Proof of such a convincing character that you would be willing to rely and act upon it without hesitation in most important of your own affairs ○ Differing instructions: ■ The “Moral Certainty” Instruction ­ If the juror cannot say to a moral certainty that ​ they feel an abiding conviction, after all evidence is compared, considered ■ The “Firmly Convinced” Instruction ­ If juror believes there is not a real possibility of ​ the D being not guilty ■ The No Waiver or Vacillation Instruction ­ If juror’s feeling is one that is not stable ​ but wavers or vacillates then there is reasonable doubt ■ The “No Real Doubt” Instruction ­ Not to mathematical certainty but reasonable/real ​ doubt exists about non guilt ■ The “Thoroughly Convinced” Instruction ­ No explanation of grounds but rather in ​ their truth of conscience being thoroughly convinced of their impression of the evidence PRINCIPLES OF PUNISHMENT Theories: ​ ● RETRIBUTIVIST ○ Goal: to make the D suffer in order to pay for their crime ​ ■ Punishment is justified because people deserve it (eye for an eye) ■ Personal blameworthiness, social harm caused ■ Looks backward to punish for the crime ○ Two categories: ■ Negative Retributivism
    [Show full text]
  • SENATE BILL No. 254 _____
    Introduced Version SENATE BILL No. 254 _____ DIGEST OF INTRODUCED BILL Citations Affected: IC 35-31.5-2; IC 35-32-2-1; IC 35-43-4-2. Synopsis: Organized retail theft. Makes theft a Level 6 felony if a person: (1) knowingly or intentionally exerts unauthorized control over property and the person uses the Internet to sell, deliver, or distribute the property; or (2) knowingly or intentionally exerts unauthorized control over retail property having a value of less than $750 and certain other conditions apply. Makes theft a Level 5 felony if: (1) the value of the retail property is at least $750 and less than $2,500 and certain other conditions apply; (2) the retail property is a firearm; (3) the retail property is exchanged for cash, a gift card, a merchandise card, or other item of value; or (4) the person has a prior unrelated conviction for theft or criminal conversion. Makes theft a Level 4 felony if the value of the retail property is at least $2,500 and certain other conditions apply. Provides that, in determining the value of the property, acts of theft committed in a single episode of criminal conduct may be charged in a single count. Provides that theft of retail property that occurs in more than one county over a six month period may be tried in any county where the theft occurred. Effective: July 1, 2019. Ruckelshaus January 3, 2019, read first time and referred to Committee on Corrections and Criminal Law. 2019 IN 254—LS 6622/DI 123 Introduced First Regular Session of the 121st General Assembly (2019) PRINTING CODE.
    [Show full text]
  • The Legal Career of Harry Claiborne
    UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations 1-1-2008 Country lawyer in a maverick boom town: The legal career of Harry Claiborne J. Bruce Alverson University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/rtds Repository Citation Alverson, J. Bruce, "Country lawyer in a maverick boom town: The legal career of Harry Claiborne" (2008). UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations. 2807. http://dx.doi.org/10.25669/iflf-kxkg This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COUNTRY LAWYER IN A MAVERICK BOOM TOWN: THE LEGAL CAREER OF HARRY CLAIBORNE by J. Bruce Alverson Bachelor of Science University of Nevada 1964 Juris Doctorate University of San Francisco 1970 Master of Arts University of Nevada, Las Vegas 1995 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in History Department of History College of Liberal Arts Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas August 2008 UMI Number: 3338177 Copyright 2009 by Alverson, J.
    [Show full text]
  • B Labour Market Outcomes: Trends and Analytical Framework
    B Labour market outcomes: trends and analytical framework This section aims to put the discussion of the labour market effects of trade and technology into perspective. A narrow focus on these effects may give the misleading impression that trade and/or technology are the main determinants of employment or wages. As explained in this section, however, levels of employment or unemployment and of wages are largely determined by how the labour market works. In other words, the effects of technology or trade on labour market outcomes depend, to a large extent, on institutional conditions in the labour market, concomitant economic changes and the diversification of employment opportunities when shocks occur. Contents 1. Major trends in employment and wages 22 2. Structural changes in the labour market 36 3. Forces driving labour market outcomes 46 4. Conclusions 62 Appendix B.1: Labour force participation rate 64 Appendix B.2: The competitive labour market model 68 Some key facts and findings • Labour markets have evolved in many different ways across countries, suggesting that a pivotal role is played by country-specific factors. • The labour force participation rate and the ratio of the population in employment have remained relatively stable across most high- and low-income countries but have decreased in middle-income countries. Unemployment rates tend to be lower in developing countries, but the share of the population in informal employment tends to be high. • Average real wages have continued to rise, albeit more slowly since the post- 2007 Great Recession, in most countries over the last 10 years. • The evolution of labour markets has been marked by the expanding proportion of workers with secondary or tertiary education, increasing participation of women in the job market, declining participation of men in employment, and the increasing number of non-standard jobs, such as work based on temporary contracts, part-time work and self-employment.
    [Show full text]