Minneapolis, MN, November, 2010 Acknowledgments
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The Food Poisoning Toxins of Bacillus Cereus
toxins Review The Food Poisoning Toxins of Bacillus cereus Richard Dietrich 1,†, Nadja Jessberger 1,*,†, Monika Ehling-Schulz 2 , Erwin Märtlbauer 1 and Per Einar Granum 3 1 Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Schönleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; [email protected] (R.D.); [email protected] (E.M.) 2 Department of Pathobiology, Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] 3 Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003 NMBU, 1432 Ås, Norway; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] † These authors have contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Bacillus cereus is a ubiquitous soil bacterium responsible for two types of food-associated gastrointestinal diseases. While the emetic type, a food intoxication, manifests in nausea and vomiting, food infections with enteropathogenic strains cause diarrhea and abdominal pain. Causative toxins are the cyclic dodecadepsipeptide cereulide, and the proteinaceous enterotoxins hemolysin BL (Hbl), nonhemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe) and cytotoxin K (CytK), respectively. This review covers the current knowledge on distribution and genetic organization of the toxin genes, as well as mechanisms of enterotoxin gene regulation and toxin secretion. In this context, the exceptionally high variability of toxin production between single strains is highlighted. In addition, the mode of action of the pore-forming enterotoxins and their effect on target cells is described in detail. The main focus of this review are the two tripartite enterotoxin complexes Hbl and Nhe, but the latest findings on cereulide and CytK are also presented, as well as methods for toxin detection, and the contribution of further putative virulence factors to the diarrheal disease. -
Internet Economy 25 Years After .Com
THE INTERNET ECONOMY 25 YEARS AFTER .COM TRANSFORMING COMMERCE & LIFE March 2010 25Robert D. Atkinson, Stephen J. Ezell, Scott M. Andes, Daniel D. Castro, and Richard Bennett THE INTERNET ECONOMY 25 YEARS AFTER .COM TRANSFORMING COMMERCE & LIFE March 2010 Robert D. Atkinson, Stephen J. Ezell, Scott M. Andes, Daniel D. Castro, and Richard Bennett The Information Technology & Innovation Foundation I Ac KNOW L EDGEMEN T S The authors would like to thank the following individuals for providing input to the report: Monique Martineau, Lisa Mendelow, and Stephen Norton. Any errors or omissions are the authors’ alone. ABOUT THE AUTHORS Dr. Robert D. Atkinson is President of the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation. Stephen J. Ezell is a Senior Analyst at the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation. Scott M. Andes is a Research Analyst at the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation. Daniel D. Castro is a Senior Analyst at the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation. Richard Bennett is a Research Fellow at the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation. ABOUT THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION FOUNDATION The Information Technology and Innovation Foundation (ITIF) is a Washington, DC-based think tank at the cutting edge of designing innovation policies and exploring how advances in technology will create new economic opportunities to improve the quality of life. Non-profit, and non-partisan, we offer pragmatic ideas that break free of economic philosophies born in eras long before the first punch card computer and well before the rise of modern China and pervasive globalization. ITIF, founded in 2006, is dedicated to conceiving and promoting the new ways of thinking about technology-driven productivity, competitiveness, and globalization that the 21st century demands. -
Margaret A. Highland, DVM Washington State University
Bacterial Pneumonia in Sheep, The Domestic – Bighorn Sheep Interface, and Research at ADRU USAHA Committee on Sheep and Goats Providence, RI October 27, 2015 PLC M. A. Highland, DVM, DACVP, PhD candidate PhD Veterinary Training Program USDA-ARS ADRU Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology Washington State University Pullman, WA DS – BHS Interface Issue Captive/penned commingling studies & anecdotal field reports associate BHS and DS contact with BHS pneumonia Removal of DS public land grazing allotments - profound economic impacts Pneumonia continues to afflict BHS herds - despite decades of research and intense management practices Anecdotal field reports also associate DG with BHS pneumonia - pack goat restrictions on public lands DS and BHS Pneumonia DS . Lambs > Adults . Etiology • Polymicrobial (bacteria +/- viruses) or Unimicrobial • Multifactorial (colostrum, air quality, environmental stressors) BHS (wild) . Reports of respiratory disease date back to the 1920’s . All age outbreaks +/- subsequent years of disease in lambs → population-limiting disease . Etiology • Long been debated • Evidence for polymicrobial (bacterial) and multifactorial • Viruses occasionally reported (no current indication for primary role) What do we know about BHS (and DS) pneumonia? Polymicrobial and Multifactorial (the presence of the bacteria in BHS alone does NOT = disease/death) Incompletely understood disease phenomenon DS and BHS pneumonia-associated bacteria Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae (M ovi) Pasteurellaceae (“Pasteurellas”) . Mannheimia haemolytica -
NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Vet Immunol Immunopathol
NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Vet Immunol Immunopathol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 July 1. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptPublished NIH-PA Author Manuscript in final edited NIH-PA Author Manuscript form as: Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2010 July ; 136(1-2): 108±115. doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.03.005. Bluetongue virus infection alters the impedance of monolayers of bovine endothelial cells as a result of cell death Clifton P. Drew1, Ian A. Gardner2, Christie E. Mayo1, Eiko Matsuo3, Polly Roy3, and N. James MacLachlan1 1Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA 2Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA 3Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom2 Abstract Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the cause of bluetongue, an emerging, arthropod-transmitted disease of ungulates. Bluetongue is characterized by vascular injury with hemorrhage, tissue infarction and widespread edema, lesions that are consistent with those of the so-called viral hemorrhagic fevers. To further investigate the pathogenesis of vascular injury in bluetongue, we utilized an electrical impedance assay and immunofluorescence staining to compare the effects of BTV infection on cultured bovine endothelial cells (bPAEC) with those of inducers of cell death (Triton X-100) and interendothelial gap formation (tissue necrosis factor [TNF]). The data confirm that the adherens junctions of BTV-infected bPAECs remained intact until 24 hours post-infection, and that loss of monolayer impedance precisely coincided with onset of virus-induced cell death. -
Evaluation of the Individual and Combined Toxicity of Fumonisin Mycotoxins in Human Gastric Epithelial Cells
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Evaluation of the Individual and Combined Toxicity of Fumonisin Mycotoxins in Human Gastric Epithelial Cells Song Yu, Bingxuan Jia, Na Liu, Dianzhen Yu and Aibo Wu * SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; [email protected] (S.Y.); [email protected] (B.J.); [email protected] (N.L.); [email protected] (D.Y.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-21-54920716 Received: 23 July 2020; Accepted: 14 August 2020; Published: 18 August 2020 Abstract: Fumonisin contaminates food and feed extensively throughout the world, causing chronic and acute toxicity in human and animals. Currently, studies on the toxicology of fumonisins mainly focus on fumonisin B1 (FB1). Considering that FB1, fumonisin B2 (FB2) and fumonisin B3 (FB3) could coexist in food and feed, a study regarding a single toxin, FB1, may not completely reflect the toxicity of fumonisin. The gastrointestinal tract is usually exposed to these dietary toxins. In our study, the human gastric epithelial cell line (GES-1) was used as in vitro model to evaluate the toxicity of fumonisin. Firstly, we found that they could cause a decrease in cell viability, and increase in membrane leakage, cell death and the induction of expression of markers for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Their toxicity potency rank is FB1 > FB2 >> FB3. The results also showed that the synergistic effect appeared in the combinations of FB1 + FB2 and FB1 + FB3. -
Engineering the Genome of Minimal Bacteria Using CRISPR/Cas9 Tools Iason Tsarmpopoulos
Engineering the genome of minimal bacteria using CRISPR/Cas9 tools Iason Tsarmpopoulos To cite this version: Iason Tsarmpopoulos. Engineering the genome of minimal bacteria using CRISPR/Cas9 tools. Mi- crobiology and Parasitology. Université de Bordeaux, 2017. English. NNT : 2017BORD0787. tel- 01834971 HAL Id: tel-01834971 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01834971 Submitted on 11 Jul 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE PRÉSENTÉE POUR OBTENIR LE GRADE DE DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX ÉCOLE DOCTORALE Science de la vie et de la Santé SPÉCIALITÉ Microbiologie and Immunologie Par Iason TSARMPOPOULOS Ingénierie de génome de bactéries minimales par des outils CRISPR/Cas9 Sous la direction de : Monsieur Pascal SIRAND-PUGNET Soutenue le jeudi 07 décembre 2017 à 14h00 Lieu : INRA, 71 avenue Edouard Bourlaux 33882 Villenave d'Ornon salle Amphithéâtre Josy et Colette Bové Membres du jury : Mme Cécile BEBEAR Université de Bordeaux et CHU de Bordeaux Président Mme Florence TARDY Anses-Laboratoire de Lyon Rapporteur M. Matthieu JULES Institut Micalis, INRA and AgroParisTech Rapporteur M. David BIKARD Institut Pasteur Examinateur M. Fabien DARFEUILLE INSERM U1212 - CNRS UMR 5320 Invité Mme Carole LARTIGUE-PRAT INRA - Université de Bordeaux Invité M. -
Still Drinking
Vol. 7 march 2015 — issue 3 issue INSIDE: INTROVISIONAIRE - todd on film - STILL DRINKING - ask creepy horse you’re not punk & I’m telling everyone - how to be an asshole - keurig blitzkrieg - lighter side of nuthin - record reviews - concert calendar YOU’RE NOT PUNK & I’M TELLING EVERYONE: ALL THE WORLD’S A STAGE MOTHERFUCKER I was younger, I used to get real excited by band reunions. I 979Represent is a local magazine thought it was cool that I would get a chance to see a band play that was before my time. I was far too young and inexperienced for the discerning dirtbag. in my own band trials that I didn’t realize why bands break up in the first place. I mean when you’re 14 or 15 all you really want to do is play, you can’t possibly see things like drugs, girlfriends or Editorial bored money and ego come into the mix. Then you grow up and get Kelly Minnis - Kevin Still real. Bands break up for exactly those reasons. After a few years it just becomes harder to find people who just want to play for the way it makes you feel, and if you do find that group of peo- ple, you never need to worry about breaking up because you Art Splendidness never do. As for reunions… they come off as a bit underwhelm- Katie Killer - Wonko The Sane ing. I have been to very few reunion shows where I caught that old magic, and even then it had to be a one time reunion, just for nostalgic purposes. -
Single Kernel Analysis of Fumonisins and Other Fungal Metabolites In
Single kernel analysis of fumonisins and other fungal metabolites in maize from South African subsistence farmers Jesper Mølgaard Mogensen, Stine Mørcholdt Sørensen, Michael Sulyok, Liana van der Westhuizen, Gordon Shephard, Jens Christian Frisvad, Ulf Thrane, Rudolf Krska, Kristian Fog Nielsen To cite this version: Jesper Mølgaard Mogensen, Stine Mørcholdt Sørensen, Michael Sulyok, Liana van der Westhuizen, Gordon Shephard, et al.. Single kernel analysis of fumonisins and other fungal metabolites in maize from South African subsistence farmers. Food Additives and Contaminants, 2011, pp.1. 10.1080/19440049.2011.611823. hal-00744827 HAL Id: hal-00744827 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00744827 Submitted on 24 Oct 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Food Additives and Contaminants For Peer Review Only Single kernel analysis of fumonisins and other fungal metabolites in maize from South African subsistence farmers Journal: Food Additives and Contaminants Manuscript ID: TFAC-2011-122.R2 Manuscript Type: Original Research Paper Date -
Influence of Border Disease Virus (BDV) on Serological Surveillance Within the Bovine Virus Diarrhea (BVD) Eradication Program in Switzerland V
Kaiser et al. BMC Veterinary Research (2017) 13:21 DOI 10.1186/s12917-016-0932-0 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Influence of border disease virus (BDV) on serological surveillance within the bovine virus diarrhea (BVD) eradication program in Switzerland V. Kaiser1, L. Nebel1, G. Schüpbach-Regula2, R. G. Zanoni1* and M. Schweizer1* Abstract Background: In 2008, a program to eradicate bovine virus diarrhea (BVD) in cattle in Switzerland was initiated. After targeted elimination of persistently infected animals that represent the main virus reservoir, the absence of BVD is surveilled serologically since 2012. In view of steadily decreasing pestivirus seroprevalence in the cattle population, the susceptibility for (re-) infection by border disease (BD) virus mainly from small ruminants increases. Due to serological cross-reactivity of pestiviruses, serological surveillance of BVD by ELISA does not distinguish between BVD and BD virus as source of infection. Results: In this work the cross-serum neutralisation test (SNT) procedure was adapted to the epidemiological situation in Switzerland by the use of three pestiviruses, i.e., strains representing the subgenotype BVDV-1a, BVDV-1h and BDSwiss-a, for adequate differentiation between BVDV and BDV. Thereby the BDV-seroprevalence in seropositive cattle in Switzerland was determined for the first time. Out of 1,555 seropositive blood samples taken from cattle in the frame of the surveillance program, a total of 104 samples (6.7%) reacted with significantly higher titers against BDV than BVDV. These samples originated from 65 farms and encompassed 15 different cantons with the highest BDV-seroprevalence found in Central Switzerland. On the base of epidemiological information collected by questionnaire in case- and control farms, common housing of cattle and sheep was identified as the most significant risk factor for BDV infection in cattle by logistic regression. -
South Korean Nation Branding and the Building of Competitiveness Society
Juliette Schwak City University of Hong Kong [email protected] South Korean nation branding and the building of competitiveness society Which pressures, which responses? “Diplomacy in the 21st century will center around economy and culture. We must keep expanding trade, investment, tourism and cultural exchanges in order to make our way in the age of boundless competition which will take place against a backdrop of cooperation.” (Kim Dae-jung 1998) Introduction Global competitiveness has become the most urgent imperative for contemporary states to respond to. The European Management Forum commented, as early as 1979: “competitiveness has become to economics what gravity is to physics: one (of) the fundamental forces which underlie the major events […] like gravity, it is a force that one cannot escape. It affects equally companies that need to grow, individuals who want to preserve their jobs, and, of course, nations to sustain and increase their standard of living. Understanding how competitiveness works is necessary for all.” (EMF 1979) Competitiveness has now been normalized, accepted as an inexorable force to which nations should adapt. Fougner notes: “The prominence and meta-character of the ‘competitiveness problem’ in contemporary reflections on state governance can hardly be exaggerated”. (Fougner 2006, 165) No state has taken this imperative as seriously as South Korea. From the end of the military dictatorship in the 1980s up to now, South Korean governments have led strategies to open Korea to the world, and make it a global country, responding to a perceived necessity to “globalize or perish” and to upgrade South Korean competitiveness in an era of “boundless competition” (Kim Dae-jung 1998). -
Examining the Risk of Disease Transmission Between Wild Dall's
Examining the Risk of Disease Transmission between Wild Dall’s Sheep and Mountain Goats, and Introduced Domestic Sheep, Goats, and Llamas in the Northwest Territories Prepared for: The Northwest Territories Agricultural Policy Framework and Environment and Natural Resources Government of the Northwest Territories, Canada August 20, 2005 Examining the Risk of Disease Transmission between Wild Dall’s Sheep and Mountain Goats, and Introduced Domestic Sheep, Goats, and Llamas in the Northwest Territories Elena Garde 1,2 , Susan Kutz 1,3 , Helen Schwantje 4, Alasdair Veitch 5, Emily Jenkins 1,6 , Brett Elkin 7 1 Research Group for Arctic Parasitology and the Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4. 2 Associate Wildlife Veterinarian, Biodiversity Branch, Ministry of Environment, PO Box 9338, Stn Prov Govt, 2975 Jutland Road, Victoria, BC, V8W 9M1, (250) 953-4285 [email protected] 3 Associate Professor, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary AB, T2N 4N1 Ph: (306) 229-6110 4 Wildlife Veterinarian, Biodiversity Branch, Ministry of Environment, PO Box 9338, Stn Prov Govt, 2975 Jutland Road, Victoria, BC, V8W 9M1, (250) 953-4285 [email protected] 5 Supervisor, Wildlife Management, Environment and Natural Resources, Sahtu Region, P.O. Box 130, Norman Wells, NT X0E 0V0, Ph: (867) 587-2786; Fax: (867) 587-2359 [email protected] 6 Wildlife Disease Specialist / Research Scientist, Canadian Wildlife Service, 115 Perimeter Rd. Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X4 (306) 975-5357, (306) 966-7246 7 Disease & Contaminants Specialist, Environment and Natural Resources, 500 – 6102 50 th Ave. -
A Scoping Review of Viral Diseases in African Ungulates
veterinary sciences Review A Scoping Review of Viral Diseases in African Ungulates Hendrik Swanepoel 1,2, Jan Crafford 1 and Melvyn Quan 1,* 1 Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; [email protected] (H.S.); [email protected] (J.C.) 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +27-12-529-8142 Abstract: (1) Background: Viral diseases are important as they can cause significant clinical disease in both wild and domestic animals, as well as in humans. They also make up a large proportion of emerging infectious diseases. (2) Methods: A scoping review of peer-reviewed publications was performed and based on the guidelines set out in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) extension for scoping reviews. (3) Results: The final set of publications consisted of 145 publications. Thirty-two viruses were identified in the publications and 50 African ungulates were reported/diagnosed with viral infections. Eighteen countries had viruses diagnosed in wild ungulates reported in the literature. (4) Conclusions: A comprehensive review identified several areas where little information was available and recommendations were made. It is recommended that governments and research institutions offer more funding to investigate and report viral diseases of greater clinical and zoonotic significance. A further recommendation is for appropriate One Health approaches to be adopted for investigating, controlling, managing and preventing diseases. Diseases which may threaten the conservation of certain wildlife species also require focused attention.