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The Role of Nuclear Lamin B1 in Cell Proliferation and Senescence
Downloaded from genesdev.cshlp.org on September 29, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press The role of nuclear lamin B1 in cell proliferation and senescence Takeshi Shimi,1 Veronika Butin-Israeli,1 Stephen A. Adam,1 Robert B. Hamanaka,2 Anne E. Goldman,1 Catherine A. Lucas,1 Dale K. Shumaker,1 Steven T. Kosak,1 Navdeep S. Chandel,2 and Robert D. Goldman1,3 1Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, 2Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA Nuclear lamin B1 (LB1) is a major structural component of the nucleus that appears to be involved in the regulation of many nuclear functions. The results of this study demonstrate that LB1 expression in WI-38 cells decreases during cellular senescence. Premature senescence induced by oncogenic Ras also decreases LB1 expression through a retinoblastoma protein (pRb)-dependent mechanism. Silencing the expression of LB1 slows cell proliferation and induces premature senescence in WI-38 cells. The effects of LB1 silencing on proliferation require the activation of p53, but not pRb. However, the induction of premature senescence requires both p53 and pRb. The proliferation defects induced by silencing LB1 are accompanied by a p53-dependent reduction in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can be rescued by growth under hypoxic conditions. In contrast to the effects of LB1 silencing, overexpression of LB1 increases the proliferation rate and delays the onset of senescence of WI-38 cells. This overexpression eventually leads to cell cycle arrest at the G1/S boundary. -
Supplementary Materials: Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Amide and Polyamino-Derivatives of Lupane Triterpenoids
Supplementary Materials: Evaluation of cytotoxicity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of amide and polyamino-derivatives of lupane triterpenoids Oxana B. Kazakova1*, Gul'nara V. Giniyatullina1, Akhat G. Mustafin1, Denis A. Babkov2, Elena V. Sokolova2, Alexander A. Spasov2* 1Ufa Institute of Chemistry of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 71, pr. Oktyabrya, 450054 Ufa, Russian Federation 2Scientific Center for Innovative Drugs, Volgograd State Medical University, Novorossiyskaya st. 39, Volgograd 400087, Russian Federation Correspondence Prof. Dr. Oxana B. Kazakova Ufa Institute of Chemistry of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences 71 Prospeсt Oktyabrya Ufa, 450054 Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Prof. Dr. Alexander A. Spasov Scientific Center for Innovative Drugs of the Volgograd State Medical University 39 Novorossiyskaya st. Volgograd, 400087 Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Figure S1. 1H and 13C of compound 2. H NH N H O H O H 2 2 Figure S2. 1H and 13C of compound 4. NH2 O H O H CH3 O O H H3C O H 4 3 Figure S3. Anticancer screening data of compound 2 at single dose assay 4 Figure S4. Anticancer screening data of compound 7 at single dose assay 5 Figure S5. Anticancer screening data of compound 8 at single dose assay 6 Figure S6. Anticancer screening data of compound 9 at single dose assay 7 Figure S7. Anticancer screening data of compound 12 at single dose assay 8 Figure S8. Anticancer screening data of compound 13 at single dose assay 9 Figure S9. Anticancer screening data of compound 14 at single dose assay 10 Figure S10. -
Viewed Under 23 (B) Or 203 (C) fi M M Male Cko Mice, and Largely Unaffected Magni Cation; Scale Bars, 500 M (B) and 50 M (C)
BRIEF COMMUNICATION www.jasn.org Renal Fanconi Syndrome and Hypophosphatemic Rickets in the Absence of Xenotropic and Polytropic Retroviral Receptor in the Nephron Camille Ansermet,* Matthias B. Moor,* Gabriel Centeno,* Muriel Auberson,* † † ‡ Dorothy Zhang Hu, Roland Baron, Svetlana Nikolaeva,* Barbara Haenzi,* | Natalya Katanaeva,* Ivan Gautschi,* Vladimir Katanaev,*§ Samuel Rotman, Robert Koesters,¶ †† Laurent Schild,* Sylvain Pradervand,** Olivier Bonny,* and Dmitri Firsov* BRIEF COMMUNICATION *Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and **Genomic Technologies Facility, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; †Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; ‡Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, St. Petersburg, Russia; §School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia; |Services of Pathology and ††Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; and ¶Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France ABSTRACT Tight control of extracellular and intracellular inorganic phosphate (Pi) levels is crit- leaves.4 Most recently, Legati et al. have ical to most biochemical and physiologic processes. Urinary Pi is freely filtered at the shown an association between genetic kidney glomerulus and is reabsorbed in the renal tubule by the action of the apical polymorphisms in Xpr1 and primary fa- sodium-dependent phosphate transporters, NaPi-IIa/NaPi-IIc/Pit2. However, the milial brain calcification disorder.5 How- molecular identity of the protein(s) participating in the basolateral Pi efflux remains ever, the role of XPR1 in the maintenance unknown. Evidence has suggested that xenotropic and polytropic retroviral recep- of Pi homeostasis remains unknown. Here, tor 1 (XPR1) might be involved in this process. Here, we show that conditional in- we addressed this issue in mice deficient for activation of Xpr1 in the renal tubule in mice resulted in impaired renal Pi Xpr1 in the nephron. -
Identification of Key Candidate Genes and Molecular Pathways in White Fat
Pan et al. Human Genomics (2019) 13:55 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40246-019-0239-x PRIMARY RESEARCH Open Access Identification of key candidate genes and molecular pathways in white fat browning: an anti-obesity drug discovery based on computational biology Yuyan Pan, Jiaqi Liu* and Fazhi Qi* Abstract Background: Obesity—with its increased risk of obesity-associated metabolic diseases—has become one of the greatest public health epidemics of the twenty-first century in affluent countries. To date, there are no ideal drugs for treating obesity. Studies have shown that activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) can promote energy consumption and inhibit obesity, which makes browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) a potential therapeutic target for obesity. Our objective was to identify genes and molecular pathways associated with WAT and the activation of BAT to WAT browning, by using publicly available data and computational tools; this knowledge might help in targeting relevant signaling pathways for treating obesity and other related metabolic diseases. Results: In this study, we used text mining to find out genes related to brown fat and white fat browning. Combined with biological process and pathway analysis in GeneCodis and protein-protein interaction analysis by using STRING and Cytoscape, a list of high priority target genes was developed. The Human Protein Atlas was used to analyze protein expression. Candidate drugs were derived on the basis of the drug-gene interaction analysis of the final genes. Our study identified 18 genes representing 6 different pathways, targetable by a total of 33 drugs as possible drug treatments. The final list included 18 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) agonists, 4 beta 3 adrenoceptor (β3-AR) agonists, 1 insulin sensitizer, 3 insulins, 6 lipase clearing factor stimulants and other drugs. -
A Computational Approach for Defining a Signature of Β-Cell Golgi Stress in Diabetes Mellitus
Page 1 of 781 Diabetes A Computational Approach for Defining a Signature of β-Cell Golgi Stress in Diabetes Mellitus Robert N. Bone1,6,7, Olufunmilola Oyebamiji2, Sayali Talware2, Sharmila Selvaraj2, Preethi Krishnan3,6, Farooq Syed1,6,7, Huanmei Wu2, Carmella Evans-Molina 1,3,4,5,6,7,8* Departments of 1Pediatrics, 3Medicine, 4Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, 5Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, the 6Center for Diabetes & Metabolic Diseases, and the 7Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; 2Department of BioHealth Informatics, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202; 8Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202. *Corresponding Author(s): Carmella Evans-Molina, MD, PhD ([email protected]) Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS 2031A, Indianapolis, IN 46202, Telephone: (317) 274-4145, Fax (317) 274-4107 Running Title: Golgi Stress Response in Diabetes Word Count: 4358 Number of Figures: 6 Keywords: Golgi apparatus stress, Islets, β cell, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes 1 Diabetes Publish Ahead of Print, published online August 20, 2020 Diabetes Page 2 of 781 ABSTRACT The Golgi apparatus (GA) is an important site of insulin processing and granule maturation, but whether GA organelle dysfunction and GA stress are present in the diabetic β-cell has not been tested. We utilized an informatics-based approach to develop a transcriptional signature of β-cell GA stress using existing RNA sequencing and microarray datasets generated using human islets from donors with diabetes and islets where type 1(T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) had been modeled ex vivo. To narrow our results to GA-specific genes, we applied a filter set of 1,030 genes accepted as GA associated. -
Common Variants in KCNK5 and FHL5 Genes Contributed to The
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Common variants in KCNK5 and FHL5 genes contributed to the susceptibility of migraine without aura in Han Chinese population Zhao Jiang1,2,5, Longrui Zhao1,5, Xiaojie Zhang3, Wenjuan Zhang2, Yuxing Feng4 & Tao Li1* A recent genome-wide meta study suggested that rs67338227 in the FHL5 gene and rs10456100 in the KCNK5 gene are associated with migraine from 27 population-based cohorts excluding Chinese population. Given that migraine without aura (MO) is the most common subtype of migraine, our aim was to systematically investigate the relationship of common variants in FHL5 and KCNK5 genes with the susceptibility to MO and provide clues as to the nature of the mechanisms involved in the etiology of migraine. A total of 3306 subjects including 1042 patients with MO and 2264 controls were recruited for the discovery stage, and 2530 individuals including 842 patients with MO and 1688 controls for the replication stage. Twenty-two tag SNPs (7 from FHL5 and 15 from KCNK5) were selected for genotyping. Genetic associations were analyzed at both single-marker and haplotype levels. Potential functional consequences of the signifcant SNPs were analyzed using gene expression data obtained from the GTEx database. Two SNPs, rs10456100 (KCNK5, P = 9.01 × 10–9) and rs7775721 (FHL5, P = 6.86 × 10–13), were determined to be signifcantly associated with MO in the discovery sample and were then replicated in another sample. In the combined sample set, the T allele of both SNPs was signifcantly associated with the increased risk of MO. Signifcant eQTL signals were identifed for both SNP rs10456100 and rs7775721. -
Transcriptomic Analysis of Native Versus Cultured Human and Mouse Dorsal Root Ganglia Focused on Pharmacological Targets Short
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/766865; this version posted September 12, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. Transcriptomic analysis of native versus cultured human and mouse dorsal root ganglia focused on pharmacological targets Short title: Comparative transcriptomics of acutely dissected versus cultured DRGs Andi Wangzhou1, Lisa A. McIlvried2, Candler Paige1, Paulino Barragan-Iglesias1, Carolyn A. Guzman1, Gregory Dussor1, Pradipta R. Ray1,#, Robert W. Gereau IV2, # and Theodore J. Price1, # 1The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, 800 W Campbell Rd. Richardson, TX, 75080, USA 2Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine # corresponding authors [email protected], [email protected] and [email protected] Funding: NIH grants T32DA007261 (LM); NS065926 and NS102161 (TJP); NS106953 and NS042595 (RWG). The authors declare no conflicts of interest Author Contributions Conceived of the Project: PRR, RWG IV and TJP Performed Experiments: AW, LAM, CP, PB-I Supervised Experiments: GD, RWG IV, TJP Analyzed Data: AW, LAM, CP, CAG, PRR Supervised Bioinformatics Analysis: PRR Drew Figures: AW, PRR Wrote and Edited Manuscript: AW, LAM, CP, GD, PRR, RWG IV, TJP All authors approved the final version of the manuscript. 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/766865; this version posted September 12, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. -
Transcriptional Control of Tissue-Resident Memory T Cell Generation
Transcriptional control of tissue-resident memory T cell generation Filip Cvetkovski Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2019 © 2019 Filip Cvetkovski All rights reserved ABSTRACT Transcriptional control of tissue-resident memory T cell generation Filip Cvetkovski Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) are a non-circulating subset of memory that are maintained at sites of pathogen entry and mediate optimal protection against reinfection. Lung TRM can be generated in response to respiratory infection or vaccination, however, the molecular pathways involved in CD4+TRM establishment have not been defined. Here, we performed transcriptional profiling of influenza-specific lung CD4+TRM following influenza infection to identify pathways implicated in CD4+TRM generation and homeostasis. Lung CD4+TRM displayed a unique transcriptional profile distinct from spleen memory, including up-regulation of a gene network induced by the transcription factor IRF4, a known regulator of effector T cell differentiation. In addition, the gene expression profile of lung CD4+TRM was enriched in gene sets previously described in tissue-resident regulatory T cells. Up-regulation of immunomodulatory molecules such as CTLA-4, PD-1, and ICOS, suggested a potential regulatory role for CD4+TRM in tissues. Using loss-of-function genetic experiments in mice, we demonstrate that IRF4 is required for the generation of lung-localized pathogen-specific effector CD4+T cells during acute influenza infection. Influenza-specific IRF4−/− T cells failed to fully express CD44, and maintained high levels of CD62L compared to wild type, suggesting a defect in complete differentiation into lung-tropic effector T cells. -
Supplementary Table S5. Differentially Expressed Gene Lists of PD-1High CD39+ CD8 Tils According to 4-1BB Expression Compared to PD-1+ CD39- CD8 Tils
BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance Supplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) J Immunother Cancer Supplementary Table S5. Differentially expressed gene lists of PD-1high CD39+ CD8 TILs according to 4-1BB expression compared to PD-1+ CD39- CD8 TILs Up- or down- regulated genes in Up- or down- regulated genes Up- or down- regulated genes only PD-1high CD39+ CD8 TILs only in 4-1BBneg PD-1high CD39+ in 4-1BBpos PD-1high CD39+ CD8 compared to PD-1+ CD39- CD8 CD8 TILs compared to PD-1+ TILs compared to PD-1+ CD39- TILs CD39- CD8 TILs CD8 TILs IL7R KLRG1 TNFSF4 ENTPD1 DHRS3 LEF1 ITGA5 MKI67 PZP KLF3 RYR2 SIK1B ANK3 LYST PPP1R3B ETV1 ADAM28 H2AC13 CCR7 GFOD1 RASGRP2 ITGAX MAST4 RAD51AP1 MYO1E CLCF1 NEBL S1PR5 VCL MPP7 MS4A6A PHLDB1 GFPT2 TNF RPL3 SPRY4 VCAM1 B4GALT5 TIPARP TNS3 PDCD1 POLQ AKAP5 IL6ST LY9 PLXND1 PLEKHA1 NEU1 DGKH SPRY2 PLEKHG3 IKZF4 MTX3 PARK7 ATP8B4 SYT11 PTGER4 SORL1 RAB11FIP5 BRCA1 MAP4K3 NCR1 CCR4 S1PR1 PDE8A IFIT2 EPHA4 ARHGEF12 PAICS PELI2 LAT2 GPRASP1 TTN RPLP0 IL4I1 AUTS2 RPS3 CDCA3 NHS LONRF2 CDC42EP3 SLCO3A1 RRM2 ADAMTSL4 INPP5F ARHGAP31 ESCO2 ADRB2 CSF1 WDHD1 GOLIM4 CDK5RAP1 CD69 GLUL HJURP SHC4 GNLY TTC9 HELLS DPP4 IL23A PITPNC1 TOX ARHGEF9 EXO1 SLC4A4 CKAP4 CARMIL3 NHSL2 DZIP3 GINS1 FUT8 UBASH3B CDCA5 PDE7B SOGA1 CDC45 NR3C2 TRIB1 KIF14 TRAF5 LIMS1 PPP1R2C TNFRSF9 KLRC2 POLA1 CD80 ATP10D CDCA8 SETD7 IER2 PATL2 CCDC141 CD84 HSPA6 CYB561 MPHOSPH9 CLSPN KLRC1 PTMS SCML4 ZBTB10 CCL3 CA5B PIP5K1B WNT9A CCNH GEM IL18RAP GGH SARDH B3GNT7 C13orf46 SBF2 IKZF3 ZMAT1 TCF7 NECTIN1 H3C7 FOS PAG1 HECA SLC4A10 SLC35G2 PER1 P2RY1 NFKBIA WDR76 PLAUR KDM1A H1-5 TSHZ2 FAM102B HMMR GPR132 CCRL2 PARP8 A2M ST8SIA1 NUF2 IL5RA RBPMS UBE2T USP53 EEF1A1 PLAC8 LGR6 TMEM123 NEK2 SNAP47 PTGIS SH2B3 P2RY8 S100PBP PLEKHA7 CLNK CRIM1 MGAT5 YBX3 TP53INP1 DTL CFH FEZ1 MYB FRMD4B TSPAN5 STIL ITGA2 GOLGA6L10 MYBL2 AHI1 CAND2 GZMB RBPJ PELI1 HSPA1B KCNK5 GOLGA6L9 TICRR TPRG1 UBE2C AURKA Leem G, et al. -
Relationship of PPARG, PPARGC1A, and PPARGC1B Polymorphisms with Susceptibility to Hepatocellular Carcinoma in an Eastern Chinese Han Population
Journal name: OncoTargets and Therapy Article Designation: Original Research Year: 2018 Volume: 11 OncoTargets and Therapy Dovepress Running head verso: Zhang et al Running head recto: PPARG, PPARGC1A, and PPARGC1B SNPs and HCC open access to scientific and medical research DOI: 168274 Open Access Full Text Article ORIGINAL RESEARCH Relationship of PPARG, PPARGC1A, and PPARGC1B polymorphisms with susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma in an eastern Chinese Han population Sheng Zhang,1,* Jiakai Jiang,1,* Background: PPARG, PPARGC1A, and PPARGC1B polymorphisms may be implicated in Zhan Chen,2 Yafeng Wang,3 the development of cancer. Weifeng Tang,4 Yu Chen,5–7 Participants and methods: In this study, we selected PPARG rs1801282 C.G and rs3856806 Longgen Liu8 C.T, PPARGC1A rs2970847 C.T, and PPARGC1B rs7732671 G.C and rs17572019 G.A single-nucleotide polymorphisms to explore the relationship between these polymorphisms 1Department of General Surgery, Changzhou Third People’s Hospital, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk. A total of 584 HCC patients and 923 controls were Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; enrolled. 2Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Results: We found that PPARG rs1801282 C.G polymorphism was correlated with a decreased Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, susceptibility of HCC (CG vs CC, adjusted OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.27–0.82, P=0.007; CG/GG vs CC, China; 3Department of Cardiology, People’s Hospital of Xishuangbanna adjusted OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.31–0.88, P=0.015). However, PPARG rs3856806 C.T polymorphism Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Jinghong, was a risk factor for HCC (TT vs CC, adjusted OR 2.33, 95% CI 1.25–4.36, P=0.008; TT vs CT/CC, 4 Yunnan Province, China; Department adjusted OR 2.26, 95% CI 1.22–4.17, P 0.010). -
Ion Channels 3 1
r r r Cell Signalling Biology Michael J. Berridge Module 3 Ion Channels 3 1 Module 3 Ion Channels Synopsis Ion channels have two main signalling functions: either they can generate second messengers or they can function as effectors by responding to such messengers. Their role in signal generation is mainly centred on the Ca2 + signalling pathway, which has a large number of Ca2+ entry channels and internal Ca2+ release channels, both of which contribute to the generation of Ca2 + signals. Ion channels are also important effectors in that they mediate the action of different intracellular signalling pathways. There are a large number of K+ channels and many of these function in different + aspects of cell signalling. The voltage-dependent K (KV) channels regulate membrane potential and + excitability. The inward rectifier K (Kir) channel family has a number of important groups of channels + + such as the G protein-gated inward rectifier K (GIRK) channels and the ATP-sensitive K (KATP) + + channels. The two-pore domain K (K2P) channels are responsible for the large background K current. Some of the actions of Ca2 + are carried out by Ca2+-sensitive K+ channels and Ca2+-sensitive Cl − channels. The latter are members of a large group of chloride channels and transporters with multiple functions. There is a large family of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters some of which have a signalling role in that they extrude signalling components from the cell. One of the ABC transporters is the cystic − − fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) that conducts anions (Cl and HCO3 )and contributes to the osmotic gradient for the parallel flow of water in various transporting epithelia. -
Genetic Variants in PPARGC1B and CNTN4 Are
*Abstract, Title Page, Manuscript, References, Legends 1 Full Title: Genetic Variants in PPARGC1B and CNTN4 are Associated with Thromboxane A2 Formation 1 2 and with Cardiovascular Event Free Survival in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial 3 4 5 (ASCOT). 6 7 8 9 First author's surname and running title: McCarthy; Genetic associations with Thromboxane A 10 2 11 12 13 14 Authors: McCarthy NS1,2, Vangjeli C1, Surendran P1,3, Treumann A4, Rooney C1, Ho E1, Sever P5, Thom 15 16 S5, Hughes AD5, Munroe PB6, Howard P6, Johnson T6,7, Caulfield M6, Shields DC3, O’Brien E3, Fitzgerald 17 18 3 1 19 DJ , Stanton AV . 20 21 22 23 1 24 Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, RCSI, Dublin, Ireland 25 26 2Centre for the Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, University of Western Australia, Perth, 27 28 Australia 29 30 3 31 School of Medicine, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin. 32 33 4Newcastle University Protein and Proteome Analysis (NUPPA), University of Newcastle, Newcastle 34 35 upon Tyne, United Kingdom 36 37 5 38 International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, London, UK 39 40 6Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London Medical School, 41 42 43 Queen Mary University of London and NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, London, 44 45 UK 46 47 7GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK 48 49 50 51 52 Corresponding author address: 53 54 Name: Nina S. McCarthy 55 56 57 Street Address: 58 59 Centre for the Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, Level 5, 60 61 62 63 64 65 2 MRF Building, 1 2 50 Murray St, 3 4 5 WA 6000 6 7 Australia 8 9 Tel: +61(0)424567369 10 11 12 Email: [email protected] 13 14 15 16 Total Word Count: 3,822 (incl abstract, text, tables and figures legends) 17 18 19 Number of Figures: 2 20 21 Number of Tables: 3 22 23 24 Number of Supplementary Files: 1 25 26 27 28 Journal Subject Terms: 29 30 31 1.