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Genetically Modified Organisms (Gmos): the Significance of Gene Flow Through Pollen Transfer 1 Environmental issue report No 28 Genetically modified organisms (GMOs): The significance of gene flow through pollen transfer A review and interpretation of published literature and recent/current research from the ESF ‘Assessing the Impact of GM Plants’ (AIGM) programme for the European Science Foundation and the European Environment Agency Experts‘ corner Authors: Katie Eastham and Jeremy Sweet, with contributions from other participants in the AIGM programme Project manager: David Gee European Environment Agency 2 Genetically modified organisms (GMOs): The significance of gene flow through pollen transfer Layout: Folkmann Design A/S Legal notice The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Commission or other European Communities institutions. Neither the European Environment Agency nor any person or company acting on the behalf of the Agency is responsible for the use that may be made of the information contained in this report. The EEA’s Experts’ corner series The European Environment Agency (EEA) is mandated to provide information to the Community and the Member States, that will help them to identify, frame, implement and evaluate policies, legislation and other measures on the environment, and to keep the public properly informed about the state of the environment. In order to provide possible inputs to the developing work programme of the EEA, and to stimulate debate on issues that may contribute to the identification, framing and evaluation of environmental policy measures, the EEA, from time to time, asks independent experts to summarise their views on topical or upcoming issues, so that the EEA can consider publishing them as Experts’ corner reports. Experts’ corner reports do not necessarily reflect the views of the EEA, or of any other EU institution: they are the opinions of the author only. However, they are intended to facilitate the broader dissemination of more recent environmental information that may provide useful inputs into the developing environmental agenda. The EEA hopes, therefore, that they will be of interest to the Community, Member States and other environmental stakeholders, whose comments on the contents it would welcome. A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int) ISBN: 92-9167-411-7 © EEA, Copenhagen, 2002 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged Printed in Germany Printed on recycled and chlorine-free bleached paper Correspondence regarding this report should be addressed to: Dr J. B. Sweet, NIAB, Huntingdom Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, UK e-mail: [email protected] European Environment Agency Kongens Nytorv 6 DK-1050 Copenhagen K Denmark Tel: (45) 33 36 71 00 Fax: (45) 33 36 71 99 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.eea.eu.int 3 Contents Executive summary ...................................................................................................... 7 Project summary........................................................................................................... 9 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 10 1.1. Aims and objectives of the report ...................................................................... 10 1.2. Background......................................................................................................... 10 1.3. Factors affecting pollen dispersal and cross-pollination .................................... 11 1.4. Hybridisation, gene flow and introgression ....................................................... 12 1.5. Routes of transgene movement between species ............................................. 13 2. Oilseed rape (Brassica napus ssp. oleifera) with reference to turnip rape (Brassica rapa).......................................................... 15 2.1. Reproductive biology and crop use ................................................................... 15 2.2. Genetic modification .......................................................................................... 15 2.3. Pollen dispersal................................................................................................... 16 2.4. Gene flow: Crop to crop..................................................................................... 17 2.5. Gene flow: Crop to wild relative ........................................................................ 21 2.6. Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 26 3. Sugar beet and fodder beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris) ........................................ 27 3.1. Reproductive biology and crop use ................................................................... 27 3.2. Genetic modification .......................................................................................... 27 3.3. Pollen dispersal................................................................................................... 27 3.4. Gene flow: Crop to crop..................................................................................... 28 3.5. Definition and status as a weed plant ................................................................ 29 3.6. Gene flow: Crop to wild relative ........................................................................ 30 3.7. Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 32 4. Potato (Solanum tuberosum) .................................................................................... 34 4.1. Reproductive biology and crop use ................................................................... 34 4.2. Genetic modification .......................................................................................... 34 4.3. Pollen dispersal................................................................................................... 35 4.4. Gene flow: Crop to crop..................................................................................... 35 4.5. Definition and status as a weed plant ................................................................ 36 4.6. Gene flow: Crop to wild relative ........................................................................ 36 4.7. Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 37 4 Genetically modified organisms (GMOs): The significance of gene flow through pollen transfer 5. Maize (Zea mays) ....................................................................................................... 38 5.1. Reproductive biology and crop use ................................................................... 38 5.2. Genetic modification .......................................................................................... 38 5.3. Pollen dispersal................................................................................................... 38 5.4. Gene flow: Crop to crop..................................................................................... 39 5.5. Definition and status as a weed plant ................................................................ 41 5.6. Gene flow: Crop to wild relative ........................................................................ 41 5.7. Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 42 6. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) ........................................................................................ 43 6.1. Reproductive biology and crop use ................................................................... 43 6.2. Genetic modification .......................................................................................... 43 6.3. Pollen dispersal................................................................................................... 44 6.4. Gene flow: Crop to crop..................................................................................... 44 6.5. Definition and status as a weed plant ................................................................ 45 6.6. Gene flow: Crop to wild relative ........................................................................ 45 6.7. Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 45 7. Barley (Hordeum vulgare) .................................................................................... 46 7.1. Reproductive biology and crop use ................................................................... 46 7.2. Genetic modification .......................................................................................... 46 7.3. Pollen dispersal................................................................................................... 46 7.4. Gene flow: Crop to crop..................................................................................... 47 7.5. Definition and status as a weed plant ................................................................ 48 7.6. Gene flow: Crop to wild relative ........................................................................ 48 7.7. Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 49 8. Fruit crops ................................................................................................................
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