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Rta Maxsus Ta`Lim Vazirligi

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Rta Maxsus Ta`Lim Vazirligi O`ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI OLIY VA O`RTA MAXSUS TA`LIM VAZIRLIGI Namangan davlat universiteti. O’ZBEKISTON DAVLATI VA HUQUQI TARIXI fanidan Ma`ruzalar matni NAMANGAN-2011 1 Tuzuvchi: O. Chuboeva. Katta o,qituvchi Taqrizchi: M. Jiyanov. Dos. Y.f.n. Huquqshunoslik fakul,teti dekani. Mazkur ma’ruzalar matni O`zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy va O`rta-maxsus ta`lim vazirligi tomonidan tasdiqlangan dastur asosida tuzilgan bo`lib, «O'zbekiston davlati va huquqi tarixi» kursi qadimgi va o’rta asrlar davri bo`yicha ma’ruza, amaliy mashg`ulotlar va mustaqil ishlarga tayyorgarlik ko`rish bo`yicha mavzularni o`z ichiga oladi. «O'zbekiston davlati va huquqi tarixi» fani ma’ruzalar matni Huquqshunoslik fakul,teti Kengashining № 9-sonli yig’ilishida muhokama qilingan va universitet o’quv-uslubiy Kengashga muhokama uchun tavsiya qilgan. 2 O’ZBEKISTON DAVLATI VA HUQUQI TARIXI FANINING MAQSAD-VAZIFALARI, PREDMETI VA O'RGANISH USLUBLARI 1. O'zbekiston davlati va huquqi tarixi — ijtimoiy, tarixiy va huquqiy fan. 2. Fanning maqsad-vazifalari, predmeti va ahamiyati. 3. O'zbekiston davlati va huquqi tarixining huquqiy fanlar tizimida tutgan o'rni. 4. O'zbekiston davlati va huquqi tarixini davrlaiga bo'lib o'rganilishi. 5. O'quv fani bo'yicha manbalar haqida qisqacha ma'lumot. O'zbekiston davlati va huquqi tarixi — ijtimoiy, tarixiy va huquqiy fan O'zbekiston davlati va huquqi tarixi ijtimoiy fan bo'lib, uni asosan tarixiy-huquqiy fan deb ataymiz. Chunki u bevosita ham tarix faniga, ham davlat va huquq haqidagi fanga aloqador. O'zbekiston davlati va huquqi tarixi o'z tabiati bo'yicha yuridik (huquqiy) fan hisoblanadi. Shu bois u oliy va o'rta maxsus o'quv yurtlarida o'rganiladigan asosiy o'quv kurslaridan biridir. Tarix o'tmishning yig'ilgan, konsentratsiyalashgan tajribalarini saqlovchi, uni avlodlarga asrab yetkazib keluvchidir. Hozirgi zamonning har bir yirik masalasi hayotning qaysi sohasida bo'lmasin, jumladan, davlat va huquqiy qurilish sohasida ham mavjud bo'lgan tarixiy tajribalarni hisobga olmasdan, undan unumli foydalanmasdan, chuqur o'rganmasdan samarali hal etilishi mumkin emas. O'tmish voqea-hodisalarini bilmasdan turib, hozirgi voqelikni to'g'ri tushunish, kelajakni ko'ra bilish mumkin emas. O'zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti Islom Karimov ta'kidlaganidek, «O'zlikni anglash tarixni bilishdan boshlanadi... Tarix saboqlari insonni hushyorlikka o'rgatadi, irodasini mustahkam-laydi... Inson uchun tarixdan judo boiish - hayotdan judo bo'lish demakdir*.1 Tarix fan sifatida jamiyat taraqqiyotining obyektiv qonunlari haqidagi bilimlar tizimini o'zida mujassamlashtiradi, ularni tushunish jamiyatning kelajakdagi rivojlanishini ko'ra bilishga imkon yaratadi. O'zbekiston davlati va huquqi tarixi davlat va huquqni bir butun ijtimoiy hodisa sifatida bir-biri bilan o'zaro aloqadorlikda o'rganadi. Davlat va huquq tarixi har qaysisi alohida bo'lgan davlat tarixining va huquq tarixining mexanik ravishda qo'shilishi emas. Davlat va huquq tarixi bir-biri bilan o'zaro uzviy bog'liq va o'zaro aloqador. U yuridik fanlarning muhim poydevori hisoblanadi. Davlat va huquq tarixi keng tarixiy materiallarga asoslanib davlat va huquqning vujudga kelishini, ular turlarining biridan keyin ikkinchisi kelishi izchilligining sabablarini, turli tarixiy turdagi va bosqichdagi mohiyatini, mazmuni va shakllarini, turli rivojlanish bosqichidagi va turli shakldagi davlatlarning o'ziga xos tomonlarini, huquqiy manbalarning paydo bo'lishini, tuzilishini, amal qilishining shakllarini qo'llanilishini, ularda mustahkamlangan huquq sohalari va institutlarining mohiyatini hamda shu singarilarni ochib beradi. Davlat va huquq tarixi o'rganadigan masalalar yuridik fanlar tizimida markaziy o'rinni egallaydi. Shu tariqa O'zbekiston davlati va huquqi tarixi ham tarixiy, ham yuridik fandir. U O'zbekiston jamiyati tarixining bir qismi hisoblanadi hamda ijtimoiy fikrlar tarixi, ishlab chiqaruvchi kuchlarning rivojlanishi tarixi, madaniyat tarixi va boshqalar bilan bir qatorda turadi. Fanning maqsad-vazifalari, predmeti va ahamiyati «Umuman, — deb ta'kidlaydi I.Karimov, — men fanni ilg'or, taraqqiyot, progress degan so'zlar bilan yonma-yon qabul qilaman. Fanning vazifasi kelajagimizning shakli-shamoyilini yaratib berish, ertangi kunimizning yo'nalishlarini, tabiiy qonuniyatlarini, uning qanday bo'lishini ko'rsatib berishdan iborat, deb tushunaman. Odamlarga mustaqillikning afzalligini, mustaqil boimagan millatning kelajagi yo'qligini, bu tabiiy bir qonuniyat ekanini isbotlab, tushuntirib berish kerak. Fan jamiyat taraqqiyotini olg'a siljituvchi kuch, vosita bo'lmog'i lozim»'. O'zbekiston davlati va huquqi tarixini bilish awalo hozirgi mustaqil o'zbek davlatchiligining mohiyatini chuqur anglash va uni kelajakda rivoj-lanishining asosiy yo'nalishlarini oldindan aytib bera olish uchun kerak. Hozirgi davlat va huquq tarixini bilish uchun ularning qanday kelib chiqqanligini, o'z rivojlanishida qanday bosqichlarni bosib o'tganligini, ularning paydo bo'lishiga, tashkil topishiga, rivojlanishiga, shakli va mazmunining o'zgarishiga qanday sabablar ta'sir ko'rsatganligini bilish juda muhim. O'zbekiston davlati va huquqi tarixi fanining asosiy vazifasi — o'zbek davlatchiligi va huquqiy tizimining taraqqiyot qonuniyatlarini va ularning alohida davrlardagi rivojlanish xususiyatlarini o'rganishdan iboratdir. Shuningdek, ushbu fan O'zbekiston hududida ilk davlatlarning vujudga kelishi va rivojlanishi, huquqning kelib chiqishi va taraqqiy etishi, ularning turli tarixiy bosqichlarda turlicha shakllarga ega bo'lishi, takomillashib borishi, mustaqil O'zbekiston davlati va huquqining o'rna-tilishi kabi masalalarni o'rganishni ham muhim vazifalardan qilib olgan. O'zbekiston davlati va huquqi tarixi fanining predmeti davlat va huquqning, shuningdek, ma'lum tarixiy davrda muayyan davlat organlari va huquqiy institutlarning vujudga kelishi, rivojlanishi hamda tip va 3 shakllarining o'zgarishini o'rganish hisoblanadi. Bu fan mamlakatimiz hududida davlat va huquqning kelib chiqishi, rivojlanishi va amal qilishini tekshirish bilan cheklanib qolmaydi, balki shular bilan birga ma'lum vaqtda va muhitda rivojlanadigan davlat-huquqiy jarayonlarning mazmunini tahlil qiladi, ularning o'ziga xos sabab- oqibat aloqalarini tekshiradi va muayyan tarixiy qonuniyatlarini ochib beradi. Bu fan umumiy tarixdan farq qilib, jamiyatni to'la va butunligicha o'rganmaydi, balki davlat va yuridik muassasalarning murakkab tizimining tarixiy rivojlanish jarayonini hamda huquq, uning alohida sohalari va institutlarining kelib chiqishi va taraqqiy etishi jarayonini o'rganadi. O'zbekiston davlati va huquqi tarixi davlat va huquqqa, xususan, ularning ma'lum rivojlanish bosqichidagi ko'rinishlari, shakllari va rivojlanish jarayonlariga muayyan tarixiy yondashar ekan, juda ko'p dalillarga, siyosiy hayotning aniq hodisalariga, davlatlar, hukumatlar, sinflar, tabaqalar, partiyalar va boshqalar faoliyatiga tayanadi. Biroq davlat va huquq tarixi davlat va huquqning o'tmishi haqidagi bilimlarni yig'ish bilangina cheklanib qolmaydi. U o'z oldiga davlat va huquqning tarixiy rivojlanish qonuniyatlarini aniqlashni asosiy vazifa qilib qo'yadi. Davlat va huquq rivojlanishining muayyan tarixiy qonuniyatlari jamiyat rivojlanishi qonuniyatlariga qaraganda o'ziga xos xususiyatlarga ega. Zero, davlat va huquq jamiyatda alohida o'rin tutadi, nisbatan mustaqillikka ega. O'zbekiston davlati va huquqi tarixi yuqoridagi muammolarni tekshirish bilan to'xtab qolmaydi. U muhim muammolar qatorida inson va fuqarolar huquqlari, hokimiyatlar taqsimlanishi, parlamentarizm, siyosiy tashkilotlar, asosiy huquqiy institutlar va shu kabilaming kelib chiqishi va rivojlanishini o'rganadi. U o'tmishda erishilgan yutuqlardan o'rnak olishga imkoniyat yaratadi, shuningdek, yo'l qo'yilgan xato va kamchiliklarni takrorlamaslikka o'rgatadi. Shunday qilib, O'zbekiston davlati va huquqi tarixi mamlakatimiz hududida davlat va huquqning vujudga kelishi va ma'lum muayyan tarixiy sharoitda rivojlanishini xronologik izchillikda, bu jarayonlarning umumtarixiy qonuniyatlarini, shuningdek, muayyan vaziyatlarda, (mustaqillik, mustamlakachilik davrlarda) rivojlanish yoki rivojlanmaslik xususiyatlarini, ayrim tarixiy bosqichlar doirasida harakat qiluvchi qonuniyatlarni aniqlash asosida o'rganadi. Shuni alohida qayd etib o'tmoq lozimki, sulolalar, qo'zg'olonlar, urushlar, ilm-fan, madaniyat, me'morchilik va hokazolar tavsifi O'zbekiston davlati va huquqi tarixi kursining mavzuyiga kirmaydi. Lekin bular davlat va huquqda o'zgarishlar bo'lishiga ta'sir etsa, u holda bu masalalar ham fanimiz predmetiga aylanishi mumkin. O'zbekiston davlati va huquqi tarixini o'rganish nazariy va amaliy jihatdan katta ahamiyatga ega. Tarixni ko'pincha xalqlar xotirasi deb ataydilar, u jahon ijtimoiy tajribasining ulkan laboratoriyasi hisoblanadi. Davlat va huquq tarixi o'zining bilishdagi ahamiyati, informativligi bilan tarixiy ongning shakllanishida samarali quroldir. Bu fan faqat davlat va huquq tarixini chuqur anglash imkoninigina berib qolmay, davlat va huquqning yanada rivojlanishi haqida oldindan aytib beradi. U umuman yuristlarni, xususan, mustaqil O'zbekistonning XXI asr huquqshunos-larini iqtisodiy islohotlarni amalga oshirish va yanada chuqurlashtirish, siyosiy hayotni yanada demokratlashtirib borish hamda inson va fuqarolar huquq va erkinliklarini himoya qilish, huquqiy davlat barpo etish hamda fuqarolar jamiyatini qaror toptirish sohasidagi samarali faoliyatlarida zarur bilimlar bilan qurollantiradi. O'zbekiston davlati va huquqi tarixining huquqiy fanlar tizimida tutgan o'rni O'zbekiston davlati va huquqi tarixi
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