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Medium Access Control in Ad Hoc Networks with MIMO Links: Optimization Considerations and Algorithms

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Medium Access Control in Ad Hoc Networks with MIMO Links: Optimization Considerations and Algorithms 350 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MOBILE COMPUTING, VOL. 3, NO. 4, OCTOBER-DECEMBER 2004 Medium Access Control in Ad Hoc Networks with MIMO Links: Optimization Considerations and Algorithms Karthikeyan Sundaresan, Student Member, IEEE, Raghupathy Sivakumar, Member, IEEE, Mary Ann Ingram, Senior Member, IEEE, and Tae-Young Chang, Student Member, IEEE Abstract—In this paper, we present a new medium access control (MAC) protocol for ad hoc networks with multiple input multiple output (MIMO) links. MIMO links provide extremely high spectral efficiencies in multipath channels by simultaneously transmitting multiple independent data streams in the same channel. MAC protocols have been proposed in related work for ad hoc networks with other classes of smart antennas such as switched beam antennas. However, as we substantiate in the paper, the unique characteristics of MIMO links coupled with several key optimization considerations, necessitate an entirely new MAC protocol. We identify several advantages of MIMO links, and discuss key optimization considerations that can help in realizing an effective MAC protocol for such an environment. We present a centralized algorithm called stream-controlled medium access (SCMA) that has the key optimization considerations incorporated in its design. Finally, we present a distributed SCMA protocol that approximates the centralized algorithm and compare its performance against that of baseline protocols that are CSMA/CA variants. Index Terms—Ad hoc networks, medium access control, MIMO links, stream control. æ 1INTRODUCTION D hoc networks or multihop wireless networks have sufficiently far apart, then the likelihood of the deepest Atypically been considered for use in military and fades is decreased, corresponding to diversity gain. Further- disaster relief environments due to their capability to more, an adaptive array receiver can attenuate the signal operate without any infrastructure support. In recent years, from an interference source (adaptive nulling). A transmit the use of the so-called “smart antennas” in ad hoc digital adaptive array can also provide array and diversity networks has gained consideration. The term “smart gains, augmenting those of a receiver array. It can transmit antennas” represents a broad variety of antennas that differ multiple cochannel data streams and, if channel state in their performance and transceiver complexity, such as information (CSI) is available, each stream can have its the switched beam and the digital adaptive array (DAA) own adapted pattern. antennas. Smart antennas, in the conventional sense, are typically A switched-beam antenna has a predetermined antenna employed at only one end of the communication link, array pattern that can be pointed to any of a small number mostly at the access point or base station. Recently, the use of directions. The ability of such antennas to concentrate of DAAs at both ends of the communication link has gained power in a certain direction provides a directive gain that consideration, resulting in a technology popularly referred can be used for extending range or reducing power. to as the multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technology. However, due to their simple signal processing capabilities, Ad hoc networks with such MIMO links is the focus of this work. they are incapable of adaptively nulling out interference. The presence of multiple elements at both ends of the Steered-beam antennas also have predetermined patterns, link creates independent channels in the presence of but they can be pointed to any of a near-continous set of multipath or rich scattering. Multiple independent data directions. This steering flexibility allows the array to track streams can be transmitted simultaneously on these a user without incurring the “scalloping loss” associated different channels to provide extremely high spectral with switched beams [1], [2]. While steered-beam antennas efficiencies (increase in capacity) that comes at the cost of no extra bandwidth or power [5]. This is referred to as are optimal in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in free spatial multiplexing and can be realized even without any space with no interference, their performance deteriorates channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter (e.g., in a multipath environment where multiple copies of the BLAST [6]). Thus, while switched/steered beam antennas signal can arrive from different directions [3]. An adaptive are ineffective in handling multipath [7] and fully adaptive array receiver constructively combines the copies, yielding array antennas merely mitigate the effect of multipath, array gain, which is the factor increase in the average SNR MIMO links actually exploit multipath to provide the spatial equal to the number of antennas [4]. If the antennas are multiplexing gain [4]. Furthermore, MIMO links are also capable of all the advantages provided by fully adaptive array antennas. We present more details on the specific . The authors are with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Tech Tower, 225 North Avenue, Atlanta, advantages of MIMO in Section 2. GA 30332-0360. E-mail: {sk, siva, mai, key4078}@ece.gatech.edu. While MIMO carries significant promise and has been Manuscript received 1 May 2004; revised 19 July 2004; accepted 21 July 2004. extensively researched in the physical layer research For information on obtaining reprints of this article, please send e-mail to: community [5], [8], [9], its flexibility and performance [email protected], and reference IEEECS Log Number TMCSI-0152-0504. enhancement can be truly leveraged only by appropriately 1536-1233/04/$20.00 ß 2004 IEEE Published by the IEEE CS, CASS, ComSoc, IES, & SPS SUNDARESAN ET AL.: MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL IN AD HOC NETWORKS WITH MIMO LINKS: OPTIMIZATION CONSIDERATIONS AND... 351 Array gain makes the average SNR at the output of the combiner (the average with respect to random multipath fading) N times greater than the average SNR at any one antenna element, where N is the number of antenna elements in the array. An array gain occurs even in the absence of multipath. Diversity gain relates to the reduction in the variance of the SNR at the output of the combiner, relative to the Fig. 1. MIMO Illustration. variance of the SNR prior to combining. The reduction in variance depends on the diversity order, which in turn depends on the degree to which the multipath fading on the designed higher layer protocols. At the same time, the key 1 different antenna elements is uncorrelated. The maximum differences and the physical layer properties of MIMO and diversity order afforded by a MIMO link with M transmit switched beam antennas necessitate protocols that are very antennas and N receive antennas is MN. different from those developed for ad hoc networks with Since a wireless link is usually designed to have certain the latter class of antennas [10], [11]. Specifically, in this small probability that the SNR drops below some threshold paper, we focus on the medium access control problem for value, both array and diversity gains contribute to range ad hoc networks with MIMO links and consider the extension. In the presence of some channel state informa- following questions: tion, the factor of range extension df can approximately be given by [12], . What are the key optimization considerations that should ffiffiffiffiffi ffiffiffiffiffi be incorporated in the design of a MAC protocol designed p p 2 1 df f M þ N gp; ð1Þ for the target environment? . How can the versatile properties of MIMO links be where p is the path loss component. While array gain leveraged to effectively realize a practical distributed continues to grow as more antennas are added, diversity MAC protocol with the optimal design? gain tends to diminish, like the reduction in the variance of While we systematically answer these questions later in a sample mean. However, for a transmit array to provide the paper, we briefly use both results from related research either array or diversity gain, the data streams transmitted at the physical layer and detailed arguments to identify from the different antenna elements must be dependent. several optimization considerations. Based on these con- In the presence of multipath or rich scattering, the MIMO siderations, we present both centralized and distributed link can provide spatial multiplexing gain. This gain is MAC protocols called SCMA (Stream-Controlled Medium defined as the asymptotic increase in the capacity of the link Access), for ad hoc networks with MIMO links. The for every 3 dB increase in SNR [13]. This gain can be centralized SCMA scheme serves both as a basis for the achieved when the transmit array transmits multiple distributed SCMA design and as a benchmark for the independent streams of data. In the simplest configuration, latter’s performance. Through packet level simulations, we the incoming data is demultiplexed into M streams and show that distributed SCMA approximates the performance each stream is transmitted out of a different antenna with of the centralized scheme quite reasonably, while out- equal power, at the same frequency, same modulation performing simple extensions of the CSMA/CA protocol format, and in the same time slot. In fact, this approach is for the target environment. optimal in terms of capacity when the transmitter array has The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 no CSI [5]; hence, the approach is often referred to as open- provides some background on MIMO links. Section 3 loop MIMO (OL-MIMO). At the receiver array, each highlights the key optimization considerations that are antenna receives a superposition of all of the transmitted essential for the design of a MAC protocol for the target data streams. However, each stream generally has a environment. Section 4 presents the centralized SCMA different “spatial signature” and these differences are scheme. Section 5 describes the distributed SCMA MAC exploited by the receiver signal processor to separate the protocol for ad hoc networks with MIMO links. Section 6 streams. When M ¼ N ¼ k, the asymptotic capacity is given presents the simulation results comparing SCMA with two by the following equation [4]: baseline protocols.
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