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November 4, 2015 5G Waveform & Multiple Access Techniques 1 © 2015 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. Outline Executive summary Waveform & multi-access techniques evaluations and recommendations • Key waveform and multiple-access design targets • Physical layer waveforms comparison • Multiple access techniques comparison • Recommendations Additional information on physical layer waveforms • Single carrier waveform • Multi-carrier OFDM-based waveform Additional information on multiple access techniques • Orthogonal and non-orthogonal multiple access Appendix • References • List of abbreviations 2 © 2015 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. Executive summary 3 © 2015 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. Executive Summary • 5G will support diverse use cases - Enhanced mobile broadband, wide area IoT, and high-reliability services • OFDM family is well suited for mobile broadband and beyond - Efficient MIMO spatial multiplexing for higher spectral efficiency - Scalable to wide bandwidth with lower complexity receivers • CP-OFDM/OFDMA for 5G downlink - CP-OFDM with windowing/filtering delivers higher spectral efficiency with comparable out-of-band emission performance and lower complexity than alternative multi-carrier waveforms under realistic implementations - Co-exist with other waveform & multiple access options for additional use cases and deployment scenarios • SC-FDM/SC-FDMA for scenarios requiring high energy efficiency (e.g. macro uplink) • Resource Spread Multiple Access (RSMA) for use cases requiring asynchronous and grant-less access (e.g. IoT) 4 © 2015 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. OFDM-based waveform & multiple access are recommended for 5G Additional waveform & multiple access options are included to support specific scenarios eMBB for Sub-6GHz Downlink recommendation • Licensed macro uplink (for all use cases): • Waveform: OFDM, SC-FDM • Waveform: OFDM1 • Multiple access: OFDMA, SC-FDMA, RSMA • Multiple access: OFDMA • Unlicensed and small cell uplink • Waveform: OFDM • Multiple access: OFDMA Wide Area IoT mmWave High-Reliability Services2 • Uplink: • Uplink: • Uplink - Waveform: SC-FDE - Waveform: OFDM, SC-FDM - Waveform: OFDM, SC-FDM - Multiple access: RSMA - Multiple access: OFDMA, SC- - Multiple access: OFDMA, SC- FDMA FDMA, RSMA 1. OFDM waveform in this slide refers to OFDM with cyclic prefix and windowing. 2. with scaled frame numerology to meet tighter timeline for high-reliability services 5 © 2015 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. Waveform & multiple access techniques evaluation and recommendations 6 © 2015 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5G design across services Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) is the anchor technology on to which other 5G services are derived Motivations of waveform & multi-access design eMBB • Support wide range of use cases: • Lower latency scalable numerology • Self-Contained TDD subframe structure - eMBB: higher throughput / higher spectral efficiency for licensed & unlicensed spectrum - Wide area IoT: massive number of low-power small- • New TDD fast SRS for massive MIMO • Integrated access/backhaul, D2D data-burst devices with limited link budget … - Higher-reliability: services with extremely lower latency and higher reliability requirements • Accommodate different numerologies optimized for specific deployment scenarios and use cases Wide Area IoT mmWave High-Reliability • Minimize signaling and control overhead to improve • Lower energy • Sub6 GHz & mmWave • Lower packet loss rate waveform efficiency • Common MAC • Lower latency • Optimized link budget • Access and backhaul bounded delay • Decreased overheads • mmWave beam • Optimized PHY/pilot/ • Managed mesh tracking HARQ • Efficient multiplexing 7 © 2015 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. Key design targets for physical layer waveform Key design targets Additional details Higher spectral efficiency • Ability to efficiently support MIMO • Multipath robustness Lower in-band and out-of-band • Reduce interference among users within allocated band emissions • Reduce interference among neighbor operators, e.g. achieve low ACLR Enables asynchronous multiple • Support a higher number of small cell data burst devices with minimal scheduling access overhead through asynchronous operations • Enables lower power operation Lower power consumption • Requires low PA backoff leading to high PA efficiency Lower implementation complexity • Reasonable transmitter and receiver complexity • Additional complexity must be justified by significant performance improvements 8 © 2015 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. Key design targets for multiple access technique Key design targets Additional details Higher network spectral efficiency • Maximize spectral efficiency across users and base stations • Enable MU-MIMO Link budget and capacity trade off • Maximize link budget and capacity taking into consideration their trade off as well as the target use case requirements Lower overhead • Minimize protocol overhead to improve scalability, reduce power consumption, and increase capacity • Lower control overhead 9 © 2015 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. Quick refresh on OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Simplified OFDM waveform synthesis for 0s a transmitter IFFT Serial to Foundation Cyclic Data Coding & Prefix (CP) Windowing To RF Modulation Parallel to OFDM /Filtering Synthesis Insertion 0s Data transmitted via closely-spaced, narrowband subcarriers – Helps maintain orthogonality Windowing reduces IFFT operation ensures subcarriers do not interfere with each other despite multipath fading out-of-band emissions CP IFFT output CP Transmitted Waveform after windowing Bandwidth Time Time OFDM-based waveforms are the foundations for LTE and Wi-Fi systems today 10 © 2015 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. OFDM family well suited to meet the evolving requirements Additional waveform & multiple access options can complement OFDM to enable more use cases Higher spectral Lower out-of-band Asynchronous Lower complexity Lower power efficiency emissions multiplexing consumption zzz MIMO zzz zzz zzz Efficiently support MIMO Windowing effectively Can co-exist with other Lower complexity Single-carrier OFDM spatial multiplexing with enhances frequency waveform/multi-access receivers even when waveform for scenarios wide bandwidths and localization within the same scaling to wide with higher power larger array sizes framework to support bandwidths with efficiency requirements wide area IoT frequency selectivity 11 © 2015 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. Numerous OFDM-based waveforms considered Different implementation options and optimizations Optional blocks Zeroes 0 at head Data Serial to Zero-tail DFT OFDM CP or Windowing Bandpass To RF Parallel Pad Precoding Synthesis Zero-guard (prototype Filter (IFFT) filter) Zeroes at tail 0 Waveforms A B IFFT C D E CP-OFDM + WOLA1 √ CP √ LTE DL SC-FDM + WOLA √ √ CP √ LTE UL UFMC √ ZG √ FBMC √ √ Zero-tail SC-FDM √ √ √ 1 Weighted OverLap and Add (WOLA) – Windowing technique popular in 4G LTE systems today 12 © 2015 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. Summary of single-carrier waveforms Waveforms Pros Cons Constant envelope • 0dB PAPR • Lower spectral efficiency (e.g., GMSK in GSM and Bluetooth LE; • Allow asynchronous multiplexing MSK in Zigbee) • Good side lobe suppression (GMSK) SC-QAM • Low PAPR at low spectral efficiency • Limited flexibility in spectral assignment (in EV-DO, UMTS) • Allow asynchronous multiplexing • Non-trivial support for MIMO • Simple waveform synthesis SC-FDE • Equivalent to SC-QAM with CP • Similar as SC-QAM • Allow FDE processing • ACLR similar to DFT-spread OFDM SC-FDM1 • Flexible bandwidth assignment • Higher PAPR and worse ACLR than SC-QAM (in LTE uplink) • Allow FDE processing • Need synchronous multiplexing Zero-tail SC-FDM2 • Flexible bandwidth assignment • Need synchronous multiplexing • No CP, but flexible inter-symbol guard • Need extra control signaling • Better OOB suppression than SC-FDM without • Lack of CP makes multiplexing with CP-OFDM less WOLA flexible 1. Also referred to as SC DFT-spread OFDM. 2. Also referred to as Zero-tail SC DFT-spread OFDM 13 © 2015 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. Summary of OFDM-based multi-carrier waveforms Waveforms Pros Cons CP-OFDM • Flexible frequency assignment • High ACLR – side lobe decays slowly (in LTE spec. but existing • Easy integration with MIMO • Need synchronous multiplexing implementations typically include WOLA to meet performance requirements) CP-OFDM with WOLA • All pros from CP-OFDM (in existing LTE implementations) • Better OOB suppression then CP-OFDM • Simple WOLA processing UFMC • Better OOB leakage suppression than CP- • ISI from multipath fading (no CP) OFDM (but not better than CP-OFDM with • Higher Tx complexity than CP-OFDM WOLA) • Higher Rx complexity (2x FFT size) than CP-OFDM FBMC • Better than CP-OFDM with WOLA (but the • High Tx/Rx complexity due to OQAM (waveform is improvement is reduced with PA nonlinearity) synthesized per RB) • Integration with MIMO is nontrivial • Subject to ISI under non-flat channels GFDM • Same leakage suppression as CP-OFDM with • Complicated receiver to handle ISI/ICI WOLA • Higher block processing latency (no pipelining) • Multiplex with eMBB requires large guard band 14 © 2015 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. Summary of multiple access techniques Multiple access Pros Cons
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