DOCSLIB.ORG

Sleeping Everywhere: Narrating How People with Narcolepsy Navigate Everyday Life

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Sleeping Everywhere: Narrating How People with Narcolepsy Navigate Everyday Life A dissertation presented to the faculty of the Scripps College of Communication of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Nicole C. Eugene August 2017 © 2017 Nicole C. Eugene. All Rights Reserved. This dissertation titled Sleeping Everywhere: Narrating How People with Narcolepsy Navigate Everyday Life by NICOLE C. EUGENE has been approved for the School of Communication Studies and the Scripps College of Communication by William K. Rawlins Stocker Professor of Communication Studies Scott Titsworth Dean, Scripps College of Communication ii Abstract EUGENE, NICOLE C., Ph.D., August 2017, Communication Studies Sleeping Everywhere: Narrating How People with Narcolepsy Navigate Everyday Life Director of Dissertation: William K. Rawlins Research on narcolepsy tends to highlight negative features of the condition while not including the perspectives of people with narcolepsy. This dissertation sought to represent narcolepsy in a way that put the subjective experience of narcolepsy in conversation with the medical language about narcolepsy while collecting narratives of how people with narcolepsy navigate everyday life. A hidden disability like narcolepsy exists within contexts that may obscure apparent differences between individuals. An in situ approach to researching hidden disabilities considers the way physical and discursive contexts shape what is knowable about another person’s capacities. Narcolepsy causes people who have it to have difficulty in matching the spatiotemporal rhythms of society. Using the feminist disability studies concept of misfit and performance studies concepts about uncovering hidden meanings and evocative writing I designed a research project that included in-depth interviews with people who have narcolepsy, participant observation with a local narcolepsy support group and autoethnographic writing. Case study interviews were analyzed using interpretive phenomenological analysis. The analysis portion of the dissertation includes one autoethnography on the intertwined relationships between identity, place and sleep and four chapters that highlight four places where people with narcolepsy wrestle with narcolepsy and the challenges of managing it. The narratives about narcolepsy highlight how meanings of narcolepsy are iii socially constructed through communicative interactions around symptoms and treatment. The dissertation concludes by reflecting on how sleep medicine can play a larger role in the social construction of narcolepsy in everyday life by revising some of the language used in medical discourse and by improving patient and family education. iv Dedication This is dedicated to the loving memory of Peter Raposo. v Acknowledgments As a first-generation college graduate, I have a lot of people who I would like to acknowledge. In keeping with the narrative form, these acknowledgements will also tell the story of my growth as a scholar and as a person. First, I would like to acknowledge my parents who discovered my sleepiness before I was diagnosed. My father’s endless curiosity and love of learning continue to inspire me in my research. I am especially thankful for my mother’s love and for her support of my adventures in learning throughout the years. I would also like to express my appreciation for having three beautiful sisters who have loved and supported me in all my endeavors—even if that meant they had to do the driving. I would like to acknowledge Pastor John Ogletree, Jr. whose love of religious scholarship made Sunday morning both spiritually fulfilling and intellectually stimulating while growing up. It was at his church where I met my two-other college-bound black young women who would become lifelong friends—Jannica Cox and Brittany Kennedy; thank you for your friendship throughout the years. I would like to acknowledge Bruce Wade and Mona Philips at Spelman College for planting in me passion for research on social issues while also being exceptional models of in their teaching and service. While attending Spelman College, Ronald McFadden invited me to participate in the Ronald McNair Scholars Summer Program at the University of Tennessee at Knoxville where I received encouragement to pursue a graduate education and eventually a PhD. The McNair Scholars Program is a federal TRIO program designed to help prepare undergraduates for doctoral education and vi thereby increasing the number of graduate degrees awarded to underrepresented populations. I want to express my appreciation of Erin F. Labbie, at Bowling Green State University (BGSU) for her role as the advisor for my Master’s thesis on the cultural dimensions of sleep in society. I am incredibly thankful for the guidance and mentorship Matt Wolf-Meyer, a fellow BGSU American cultural studies department graduate. Always one step ahead, he provided empathy as a person, who was keenly aware of the struggles I faced, while also encouraging autoethnographic reflections on what I experienced as a person with narcolepsy. At times, studying sleep can feel isolating, which is why I treasure having been invited by Brigittee Steger to share research from my Master’s thesis at a workshop in Vienna with group of researchers from around who were studying sleep. I am indebted to Donald H. McQuarie for his gracious support of my research while at BGSU and his enthusiastic support of my return to academia after being away for several years. During my academic hiatus in Houston, I had the opportunity to work with Carl Lindahl and Pat Jasper, who founded and directed the Surviving Katrina and Rita in Houston Project. I continue to strive towards the ideals that project actualized as a researcher and community member. I also must thank Diana Bowen who introduced me to communication studies while I scouted for books to sell as a self-employed bookseller. She encouraged me to consider communication studies because of the many overlaps with American cultural studies and sociology. vii My time at Ohio University has been a rollercoaster ride, and I really appreciate being able to share the some of the bumps and thrills with my friends Sarah Parsloe and Zamzam Jama. I would also like to thank Sarah for her help during the writing process. I would be a hermit without Zamzam to pull me out of my shell to enjoy my time in Athens—I have always needed people to remind me of the world outside of my work. I would have had a lonely first year in my PhD program if it was not for Aarti Arora’s mentorship and companionship. I would also like to recognize my friend and mentor Jenny Nelson who made sure I did not feel alone in my unique differences. At Ohio University, I have benefited greatly from mentorship and guidance from Ben Bates, Judith Lee, Yea-Wen Chen, Adah Ward Randolph, Sherrie Gradin, Ron Jackson, and Austin Babrow. I am also indebted to Henry Wood and Andew Ladd for their trust and support. I must also express my appreciation for the support I received from the people at Ohio University who help people with disabilities succeed as students and as instructors. Daryl Purdy made it possible for me to thrive in the graduate program, and so I am forever grateful for his work and activism. I would also like to acknowledge Megan Cameron, Jennifer Romero, and Kerri Griffin for their role helping me while at Ohio University. I would like to thank Laura Ellingson for her mentorship and guidance as a fellow feminist health communication researcher with a disability. I am happy to also thank Michael Butterworth and the School of Communication Studies for providing financial support for my many of the trips to and from Columbus. viii I also benefited from audience comments and conversations at Coe College and the University of San Francisco. I especially would like to thank Nate Hodges for sharing his stories of navigating his final year and for demonstrating how to use evocative autoethnography to address issues of health and inequality. I would like to express appreciation for thoughtful and emboldening feedback on Chapter Two I received from Dan Strasser as a respondent at the 2016 Eastern Communication Association conference. I also received valuable feedback and encouragement on Chapter Four from Julie Ann Scott-Pollock, who I also treasure as a fellow communication and performance scholar interested in hidden disabilities. My dissertation committee, Lynn Harter, J.W. Smith, and Risa Whitson have been courageous sources of inspiration and guidance during my time at Ohio University. My advisor, William K. Rawlins, has a has done a masterful job at setting the beat for this jam session, and I am honored to be able to keep the music playing throughout the rest of my measures. ix Table of Contents Page Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iii Dedication ........................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................. vi List of Tables ................................................................................................................... xiii List of Figures .................................................................................................................. xiv Chapter 1: Exploring Communication About Narcolepsy .................................................
Recommended publications
  • Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Chronic Kidney Disease and Hemodialysis

    Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Chronic Kidney Disease and Hemodialysis

    Article Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Chronic Kidney Disease and Hemodialysis Maria-Eleni Roumelioti,* Daniel J. Buysse,† Mark H. Sanders,‡ Patrick Strollo,‡ Anne B. Newman,§ and Mark L. Unruh* *Renal-Electrolyte Summary Division, University of Background and objectives Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) are Pittsburgh Medical highly prevalent among hemodialysis (HD) patients. It is unclear to what extent SDB is associated with ad- Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and vanced chronic kidney disease (CKD; stages 4 to 5). This paper describes and compares the prevalence, se- †Department of verity, and patterns of SDB and EDS among patients with advanced CKD, HD-dependent patients, and Psychiatry, ‡Division of community individuals without known renal disease. Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department Design, setting, participants, & measurements Eighty-nine CKD and 75 HD patients were compared with of Medicine, and 224 participants from the Sleep-Strategies Concentrating on Risk Evaluation Sleep-SCORE study of sleep §Department of and cardiovascular risk. Participants had in-home unattended polysomnography for quantifying SDB. EDS Epidemiology and was defined by a score Ն10 on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Results The sample had a median age 58.1 years, was predominantly male (57.4%) and white (62.5%), and Pennsylvania had a median body mass index of 28.1 kg/m2. Controls and Sleep-SCORE Study CKD patients had signifi- cantly higher median total sleep time and sleep efficiency compared with HD patients. The adjusted odds Correspondence: Dr. of severe SDB were higher for CKD and HD groups compared with the controls.
  • Sleep Matters the Impact of Sleep on Health and Wellbeing Mental Health Awareness Week 2011

    Sleep Matters the Impact of Sleep on Health and Wellbeing Mental Health Awareness Week 2011

    Sleep Matters The impact of sleep on health and wellbeing Mental Health Awareness Week 2011 Address Mental Health Foundation Sea Containers House 20 Upper Ground London SE1 9QB United Kingdom Telephone 020 7803 1100 Email [email protected] Website www.HowDidYouSleep.org £10 IBSN 978-1-906162-65-8 Registered charity number England 801130 Scotland SC039714 © Mental Health Foundation 2011 Contents 04 Executive summary 08 Introduction 12 Part 01 – Sleeping and sleep patterns 28 Part 02 – Poor sleep 48 Part 03 – Sleeping well 62 Conclusion 66 Useful resources 68 References 72 Appendix: Sleep diary 76 Acknowledgements 01 ‘The main facts in human life are five: E. M. Forster Executive We spend approximately a Poor sleep over a sustained period One of the most widely used and – The new Public Health Outcomes third of our lives asleep. Sleep leads to a number of problems which successful therapies is Cognitive Framework should include a specific Summary are immediately recognisable, including Behavioural Therapy (CBT). This is outcome on reducing sleep problems is an essential and involuntary fatigue, sleepiness, poor concentration, useful even for people who have across the whole population. process, without which we lapses in memory, and irritability. had insomnia for a long period of time. Sleep should also be reflected in cannot function effectively. A full course of such a therapy with new national mental health outcome It is as important to our Up to one third of the population may a sleep specialist is potentially costly, indicators, including improving bodies as eating, drinking suffer from insomnia (lack of sleep and is most appropriate for people sleep for people who experience and breathing, and is vital for or poor quality sleep).
  • Grease to Open at Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Westfield

    Grease to Open at Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School Westfield

    A WATCHUNG COMMUNICATIONS, INC. PUBLICATION The Westfield Leader and The Scotch Plains – Fanwood TIMES Thursday, March 12, 2015 Page 19 Poetry Series to Host Chloe Honum, Susan Lembo Balik FANWOOD – The Carriage House Me was published last summer by Poetry Series in Fanwood will present Garden Oak Press. Susan is Associ- readings by two distinguished poets ate Director of Cultural Affairs at on Tuesday, March 17. The free po- Passaic County Community College etry performances by Chloe Honum in Paterson, New Jersey (home of and Susan Lembo Balik will begin the Poetry Center). She has a Master’s promptly at 8 p.m. in the Patricia degree in journalism from New York Kuran Arts Center on Watson Road, University and has worked as a news- off North Martine Avenue, adjacent paper feature writer and columnist. to Fanwood Borough Hall (GPS use Her poems have appeared in The 75 N. Martine Avenue). Paterson Literary Review, Lips Chloe Honum is the author of The Magazine, Paddlefish, Tiferet Jour- Tulip-Flame published by the Cleve- nal, and the San Diego Poetry An- land State University Poetry Center. nual. Her poems have appeared in The Paris The Carriage House Poetry Series Review, Poetry, and The Southern is currently in its seventeenth year at Review, among other journals, and in the Kuran Arts Center, an historic the 2008 and 2010 editions of “Best Gothic Revival structure that was once AND THE BAND PLAYS ON...Dr. Thomas Connors, Music Director, conducts New Poets.” Chloe is the recipient of a 19th century carriage house, hence the Westfield Community Concert Band.
  • Consciousness and Unconsciousness: Cross-Cultural Experience

    Consciousness and Unconsciousness: Cross-Cultural Experience

    Consciousness and Unconsciousness: Cross-Cultural Experience . In the West, consciousness was a topic of considerable interest in 19th-century philosophy and the early development of psychology. The philosopher John Locke, in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, defined consciousness as "the perception of what passes in a man's own mind." William James in The Principles of Psychology, spoke of the "stream of consciousness," emphasizing the continuous and variable nature of mental content, thus viewing consciousness as a process. James also distinguished "normal, waking" or "rational" consciousness from other types. To study consciousness, 19th-century psychologists proceeded by means of "introspection." This method, deemed unscientific and unreliable because it produced inconsistent findings, was rejected by J. B. Watson and other American psychologists of the behaviorist school in the early 1900s. Consciousness was not a topic of psychological study in the United States for more than forty years. In the 1950s diverse factors emerged in American life and science that made consciousness again a significant area of research in psychology, neurobiology, and philosophy. These factors included the development of psychoactive drugs in psychiatry and in the counterculture; experiments in psychological warfare and brainwashing as a result of the Korean War and the Cold War; studies in cybernetics and artificial intelligence; and developments in brain and sleep research, as well as interest in Eastern religions (Yoga, Zen Buddhism and others). Intensive comparative and experimental research, some under secret governmental auspices, was carried on for some years, beginning in the 1950s. This included work with hallucinogens, particularly LSD-25, also sensory deprivation, biofeedback, sleep research, etc.
  • Fact Sheet Number 14

    Fact Sheet Number 14

    FACT SHEET No. #4 DEEP TIME AND DRAGON DREAMING: THE SUSTAINABLE ABORIGINAL SPIRITUALITY OF THE SONG LINES, FROM CELEBRATION TO DREAMING John Croft update 28th March 2014 This Factsheet by John Croft is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at [email protected]. ABSTRACT: It is suggested that in a culture that is suicidal, to get a better understanding of what authentic sustainability is about requires us to see through the spectrum of a different culture. Australian Aboriginal cultures, sustainable for arguably 70,000 years, provide one such useful lens. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................2 AN INTRODUCTION TO ABORIGINAL CULTURE ............................................................................... 4 THE UNSUSTAINABILITY OF CIVILISED CULTURES ........................................................................... 6 DREAMING: AN ALTERNATIVE VIEW OF TIME? ............................................................................. 10 ABORIGINAL DREAMING, DEEP ECOLOGY AND THE ECOLOGICAL SELF ....................................... 17 DREAMING AND SUSTAINABILITY ................................................................................................. 21 DISCOVERING YOUR OWN PERSONAL SONGLINE ......................................................................... 24 _____________________________________________________________________________________D
  • Insomnia Mediates Effect of Eveningness 1

    Insomnia Mediates Effect of Eveningness 1

    Running head: INSOMNIA MEDIATES EFFECT OF EVENINGNESS 1 Insomnia Mediates the Association between Eveningness and Suicidal Ideation, Defeat, Entrapment, and Psychological Distress in Young Adults Daniel Bradford, Stephany Biello, Kirsten Russell School of Psychology, University of Glasgow Author Note The authors have no competing interests to declare. Daniel Bradford MSc https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7523-8764 Prof. Stephany Biello https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3497-5215 Kirsten Russell PhD https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7034-2749 INSOMNIA MEDIATES EFFECT OF EVENINGNESS 2 Abstract Chronotype describes a person’s general preference for mornings, evenings or neither. It is typically conceptualized as a continuous unidimensional spectrum from morningness to eveningness. Eveningness is associated with poorer outcomes across a myriad of physical and mental health outcomes. This preference for later sleep and wake times is associated with increased risk of depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation and behaviors in both clinical and community samples. However, the mechanisms underlying the negative consequences of this preference for evenings is not fully understood. Previous research has found that sleep disturbances may act as a mediator of this relationship. The present study aimed to explore the associations between chronotype and affective outcomes in a community sample of young adults. Additionally, it aimed to investigate the potential role of insomnia as a mediator within these relationships. Participants (n = 260) completed an anonymous self-report survey of validated measures online which assessed chronotype, insomnia symptoms, and a range of affective outcomes (defeat, entrapment, stress, suicide risk, and depressive and anxious symptomology). Eveningness was associated with more severe or frequent experiences of these outcomes, with young adults demonstrating a preference for eveningness more likely to report poorer affective functioning and increased psychological distress.
  • 4C Puppet Love

    4C Puppet Love

    ting it to blow perfect smoke rings, until ONWARD AND UPWARD WITH THE ARTS the stage manager ordered them back. She was the heavy. “Take five!” “On- stage!” Twist was soft-spoken and pa- PUPPET LOVE tient, but he looked nervous. The show dates, April 12th and 13th, were only six The artistry of Basil Twist. weeks away. “The crucial point about puppets,” BY JOAN ACOCELLA Twist told me, “is that they are real and unreal at the same time.” At the begin- asil Twist, one of this country’s pre- those people were in North Carolina. ning of the twentieth century, many mier puppeteers, is preparing a Whereas the theatre in Chapel Hill has writers and visual artists (Alfred Jarry, pieceB to Stravinsky’s world-shaking bal- fifty-five line sets (stage-wide pipes in Paul Klee, Oskar Schlemmer, Sophie let score “The Rite of Spring” for the the flies, from which you can hang Taeuber-Arp), looking for something Carolina Performing Arts festival “The props and curtains), the church had just that was a little bit human, but much Rite of Spring at 100,” in Chapel Hill. one pole, installed on ropes by Twist’s more art, made puppets, or works for At the end of February, I went to a de- crew. But the cast was game. During the puppets. The trend continues. Opera consecrated church in Bushwick to see action, Twist stood behind a table, play- now routinely supplements its human how the rehearsals were going. The ing the score on a laptop, but he kept his casts with puppets, as in the Metropol- Twist in the studio.
  • Variability of Driving Performance During Microsleeps

    Variability of Driving Performance During Microsleeps

    PROCEEDINGS of the Third International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle Design VARIABILITY OF DRIVING PERFORMANCE DURING MICROSLEEPS Amit Paul1, Linda Ng Boyle1, 3, Jon Tippin2, Matthew Rizzo1, 2, 3 (1) College of Engineering and (2) Medicine (3) Public Policy Center University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA E-mail: [email protected] Summary: This study aimed to evaluate the value of measuring microsleeps as an indicator of driving performance impairment in drowsy drivers with sleep disorders. Drivers with sleep disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea/hypopena syndrome (OSAHS) are at increased risk for driving performance errors due to microsleep episodes, which presage sleep onset. To meet this aim, we tested the hypothesis that OSAHS drivers show impaired control over vehicle steering, lane position and velocity during microsleep episodes compared to when they are driving without microsleeps on similar road segments. A microsleep is defined as a 3-14 sec episode during which 4-7 Hz (theta) activity replaces the waking 8-13 Hz (alpha) background rhythm. Microsleep episodes were identified in the electroencephalography (EEG) record by a neurologist certified by the American Board of Sleep Medicine. Twenty-four drivers with OSAHS were tested using simulated driving scenarios. Steering variability, lane position variability, acceleration and velocity measures were assessed in the periods during a microsleep, immediately preceding (pre) microsleep, and immediately following (post) microsleep. In line with our introductory hypothesis, drivers with OSAHS did show significantly greater variation in steering and lane position during the microsleep episodes compared to the periods pre and post microsleep.
  • S46. Parasomnias.Pdf

    S46. Parasomnias.Pdf

    PARASOMNIAS S46 (1) Parasomnias Last updated: May 8, 2019 Clinical Features ............................................................................................................................... 2 SLEEP TERRORS (S. PAVOR NOCTURNUS) ............................................................................................... 2 SLEEPWALKING (S. SOMNAMBULISM) .................................................................................................... 3 CONFUSIONAL AROUSALS (S. SLEEP DRUNKENNESS, SEVERE SLEEP INERTIA) ........................................ 3 Diagnosis .......................................................................................................................................... 3 Management ..................................................................................................................................... 3 HYPNIC JERKS (S. SLEEP STARTS) .......................................................................................................... 4 RHYTHMIC MOVEMENT DISORDER ........................................................................................................ 4 SLEEP TALKING (S. SOMNILOQUY) ......................................................................................................... 4 NOCTURNAL LEG CRAMPS ..................................................................................................................... 4 REM SLEEP BEHAVIORAL DISORDER (RBD) ........................................................................................ 4
  • Communists (Common), Sierra Club (Uncommon) Directives—A Sequence of Directions and the Transtube Network Is the Lifeblood of Alpha Complex’S Economy

    Communists (Common), Sierra Club (Uncommon) Directives—A Sequence of Directions and the Transtube Network Is the Lifeblood of Alpha Complex’S Economy

    ™ PARTheAN UnderplexOIA The abandoned tunnel network that interpenetrates Alpha Complex, and all the ways it can kill your PCs PAUL BALDOWSKI, Architect (www.omegacomplex.com) GREG INGBER DAN GELBER CONTENTS KARL LOW GREG COSTIKYAN Introduction 2 ERIC MINTON ERIC GOLDBERG 1. Under construction 4 Additional material and poorfreadnig/ Original game design & development/ 2. Under population 14 Contractors Building committee 3. Hook, line and sinkhole 38 4. Gear 31 BETH FISCHI IAN BELCHER Mission: ‘The One’ 35 ANDY FITZPATRICK Mongoose Publishing RPG manager/ Appendix 1: Random Underplex 46 ALLEN VARNEY Construction supervisor Appendix 2: Overfl ow 47 Editing, layout, graphics/Drillbots ALEXANDER FENNELL JIM HOLLOWAY Mongoose Publishing production director/ The ‘fortune cookies’ at the lower right of Cover and interior illustrations/Blueprints Struts around wearing fun yellow hardhat each two-page spread come from loyal citizens Paul Baldowski, Karl Low, Saul Resnikoff, Bart Savenije, Silent, and THE COMPUTER Tobias Svalborg, who answered the call on the PARANOIA development blog (www. Orders it built; seals it off; repeat costik.com/paranoia). Commendations! Security Clearance ULTRAVIOLET WARNING: Knowledge or possession of this information by any citizen of Security Clearance VIOLET or lower is treason, dark nasty skulking subterranean treason of the most deeply entrenched kind TM & Copyright © 1983, 1987, 2006 by Eric Goldberg & Greg Costikyan. All Rights Reserved. Mongoose Publishing Ltd., Authorized User. Based on material published in previous editions of PARANOIA. ILLUMINATI is a registered trademark of Steve Jackson Games, and is used by permission. The reproduction of material from this book for personal or corporate profi t, by photographic, electronic, or other means of storage and retrieval, is prohibited.
  • The Neurobiology of Narcolepsy-Cataplexy

    The Neurobiology of Narcolepsy-Cataplexy

    Progress in Neurobiology Vol. 41, pp. 533 to 541, 1993 0301-0082/93/$24.00 Printed in Great Britain. All rights reserved © 1993 Pergamon Press Ltd THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF NARCOLEPSY-CATAPLEXY MICHAEL S. ALDRICH Department of Neurology, Sleep Disorders Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A. (Received 17 July 1992) CONTENTS 1. Introduction 533 2. Clinical aspects 533 2.1. Sleepiness and sleep attacks 533 2.2. Cataplexy and related symptoms 534 2.3. Clinical variants 534 2.3.1. Narcolepsy without cataplexy 534 2.3.2. Idiopathic hypersomnia 534 2.3.3. Symptomatic narcolepsy 534 2.4. Treatment 534 3. Pathophysiology 535 4. Neurobiological studies 535 4.1. The canine model of narcolepsy 535 4.2. Pharmacology of human cataplexy 537 4.3. Postmortem studies 537 5. Genetic and family studies 537 6. Summary and conclusions 539 References 539 1. INTRODUCTION 2. CLINICAL ASPECTS Narcolepsy is a specific neurological disorder Narcolepsy has a prevalence that varies worldwide characterized by excessive sleepiness that cannot be from as little as 0.0002% in Israel to 0.16% in Japan; fully relieved with any amount of sleep and by in North America and Europe the prevalence is about abnormalities of rapid eye movement (REM) 0.03-0.06% (Dement et al., 1972; Honda, 1979; Lavie sleep. About two-thirds of patients also have brief and Peled, 1987). The onset of narcoleptic symptoms, episodes of muscle weakness usually brought on by usually in the second or third decade of life, may emotion, referred to as cataplexy. The disorder gener- occur over a few days or weeks or it may be so ally begins in adolescence and continues throughout gradual that the loss of full alertness is unrecognized life.
  • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Sleep

    Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Sleep

    SHF-PTSD-0312 21/3/12 6:20 PM Page 1 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Sleep Important Things to Know About PTSD and Sleep • PTSD can happen after a period of extreme trauma and stress. • One of the symptoms of PTSD may be problems with sleeping. • The treatment for this will depend on how the PTSD is affecting sleep. • There are many treatments available. How might PTSD affect sleep? • Insomnia. People with PTSD may have difficulty with getting to sleep or staying asleep. They may wake up There are may sleep problems that may be associated frequently during the night and be unable to get back with PTSD. For more information on the disorders to sleep. mentioned below see the relevant pages on this website. • Issues linked to the body clock, such as Delayed Sleep • The extreme anxiety of PTSD (caused by trauma or Phase Disorder may occur in a person with PTSD. If you catastrophe) can seriously disrupt sleep. In some cases can’t get to sleep until very late at night and then this starts a few months after the event. You might need to sleep in you may be experiencing this suffer from horror or strong fear and feel helpless. See problem. Anxiety and Sleep. • Obstructive Sleep Apnoea may be caused by weight • People with PTSD have higher rates of depression and gain due to the life style changes associated with the this is often associated with poor sleep. See PTSD. If the sleep apnoea is serious, medications such Depression and Sleep. as Seroquel can be an additional danger.