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Aaron, , , –, ,  Alfasi, Isaac, ,  Aaron of Lincoln, – aliyah, , –, , , –,  Abbasid caliphate/Abbasids, , , , (see also Israel, State of, immigration to; ,  olim) Abigail,  Allah, ,  abortion,  allegorical interpretation/allegory, –, , Abraham, –, , , –, ,  ,  Abraham Ibn Daud, ,  Allen, Woody,  Abulafia, Abraham, , –, n,  Alliance Israélite Universelle (AIU),  (see also messianism) Allies/Allied powers, , , ,  abuse, domestic, ,  Almohads, ,  Abzug, Bella,  Almoravids,  acculturation, , , , , ,  altars, ancient, , , –, ,  Europe, , , ,  American Jewish Committee, ,  Hellenistic culture,  American Jewish Congress,  Muslim Empire,  American Jewish Historical Society,  United States, , , ,  Americanization, , , , ,  Acts (book of), , ,  amidah, , –, , , ,  Adam, , , ,  (see also ha-tefillah) African Americans, Jewish relations Amora/Amoraim, , , , –,  with, ,  amoraic literature, –, , –, afterlife, , , , ,  –,  (see also resurrection; soul, immortality of) Amos (book of), , , ,  aggadah, , , , ,  Amram Gaon, ,  aggadic midrashim, , ,  Anan ben David, – agriculture, , , ,  angels, , –, , , ,  biblical, , ,  biblical, , , , , – Jewish laws regarding, , , , ,  anthropomorphism, , –, , , in the State of Israel, , , , , , ,  – Antiochus IV Epiphanes, – Agudas Yisroel Party,  antisemitism, , , , –, Agudat Israel of America, ,  ,  agunah,n,  Christian,  Ahab, , ,  first use of term,  A⅛ad Ha-Am,  as impetus for Zionism,  Akedah, see Isaac, binding of in politics, , , –,  Akiva, , , , – apocalyptic literature, , –, , – al-Andalus, , ,  apocalypticism, , –, , – Aleichem, Sholem,  Apocrypha, , ,  (see also Bible, Christian; Alexander Jannaeus, , m canon) Alexander the Great, –, , ,  Arabic language, , – Alexandria, Egypt, , , , –, ,  Arab–Israeli conflict, basis of, –

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© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-68974-8 - The Cambridge Guide to Jewish History, Religion, and Culture Edited by Judith R. Baskin and Kenneth Seeskin Index More information

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Arafat, Yasser, , ,  beit din,  Aramaic, , ,  Beit Yosef, – spoken, , , , , ,  “Bekenntnis zur Judenfrage, Ein,”  written, , , , , ,  Belzec, , ,  Arameans,  Ben Ezra Synagogue, ,  Arba’ah Turim,  Ben-Gurion, David, , , , archeology, , , ,  , ,  biblical, , , , , ,  Benjamin al-Nehawandi,  (see also extrabiblical historical sources) Benjamin, tribe of,  feminine ﬁgurines, ,  Ben-Yehuda, Eliezer,  of synagogues, ,  Ben-Zvi, Yitzhak,  Aristotelianism, , , ,  berakhot, see blessings Aristotle, –, –, ,  Bereshit Rabbah, see Genesis Rabbah Asherah, –,  (see also monotheism, Berg, Gertrude,  development of) Bergen-Belsen,  Ashkenaz, – (see also Sepharad) berit, , , –, , ,  Assembly of Notables, – (see also covenant) Assembly of the Elected,  berit milah, ,  (see also circumcision) assimilation, Jewish, , , , , ,  Berlin, Irving,  ancient, , ,  Besht, see Baal Shem Tov modern, , , , , ,  betrothal, , ,  in the United States, , , , , , Bialystok,   Bible, Christian, , –t,  Assyria, , , –, , ,  (see also Apocrypha; canon; New Auschwitz, , –, , , –, Testament)  Bible, etymology,  Auschwitz-Birkenau, , ,  Bible, Jewish, see Hebrew Bible Autoemancipation,  biblical history,  Avot de-Rabbi Natan,  BILU,  Azariah dei Rossi,  bimah,  birthright Israel,  Baal, , , , ,  Bi’ur,  Baal Shem Tov, Israel, –, –, , blasphemy, , , , ,  ,  blessings, , , , –,  ba’al teshuvah movement,  divine, , , ,  Babylonia, as Jewish center, – rabbinic, –, –,  Babylonian Chronicle,  Blitzstein, Marc,  Babylonian Talmud (BT), , , –, , blood libel, , ,  (see also Eucharist, –,  (see also Jerusalem Talmud; alleged Jewish deﬁlement of) Talmud) B’nai B’rith, , ,  Baer, Dov,  Board of Delegates of American Israelites,  Ba⅛ya Ibn Pakudah,  Bolshevism, , , , , ,  Balfour Declaration, , , , ,  Bomberg, Daniel, – (see also Israel, State of) Book of Doctrines and Beliefs, The,  Bar Kokhba Revolt, , , , ,  Book of Elijah,  (see also Jewish War, Second) “Book of Giants, The,”  Bar Mitzvah, , , ,  Book of the Necklace, The,  baraita/baraitot, –,  Book of the Zohar, see Sefer ha-Zohar; Zohar Barak, Ehud, , – Book of Tradition, The,  Baron, Salo,  Brandeis, Louis D., ,  Baruch (book of), ,  Brantshpigl,  baseball, , , , ,  Breslau Theological Seminary, , ,  (see also Greenberg, Hank) British Mandate for Palestine, –, Bat Mitzvah, , ,  –,  (see also Israel, State of) beauty pageants, , , ,  Brooks, Mel,  Begin, Menachem, ,  Buber, Martin, , –, , beit av, –,  (see also Tribes of Israel, –,  Twelve) Buber, Solomon, –



index

Bund, –, –, ,  Cohen, Hermann, –, , , –, burial, , , ,  –, – Cold War, , , ,  Caananite religion, , , , ,  colonialism, , , – Cairo Genizah, , , , ,  comedy, Jewish, , – calendar, commitment ceremonies, ,  biblical, –, ,  (see also marriage) Christian,  Communism, , –, –, – Jewish, , , , , ,  community, Jewish, , ,  Camp David, , –, ,  concentration camps, , –, ,  canon, –, , , , ,  (see also Holocaust; Nazi regime; World (see also Apocrypha; Bible; Hebrew Bible) War II) canonization, , , – Conservative Judaism, –, , , cantors, , , ,  –, ,  capitalism, , , , , – origin of, –, – Cardozo, Abraham Miguel,  conversion, –, , ,  Carter, Jimmy,  forced, –, , –, –, Catherine the Great, ,  ,  celebrities, Jewish,  to Islam, –, –,  Central Conference of American Rabbis to Judaism, , , , – (CCAR), , , ,  from Judaism to Christianity, –, , Centrist Orthodoxy, , , ,  , –, ,  (see also Modern Orthodoxy) for marriage, , –, – Chabad ⅓asidism, , ,  See also conversos; intermarriage; Marranos; Chamberlain, Houston Stewart,  New Christians Chelmno, –,  conversos, , , , , ,  Chief Rabbi/Rabbinate, , , , ,  (see also conversion; Marranos; New childbirth, , , ,  Christians) children of Israel, , – converts, potential,  biblical, , , , ,  Copland, Aaron,  choir, –,  Cordovero, Moses,  Chosen People, , , , ,  Costa, Uriel da,  Christianity Council of the League of Nations,  early, , , , ,  covenant, , –, , , –,  relation to Judaism, , –, –,  Abraham, with God, –, ,  Christianization, , ,  Israel, with God, , , –, , Chronicles (books of), , , , ,  –,  circumcision, , , , , , ,  See also berit; circumcision; Sabbath symbolism of, , , , ,  (see also creation, , , –,  berit milah; covenant) biblical, , , , ,  civil marriage, , , ,  ex nihilo, ,  civil rights, , , , , ,  in mysticism, , – Civil War, American, –,  in philosophy, , , , ,  Civil War, Russian,  women and, ,  class system, , , –, ,  Critique of Pure Reason,  Islamic, , , ,  Crusade, First, , , , ,  rabbinic, –, , , , – Crusade, Second, ,  See also gender Crusade, Third, ,  Classical Reform,  (see also Reform Judaism) Crusades, , , ,  Clinton, Bill, ,  crypto-Jews, , , ,  clothing, Jewish, –, , , –, Cyrus, – ,  in Europe, , , ,  Dan, tribe of,  priestly, , – Daniel (book of), , , ,  See also head coverings; kippah; tzitzit; dating of, ,  yarmulke genre of, , ,  clothing industry, Jewish participation language of, ,  in, ,  Daniel al-Kumisi, –



index

Darfur, ,  economic impact of Judaism, , , , Darius I,  ,  Darkhei Moshe,  Edom, , ,  Darwin, Charles, ,  education, Jewish, –, , , , Darwinism, , , ,  ,  dati’im, , ,  secular, , , –,  David, , –, , ,  of women, , , , , , – descent from, , , , , ,  See also gender; women dynasty of, –, –, ,  Educational Alliance, – See also messianism; nasi Egypt, ancient, , ,  David Kim⅛i,  Egypt, in Arab–Israeli conﬂict, –,  Day of Atonement, see Yom Kippur Egypt–Israel peace treaty,  Days of Awe, see High Holidays Eichmann, Adolf,  dead, treatment of, ,  Ein Sof, ,  Dead Sea, , ,  Einhorn, David,  Dead Sea Scrolls, –, –, ,  Einsatzgruppen, see German Operations Groups Deborah, n,  (see also Song Einstein, Albert,  of Deborah) Eisendrath, Maurice,  Decalogue, see Ten Commandments Eisenstein, Ira,  demons, , ,  EJ source, n (see also E source; J source) Deutero-Isaiah,  (see also Isaiah) Eleazar ben Yair, ,  Deuteronomistic History,  Elegant Composition Concerning Relief after Deuteronomy (book of), –, , –, , Adversity, An,  , – Elijah, , , ,  dating of,  Elisha,  discovery of,  Ellis Island, ,  See also D source; Josiah Elohim, see God, names of dhimmis, –, , –, , ,  Elohist, see E source Diary of Anne Frank, , ,  emancipation, –, –, –, , Diaspora Judaism, , , ,  ,  dietary laws, , , , , –,  endogamy, –, , , – origin,  (see also exogamy; intermarriage; marriage) in the United States, ,  Enlightenment, , , , ,  See also kashrut; kosher Enlightenment, German, , , ,  displaced-persons (DP) camps, , , Enlightenment, Jewish, , , –, , ,  ,  Divided Monarchy, see monarchy, biblical impact on modern Judaism, ,  divine image, see God, human beings made in See also Haskalah image of Enoch,  (book of), ,  divine revelation, –, , , , ,  Enoch, (book of),  divorce, –, ,  Enoch, (book of),  laws on, , , ,  Ephraim of Bonn,  wife as powerless in, , , , Epic of Gilgamesh, see Gilgamesh, Epic of ,  eroticism in Jewish mysticism, , , , See also get; marriage  (see also mysticism, Jewish) Dohm, Christian Wilhelm von, ,  eschatology, , , , –, –,  Donin, Nicholas,  etymology of,  Donmeh,  modern,  Dreyfus, Alfred, ,  Eshkol, Levi,  Dreyfus Aﬀair, , ,  E source, ,  (see also EJ source) Drumont, Eduard,  Essenes, –, , , ,  D source, ,  (see also Deuteronomy) Esther (biblical), relation to Joseph, – Dubnow, Simon,  Esther (book of), , , , , ,  Dunash ben Labrat,  ethical dualism,  Dybbuk, The,  ethics, , , , , ,  compared to religion, ,  Ecclesiastes (book of), , , , , ,  after the Holocaust, –, ,  Ecclesiasticus, see Wisdom of Ben Sira as worship of the divine, 



index

ethnicity, , , , , ,  feminism, , – Etzel,  impact on Judaism, , –, , Eucharist, alleged Jewish defilement of,  –, – (see also blood libel) Jewish, , , – Eve, ,  in State of Israel, – excommunication, , ,  Festival of Weeks, see Shavuot exegesis, , , –, –,  Fiddler on the Roof,  in Karaism, ,  film, , , , – koranic, – Final Solution, –, , ,  midrashic, , , , –,  First Temple, see Temple, First (see also Oral Torah) Five Books of Moses, see Torah mystical, , ,  Flavius Josephus, see Josephus talmudic,  flood, biblical, –, – Exilarch, , , , ,  (see also Huna; forgiveness, , ,  resh galuta) Former Prophets, , ,  (see also Nevi’im) exile Forward (Forvarts), – Babylonian, , , –, ,  Fourth Lateran Council, – impact on Judaism, –,  Franco-Prussian War,  impact on worship, –, ,  Frank, Anne, ,  life in, , ,  Frank, Leo,  of Northern Kingdom, ,  Frankel, Zacharias, –, ,  significance in Judaism,  Frankfurt Rabbinical Conference,  spiritual, , ,  Franks, Abigaill Levy,  exilic period, , ,  freedom of religion, , ,  existentialism, – Freies Jüdisches Lehrhaus, ,  Exodus, , ,  Friedan, Betty,  Exodus (book of), –, , , , ,  Friedman, Bruce Jay,  exodus from Egypt, , , –, , Friends (TV program),  ,  Front, The,  Exodus Rabbah,  exogamy, , –, , , , – Gabriel, see angels (see also endogamy; intermarriage; marriage) Gad,  expulsion of Jews, , , , , ,  galut, see exile, spiritual England, ,  Gamaliel I, , , –, –,  France, , ,  Gamaliel II,  Germany, ,  Garden of Eden,  Iberian Peninsula, , ,  Garfield, John,  Italy, ,  Gates of Prayer: The New Union Prayer Book,  Spain, , , , , ,  Gaza Strip, in Arab–Israeli conflict, –, extrabiblical historical sources, n, , –, – , f (see also archeology) Geiger, Abraham, ,  Ezekiel (book of), , –, , , gemara, , , , ,  –,  gender, , ,  Ezra (biblical), , , –,  integration, ,  Ezra (book of),  segregation, , , , , ,  Ezra–Nehemiah (books of), , , ,  (see also me⅛itzah) (see also Ezra; Nehemiah) See also class system; education, Jewish; family, Jewish; women Fackenheim, Emil, ,  Genesis (book of), –, , , –, family, ancient Israelite, see Tribes of Israel, –,  Twelve dating of,  family, Jewish, , ,  (see also gender) Genesis Rabbah,  Fata⅛, see Palestine Liberation Organization geniza,  (see also Cairo Genizah) Fatimids, ,  genres, biblical, , –, –,  Federation of American Zionists,  Gentiles, , , ,  Federation of Jewish Workers, see Bund as mothers,  (see also matrilineal descent) feminine aspect of God, see Shekhinah Second Temple period, –, , ,  Feminine Mystique,  Gentleman’s Agreement, , 



index

Geonim, –, –, , , ,  ⅓amas, , –,  German Operations Groups, , ,  Ha-Meassef,  Germanization, , , – ⅓ananel,  Gershom ben Judah (of Mainz),  Hannah, ,  Gershwin, George,  ⅓anukkah, , , , ,  get, ,  (see also divorce; marriage) prayer on, , ,  ghetto, –, , , –, ,  “⅓anukkah Song,”  ghettoization,  Harby, Isaac,  Gikatillah, Joseph,  Haredi Judaism, , , –, Gilgamesh, Epic of,  ,  Glückel of Hameln, , , , ,  Haredim, , –, , – Gnostics,  ⅓asdai Crescas,  God, , ,  ⅓asdai Ibn Shaprut,  corporeality of, , , , , – ⅓asidei Ashkenaz, see Pietists, German as creator, , , , ,  ⅓asidism, ,  human beings made in image of, ,  in Europe, , , –, ,  names of, , , ,  in the United States, –,  See also Shekhinah; Yahweh; YHWH Hasidism and the Modern Man,  God-fearers,  Haskalah, –, , , , ,  Goldbergs, The,  (see also Enlightenment, Jewish) golem, ,  Hasmonean dynasty, , , – Goliath,  (see also Maccabees; Mariamne) Gospels, Christian, –, , , ,  ha-teﬁllah,  (see also amidah) (see also John, Gospel of; Matthew, Gospel Hauptmann, Gerhardt,  of; New Testament) ⅛avurah, – (see also Jewish Renewal grace after meals, , , ,  Movement) (see also prayer) ⅛azzan, see cantors Graetz, Heinrich, ,  head coverings, , , , , ,  grammars (see also clothing, Jewish; yarmulke) Arabic,  Hebraization,  Hebrew, , , ,  (see also Hebrew, Hebrew, , ,  dictionaries) biblical, , , –, ,  Yiddish,  dictionaries, , ,  (see also grammars, Grand Sanhedrin, –,  Hebrew) Gratz, Rebecca,  Modern, , –, ,  graven image, see idolatry rabbinic,  Great Depression, , , ,  Hebrew Bible, –, , –, –, Greco-Roman culture, –, , , ,  ,  Greenberg, Hank, , ,  Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society,  (see also baseball) Hebrew Union College (HUC), –, , , Greenberg, Irving (Yitz),  ,  Guide of the Perplexed, , , ,  Hebrew University, ,  (see also Moreh Nevukhim) Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, ,  Guide to the Duties of the Heart, – Heidegger, Martin, – Gulf War,  hekhalot, , , – Guttmann, Julius,  Hekhalot Zutarti,  Hellenism, relation to Judaism, –, –, Habakkuk (book of), , ,  ,  Hadassah, ,  Heller, Joseph,  hadith, ,  Heller, Yom Tov Lipmann, – Haganah, – Herberg, Will,  haggadah, ,  ⅛erem, see excommunication Haggai (book of), , ,  Herod the Great, , –, – halakhah, –, , , , ,  Hersey, John,  description of, , – Herzl, Theodor, –, , –, , formation of,  ,  Halakhic Man, ,  Heschel, Abraham Joshua, , – halakhic midrashim,  Heydrich, Reinhard, , –



index

Hezekiah (biblical), ,  interfaith couples, ,  Hezekiah (revolutionary),  intermarriage, , , , , –, ⅓ibbat Zion, see Lovers of Zion – hieroglyphics, see writing systems prohibition against, ,  High Holidays, , , , , ,  rate of,  (see also Rosh Hashanah; Yom Kippur) in the United States, , –, –, High Holy Days, ,  – High Priest, –, , , –, ,  See also conversion; endogamy; exogamy; Hildesheimer, Esriel, , ,  matrilineal descent ⅛ilonim, –,  Internet, , –,  Himmler, Heinrich, –, –, interreligious dialogue, –,  ,  (see also Jewish–Christian dialogue) Hirsch, Samson Raphael, , ,  Intifada, –, –,  Hitler, Adolf, , ,  (see also National Iraq, in Arab–Israeli conﬂict,  Socialist German Workers Party; Nazi Irgun Zvai Leumi, see Etzel regime; World War II) Isaac, –, , , , , – Hitler–Stalin Pact, – binding of, , – (see also sacriﬁce, Hittites, ,  human) Hiwi al-Balkhi,  Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary, Hobbes, Thomas,  –,  Holdheim, Samuel, –,  Isaac Israeli,  Holiness Collection,  Isaac of Dampierre,  Hollywood, , , , –, , Isaiah (book of), , , , , , – ,  (see also Deutero-Isaiah) Holocaust, –, , –, –, Ishmael (Rabbi),  , – Islam, –, –,  impact of, , , –, , , Shiite, , ,  – Islamic rule, See also concentration camps; Hitler, Adolf; Jews within,  Nazi regime; World War II treatment of non-Muslims, , , , Holocaust (miniseries), ,  – Holocaust Memorial Day,  Israel (father of Twelve Tribes), see Jacob Holocaust Memorial Museum,  Israel, Kingdom of, see Northern Kingdom homiletical midrash,  Israel, State of, , –, , , homosexuality, , , ,  ,  Horeb, Mount, see Sinai, Mount foreign support of, , , ,  Hosea (book of), , , ,  (see also Balfour Declaration; British ⅓ovevei Zion, see Lovers of Zion Mandate for Palestine) Huldah,  immigration to (aliyot), , –, Humboldt, Wilhelm von,  –,  (see also aliyah; olim) Huna,  (see also Exilarch) impact of, , –,  Hurwitz, Sheftl, – importance to American Jewish Hushiel ben El⅛anan,  identity, , ,  Husserl, Edmund, ,  population and demographics of, , –, ,  I and Thou, – women in, –,  Ibn Abi Zimra, David,  See also Palestine (for pre-) Ibn Tabul, Joseph,  Israel ben Eliezer, see Baal idolatry, , , –, ,  Shem Tov, Israel Idumea, ,  Israel Defense Forces,  Iggeret ha-Kodesh,  Israel Independence Day, ,  immigration quotas, United States, , , Israel, Jewish religious categories, ,  –,  industrialization, , , ,  Israelite history, reconstruction of, – infertility, ,  Israel–Jordan peace treaty,  inheritance, –,  Israel–Syria Disengagement of Forces Innocent IV, Pope,  Agreement,  Inquisition, ,  Isserles, Moses, –, –, –



index

Jabotinsky, Vladimir Ze’ev, – Job (book of), , , ,  Jacob, , –, , , –,  Joel (book of), , ,  Jacob ben Asher, ,  Jo⅛anan bar Napa⅛a,  Jacob ben Meir Tam,  Jo⅛anan ben Zakkai, , , –,  Jacob ben Nissim Ibn Shanin, , – John, Gospel of,  (see also Gospels, Christian; Jacob ben Sheshet,  New Testament) Jacob Ibn Lev,  John Hyrcanus,  Jacobson, Israel,  John of Gischala,  James (revolutionary),  Joint Distribution Committee,  Jason (priest), – Jolson, Al, ,  Jazz Singer, The, ,  Jonah (book of), , ,  Jehoiachin, ,  Jonah Ibn Jana⅛, – Jeremiah (book of), , , , , – Jonas, Regina,  (see also ordination, of Jericho,  women) Jeroboam, ,  Jonathan,  Jerusalem, , , –,  Jordan, in Arab–Israeli conflict, , , destruction of, , ,  – Jerusalem: Or On Religious Power Josel (Joseph) of Rosheim,  in Judaism,  Joseph, relation to Esther, , – Jerusalem Talmud (JT), , , , , – Joseph ha-Nagid,  (see also Babylonian Talmud; Talmud) Joseph Ibn-Megash,  Jerusalem Temple, see Temple, First; Temple, Joseph II, , – Second Josephus, –, –, , , ,  Jeshuat Israel, see Touro Synagogue Joshua (biblical), –, , ,  JE source,  (see also E source; J source) Joshua (book of), , , ,  Jesus, –, , , , ,  (see also Jesus Joshua ben ⅓ananiah,  Movement; messianism) Josiah, , ,  (see also Deuteronomy) Jesus Movement,  J source, ,  (see also EJ source) Jethro,  Judah, Kingdom of, see Southern Kingdom Jewish Agency, , , ,  Judah, tribe of,  Jewish Antiquities,  (see also Josephus) Judah ha-Levi, , , ,  Jewish Brigade,  Judah ha-Nasi, , –, , , Jewish Catalog, The,  –,  Jewish–Christian dialogue,  Judah Hayyuj, – Jewish Community Center,  Judah Ibn Kuraysh, – Jewish King Lear, The,  Judah Loew ben Bezalal,  Jewish National Fund,  Judah the Patriarch, see Judah ha-Nasi Jewish National Party,  Judah the Pious,  Jewish Publication Society (JPS), ,  Judaism “Jewish Question,” , , ,  beginnings of, – Jewish Reconstructionist Foundation,  first use of term,  Jewish Renewal Movement, , ,  See also Centrist Orthodoxy; Conservative (see also ⅛avurah) Judaism; Haredi Judaism; ⅓asidism; Jewish Jewish Revolt, see Jewish War Renewal Movement; Liberal Judaism; Jewish State, The,  Masorti Judaism; Modern Orthodoxy; Jewish Studies, , , , –, ,  Neo-Orthodoxy; Orthodox Judaism; Jewish Theological Seminary of America, , Positive-Historical Judaism; Rabbinic , , , ,  Judaism; Reconstructionist Judaism; Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau, , Reform Judaism; secular Judaism; ultra- ,  Orthodox Judaism Jewish War,  (see also Josephus) Judenstaat, Der,  Jewish War, First, –, , ,  Judeo-Arabic, , , , ,  Jewish War, Second, ,  (see also Bar Judeo-German, see Yiddish language Kokhba Revolt) Judeo-Italian, , – Jewish War Veterans,  Judeo-Spanish, see Ladino Jew/Jewish, Judezmo, see Ladino etymology,  Judges (book of), , –, , ,  first use of term,  Judgment at Nuremberg, 



index

Jüdischer Frauenbund,  Lamentations (book of), , , , ,  Juggler, The,  Lamentations Rabbah,  Lamm, Norman,  Kabbalah, –, , , , –, Land of Promise,   (see also Lurianic Kabbalah; mysticism, landsmanschaftn, ,  Jewish) Latter Prophets, , ,  (see also Nevi’im) Kabbalah, Christian,  Lavater, John Caspar, – kaddish, , , ,  (see also mourner’s law, giving of,  (see also Moses; Sinai, Mount; kaddish) Ten Commandments) Kafka, Franz, ,  Law of Return, ,  Kairouan, relation to yeshivot,  Lebanon, in Arab–Israeli conﬂict, , Kalam, – – kallah months, ,  Leeser, Isaac,  Kalonymides,  LE⅓I, see Stern Gang Kant, Immanuel, –, , , – Lehrhaus, ,  Kaplan, Mordecai M., –, – Leibniz, Gottfried,  Karaism, –, –, , , ,  Levi, tribe of, , , –,  Karo, Joseph, , , –, –, Levinas, Emmanuel, , , –,  ,  levirate marriage,  kashrut, , , ,  (see also Levites, , , –,  dietary laws; kosher) Leviticus (book of), –, , , –, , kavannah, , ,  – kavannot, ,  Leviticus Rabbah,  kavod,  lexicography, Kehillah,  Arabic, – Kelman, Wolfe,  Hebrew, , ,  ketubbah, –, ,  (see also marriage Liberal Judaism, , , , , ,  contract) (see also Reform Judaism) Ketuvim, –, , , ,  Lieberman, Joseph,  Key to the Locks of the Talmud,  Likud Party,  khazntes, see cantors literacy, , , –, ,  kibbutz/kibbutzim, ,  biblical period, , , – “Kingly Crown, The,”  liturgical reform,  Kings (books of), , , , , ,  liturgy, Jewish, –, , , ,  kippah,  (see also clothing, Jewish) Lodz, , , – Kissinger, Henry, ,  Logic of Pure Cognition,  Kitāb Jāmi‘ al-Tzalawāt wa ‘l-Tasābī⅛,  Lo⅛amei ⅓erut Yisrael, see Stern Gang (see also prayer books) Lonely Man of Faith, The,  klezmer, ,  Lopez, Aaron, – Knesset, ,  Lovers of Zion, ,  Kodashim, –, – Lubavitch Ḥasidism, see Chabad Ḥasidism kohanim, see priesthood Luria, Isaac, , –, –, Kol Haneshemah,  – (see also messianism; mysticism, Kol Nidrei,  Jewish) Kook, Abraham Isaac,  Lurianic Kabbalah, –, , ,  Koran, , –, ,  (see also Kabbalah; mysticism, Jewish) kosher, , –, , , ,  Luxemburg, Rosa, ,  Kosherland,  LXX, see Septuagint Koufax, Sandy,  Lydda,  Kremer, Elijah, see Vilna Gaon Kristallnacht, –,  (see also pogroms) Maccabees (family), ,  (see also Hasmonean Kuntillet Ajrud,  dynasty) Kuzari, The,  Maccabees,  (book of), , , ,  Maggid of Miedzyrzecz, see Baer, Dov Labor Zionism, ,  Magnes, Judah,  Labor Zionist Party,  Maharal of Prague, see Judah Loew Ladino, , –, , –, ,  ben Bezalal periodicals, ,  ma⅛zor, ,  (see also siddur)



index

Maimonides, Moses, –, –, , Menitoff, Paul,  – menorah,  influence of, , –, – menstruant, , ,  (see also philosophy of, –, , , – niddah) works of, , , ,  menstruation, , , –, , n, , Majdanek, ,   (see also ritual purity) Malachi (book of), , , ,  Merchant of Venice,  (see also Shakespeare, Malkhut, see Shekhinah William) Manasseh,  merkavah, , , –, – Mandate, see British Mandate for Palestine Merneptah Stele, ,  Manheimer, Isak Noa,  Messiah, , , , ,  Manual of Discipline, The,  coming of, , , , , ,  Mappa, –, ,  Jesus as, –, ,  Marduk, ,  See also messianism Mariamne,  (see also Hasmonean dynasty) messianism, , , , – Marr, Wilhelm,  Christian, , –, – Marranos, , –, , , ,  Davidic, –, , , – (see also conversion; conversos; New Lurianic, –,  Christians) rejection of, ,  marriage, , , –, , ,  Second Temple period, –,  age at, –, , ,  Shabbatai Zevi, ,  arranged, , , ,  See also Abulafia, Abraham; David; Jesus; civil, , , ,  Luria, Isaac; Messiah; Shabbetai Zevi laws concerning, , – Metatron, see angels as metaphor for divine–human relations, , Mezuzah,  , ,  Micah (book of), , ,  rabbinic treatment of, , ,  Midianites, ,  See also commitment ceremonies; divorce; midrash, –, ,  endogamy; exogamy; get; marriage contract dating of, , – marriage contract, , –, –,  development of,  (see also ketubbah) etymology of,  Marshall, Louis,  Midrash ha-Ne’ elam,  martyrdom, , ,  Midrash Rabbah, ,  Marx, Karl, ,  migration of Jews, , , ,  Marx Brothers,  to avoid forced conversion,  Mary (mother of Jesus),  to Israel,  Masada, –, ,  to the United States, , –, masekhtot, ,  –,  maskilim, –, , , ,  mikveh, see ritual bath masorti’im, –,  Mikveh Israel Synagogue,  Masorti Judaism,  minhag, , –,  matrilineal descent, –, – Minor Prophets, ,  (see also Gentiles; intermarriage) minor tractates,  Matthew, Gospel of,  (see also Gospels, minorities, religious, , ,  Christian; New Testament) minority, Jewish, , –, , Mecca, – –,  Medina, – Minsk,  Megillat Esther,  minyan, , ,  me⅛itzah, ,  (see also gender, Miriam,  segregation) mishkan, , , ,  (see also Tabernacle) Meir, Golda, ,  Mishkan T’filah,  Mekhilta, , ,  Mishnah, –, t, –, –, Menahem (revolutionary),  –,  Mena⅛em Ibn Saruk,  dating of, , ,  Mendelssohn, Moses, –, , –, Mishneh Torah, , , , –, ,  –, ,  Miss America, see beauty pageants Mendes, Doña Gracia,  mitnaggedim, , ,  Menelaus,  mitzvah, , , –, 



index

Mizra⅛i, see Zionism, religious See also eroticism in Jewish mysticism; Mizra⅛im, , –,  Kabbalah; Lurianic Kabbalah; Luria, Isaac; Moab, ,  Moses de Leon; Sefer ha-Zohar; Zohar Modena, Leon, –, ,  Modern Orthodoxy, , , , , – nagid, , ,  , – (see also Centrist Orthodoxy; Na⅛man (Rabbi, of Bratzlav),  Neo-Orthodoxy) Na⅛manides, , ,  modernity, , , ,  Nahum (book of), , ,  impact on Judaism, , , – Napoleon Bonaparte, – modesty, , , ,  Nashim, , t,  Mo’ed, – nasi, , , , , ,  (see also David, Molekh, ,  (see also sacriﬁce, human) dynasty of; Patriarch) monarchy, biblical, , –, , – Nasi, Don Joseph,  Divided Monarchy,m,  Nathan, , ,  United Monarchy,  Nathan ha-Bavli,  moneylending, , –, –, –, Nathan of Gaza, –, – , – National Assembly, French, –, ,  monogamy, biblical endorsement of,  National Council of Jewish Women, ,  (see also polygamy) National Council of State,  monotheism, , , , ,  National Democratic Party, ,  as deﬁned by Cohen, –, ,  National Desertion Bureau,  development of, –,  National Religious Party,  Islamic, ,  National Socialism,  radical, ,  National Socialist German Workers Party,  See also Asherah; polytheism in the Bible; nationalism, , , ,  Yahwism Jewish, , , ,  Mordecai, , ,  pan-Islamic,  Moreh Nevukhim,  (see also Guide of the nationhood, Jewish, ,  Perplexed) Naturalization Act, British, ,  Moses, , , , –, ,  Nazi regime, –, , – as author of Deuteronomy,  (see also concentration camps; Hitler, Adolf; as prophet, , ,  Holocaust; Third Reich; World War II) Moses Ben ⅓anokh,  nazirites, , ,  Moses ben Maimon, see Maimonides, Nehardea, , , , ,  Moses Nehemiah, , ,  (see also Ezra–Nehemiah) Moses ben Na⅛man, see Na⅛manides Neo-Kantianism,  Moses de Leon, ,  (see also mysticism, Neolog movement,  Jewish) Neo-Orthodoxy, , –, ,  Moses Ibn Ezra,  (see also Modern Orthodoxy) Moses Ibn Jikatilla, – Neoplatonism, –, ,  Moses Maimonides, see Maimonides, Netanyahu, Benjamin,  Moses Nevi’im, –, , , , ,  moshavim, ,  classical (literary) prophets,  Mourners for Zion,  See also Former Prophets; Latter Prophets; mourner’s kaddish, ,  (see also kaddish) Minor Prophets mourning, , , ,  New Age spirituality, , – Muhammad, –, ,  New Christians, , , , ,  Musar books,  (see also conversion; conversos; Marranos) Music, Jewish, ,  New Moon, , ,  organ, , , ,  New Testament, –, –, –, ,  in worship, , –, ; (see also Gospels, Christian; John, Gospel see also klezmer of; Matthew, Gospel of) Mutazilites, – New Year, see Rosh Hashanah Myerson, Bess, , ,  New Zionist Organization (NZO),  mysticism, Jewish, , , –, Newton, Isaac, ,  –,  Nezikin, , ,  importance of Hebrew language to, –, niddah, –, , –,  – (see also menstruant)



index

niggunim,  patrilineal descent, –, ,  “Nineteen Letters on Judaism,”  (see also Tribes of Israel, Twelve) Northern Kingdom, –, –, –, Paul (apostle), ,  ,  Pawnbroker, The,  Numbers (book of), –, , , ,  Peel report, – Numbers Rabbah,  Pentateuch, , , ,  (see also Torah) Nuremberg Laws,  Peres, Shimon, , ,  Persian language, ,  Obadiah (book of), , ,  Pesa⅛, , , , , , , , , , Odets, Cliﬀord,   (see also paschal lamb; seder) Old Testament, see Bible, Christian; Hebrew Pesikta de-Rav Kahana,  Bible Pharaoh (biblical), , ,  olim, – (see also aliyah; Israel, State of, Pharisees, –, –, –, –,  immigration to) Philo of Alexandria, , , , –, Olmert, Ehud,  ,  Omri, ,  philology, , , , , ,  Onias III, ,  philosophy, –, –, –, – On the Civil Improvement of the Jews, ,  Greek, , –, , ,  Operation Litani, – modern, – Operation Moses,  Phoboumenoi, see God-fearers Operation Peace for Galilee, – Pietists, German, –,  Operation Solomon,  pilgrimage festivals, , , , , , Oral Torah, , , , –, ,  – (see also exegesis, midrashic) pilpul,  ordination, , ,  Pinsker, Leo,  of homosexuals, n Pirkoi ben Baboi,  of women, , , , , , – Pittsburgh Platform, , ,  orphans and widows, care for, , , , Pius XII, Pope, – –,  piyyut, , ,  Orthodox Christianity, ,  Plato,  Orthodox Judaism, –, –, , Platonism, , ,  –, –, – Poale Zion,  (see also Zionism, socialist) feminism in, , , ,  pogroms, , –, , –, ,  in Israel, –, – (see also Kristallnacht) in pop culture,  Poland, German invasion of,  (see also World Orthodox Union (OU),  War II) Oslo Accords,  Polin,  (see also Ashkenaz) Polish Socialist Party,  Pact of Umar, – polygamy, , –, , ,  Palestine, , –, – (see also monogamy, biblical endorsement (see also Israel, State of [for post-] of) Palestine Partition Plan) polytheism in the Bible, , , ,  Palestine Foundation Fund,  (see also monotheism, development of) Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), , Pompey, , ,  , , ,  popular culture, ,  Palestine Partition Plan, , , – Jewish, – Palestinian Talmud, see Jerusalem Talmud Yiddish, – Pappenheim, Bertha,  population, Jewish, –, , – “Parables of Enoch,”  (see also Diaspora Judaism; Israel, State of) Paris Peace Conference,  Positive-Historical Judaism, ,  parliament, Israeli, see Knesset prayer, –,  (see also grace after meals; party kings, – liturgy; tkhines) paschal lamb, , ,  (see also Pesa⅛; prayer books, , , , –, –, sacriﬁce, animal) –(see also ma⅛zor; siddur) Passover, see Pesa⅛ modern, , ,  Patriarch, , , , , ,  (see also nasi) prayer shawl, see tallit patriarchate, , ,  Preminger, Otto,  patriarchy, biblical, , ,  Preuss, Hugo, 



index

Priesand, Sally,  (see also ordination, of Rebecca bas Meir Tiktiner,  women) Recanati, Menahem,  priesthood, , –, , – Reconstructionist Judaism, , , –, priestly literature, ,  –, , ,  printing, Yiddish,  Reconstructionist Rabbinical College (RRC), printing press,  Reform Judaism, –, –, –, impact on Jewish literature, , –, , ,  ,  emergence of, , –,  impact on Judaism, , , , See also Classical Reform; Liberal Judaism –,  Reformation, Protestant, ,  impact on mysticism, , ,  Reiner, Carl,  promised land, , , , ,  Religion of Reason out of the Sources of prophecy, –, –,  Judaism,  Prophets (biblical division), see Nevi’im Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone,  proselytism, Christian, ,  rent strikes, ,  prostitution, –,  repentance, –,  Protestant, Catholic, Jew,  resh galuta, ,  (see also Exilarch) proto-Zionism,  resurrection, –, , ,  (see also afterlife) Proverbs (book of), , , , , ,  Reuchlin, Johannes,  prozbul,  Revelation of John,  Psalms (book of), , , , , –,  Revisionist Zionism, ,  Pseudepigrapha, –,  revolt, Maccabean, –,  P source, , ,  Revolution, American, –, ,  Ptolemaic dynasty, ,  Revolution, Bolshevik,  puberty rites, – Revolution, French, –, –, Pumbedita, , , –, ,  ,  Purim, biblical origin of, , ,  Revolution, Russian, , , ,  purity, , –, –, –, –, righteous Gentiles, see World War II,  (see also ritual purity) humanitarian eﬀorts during ritual bath, , , , –,  Qumran,  (see also ritual purity) Qumran community, –, , –, ritual meals, ,  ,  ritual purity, , , , , , – quotas, educational, –, , ,  (see also menstruation; purity) quotas, hiring,  Roman Catholic Church, , , –, , quotas, immigration, see immigration quotas, –,  United States role in World War II, , , –,  Rabbanites, , –, ,  See also Vatican rabbi, etymology,  Romaniot,  Rabbinic Judaism, , –, –, , Roosevelt, Eleanor,  ,  Roosevelt, Franklin Delano,  challenges posed to, ,  Rosenblatt, Yossele,  development of, , – Rosenstock, Eugen,  rabbinic literature, –, –, , , Rosenwald, Julius,  –, – Rosenzweig, Franz, , –, , rabbinic movement, –, – –, ,  rabbinization, , – rosh ha-golah, see Exilarch Rabbis, , –, ,  Rosh Hashanah, , ,  (see also Rabin, Yitzhak, –,  High Holidays) Rachel, , ,  Ross, Barney,  Radak, see David Kim⅛i Roth, Philip, ,  Radhanites,  Rudiger, bishop of Speyer, , ,  Rashi, , –, ,  Russian Social Democratic Party,  Rathenau, Walther,  Russo-Japanese War,  rationalism, , , , , –,  Ruth (biblical),  Rav,  Ruth (book of), , , , –,  Rebecca, ,  Rwandan genocide, , 



index

Saadia Gaon, , –, , –,  Sefer ha-Egron,  Sabbath Sever ha-Halakhot,  Christian,  Sefer ha-Kanah,  laws relating to, , , , – Sefer ha-Mitzvot,  liturgy on, , , , , ,  Sefer ha-Peliah,  observance of, –, , , , Sefer ⅓asidim,  ,  Sefer ha-Zohar, , –,  as sign of the covenant, ,  (see also mysticism, Jewish; Zohar) (see also covenant) Sefer Yetzirah, –, , – on Sunday,  sefirah/sefirot, , , –, –, work on, , , , , ,  –, ,  sabbatical year, , ,  Seleucid dynasty, –, ,  sabra,  Semitic languages, , , ,  sacrifice Sennacherib, –,  animal, , , , ,  (see also paschal Sepharad, – (see also Ashkenaz) lamb) Sephardic Diaspora, , – antisacrificial ideology, ,  Sephardic Torah Guardians, see Shas biblical, , , , ,  Sepphoris, ,  human, , – (see also Isaac, Septuagint, , , ,  binding of) sex, attitudes toward,  replacement after Temple destruction,  sexual behavior, ritual regulation of,  Sadat, Anwar, – sexual immorality,  Sadducees, –, , –, – sexual relations, , ,  Safed, , –, , , –,  Shabbetai ben Abraham Donnolo,  Salome Alexandra,  Shabbetai Zevi, , , , , –, Samael, see demons  (see also Messiah; messianism) Samaria, , , , , ,  Shaf ve-Yativ synagogue, ,  Samuel (biblical), , , , –, Shakespeare, William, , ,  ,  Shammai,  Samuel (books of), , , , ,  shari’a,  Samuel Ben Hophni, ,  Sharon, Ariel, , , –,  Samuel ha-Nagid,  Shas, ,  Samuel Ibn Naghrela, see Samuel ha-Nagid Shavuot, , , , ,  San Remo Conference,  Shechem,  Sandler, Adam,  Shekhinah, ,  Sanhedrin, –, , , ,  shema, , , –, , ,  Sarah, ,  shemoneh esrei, ,  Sassanian Empire, , –, ,  Shemot Rabbah, see Exodus Rabbah Saudi Arabia, in Arab–Israeli conflict,  Sherira Gaon,  Saul, , , , ,  Shiite Islam, see Islam, Shiite Schachter-Shalomi, Zalman,  Shiloh, , ,  Schechter, Solomon, ,  Shimon bar Yo⅛ai,  Schiller, Friedrich,  Shimon ha-Pakuli,  Schindler, Alexander,  Shiur Komah, – Schindler’s List, , , ,  Shoah, see Holocaust Schneerson, Menachem Mendel,  shoah, etymology,  Scholem, Gershom, , –, ,  Shul⅛an Arukh, , , , –, Science of Judaism movement, see Wissenschaft ,  des Judentums Sicarii, – Second Isaiah, see Deutero-Isaiah siddur, , , ,  (see also ma⅛zor; Second Temple, see Temple, Second prayerbooks) Secrets of Rabbi Simeon,  Sifra, , ,  secular Judaism, –, –, –, , Silverman, Morris,  – Simeon ben Gamaliel, , ,  seder, , ,  (see also Pesa⅛) Simon (revolutionary),  Seder Rav Amram Gaon, ,  Simon bar Kokhba, , ,  Sefer Dinim,  Simon bar Kosiba, see Simon bar Kokhba Sefer ha-Bahir,  Simon, Neil, 



index

sin, forgiveness of,  synagogue, , , , , ,  Sinai, Mount, –, , , ,  (see also gender, segregation) revelation at, , , , ,  synagogue, ancient, –, , , ,  See also law, giving of; Ten Commandments synagogue-communities, ,  Sinai campaign, –,  Syria, in Arab–Israeli conflict, –, Sinai II Accords,  ,  Six-Day War, , –, , ,  Szold, Henrietta, ,  Sobibor, –, ,  socialism, Jewish,  Tabernacle, , , , , ,  Society for the Advancement of Judaism,  (see also mishkan) Socrates, ,  Tabernacles, see Sukkot Socrates of Berlin, see Mendelssohn, Moses takkanah/takkanot, , ,  Sofer, ⅓atam, see Sofer, Moshe tallit, – Sofer, Moshe,  Talmud, t, –, –, –,  Solomon, , –, –, , ,  changes to, ,  Solomon Alkabetz,  origins of, – Solomon ben Isaac of Troyes, see Rashi reactions to, , ,  Solomon, Hannah Greenebaum,  study of, , – Solomon Ibn Gabirol, , – Talmud Bavli, see Babylonian Talmud Soloveitchik, Hayyim,  Talmud Yerushalmi, see Jerusalem Talmud Soloveitchik, Joseph, , –, – Tamar,  Song at the Sea,  Tanakh, –, –, –, –, Song of Deborah, ,  (see also Deborah) –,  Song of Solomon, see Song of Songs Tan⅛uma,  Song of Songs (book of), , , , , ,  Tannaim, , , , –, –,  soul, , , –, , ,  tannaitic literature, –, , , –,  immortality of, , , , , ,  targums,  (see also afterlife) taxation, , –, , , ,  salvation of, , ,  disproportionate, – union with God, , – Jewish collection of,  Southern Kingdom, – under Islamic rule, , ,  Souza, Aristide de Mendes,  medieval Europe, ,  Soviet Union, in Arab–Israeli conflict, , , Temple, , , ,   Taytsh-khumesh, – Spielberg, Steven, ,  Teacher of Righteousness,  Spinoza, Baruch (Benedict), , , –, tefillin, , , ,  ,  Tel Aviv, , , ,  Spinozism,  Temple, First, , ,  stam, , –,  destruction of, , –,  Star of Redemption, The, ,  worship at, , , ,  State of Israel, see Israel, State of Temple, Second, , , , , , ,  Steinschneider, Moritz,  construction of, , , , – Stern Gang,  destruction of, , –, , –, Stöcker, Adolf,  ,  stoicism, ,  reconstruction under Herod, ,  Strauss, Leo, , , , – Temple Emanu-El,  Stuyvesant, Peter,  Temple Mount, ,  suffering servant,  Temporary Laws,  Sufism, –,  Ten Commandments, , , ,  Sugihara, Sempo, – (see also law, giving of; Sinai, Mount) sugya,  Ten Days of Repentance,  Sukkot, –, , , , ,  ten lost tribes,  origins of, ,  terrorism, , , , , –, Sumerians,  – supernaturalism, – Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs, The,  superstition, , , , ,  Teutsch, David A.,  Sura, , , , , ,  theater, Yiddish, –, , , , Sykes-Picot Agreement, – , 



index

Therapeutae,  United Monarchy, see monarchy, biblical Third Reich,  , , ,  (see also Nazi United Nations, see UN regime) United Nations Special Committee on Palestine Thirty Years’ War, ,  (UNSCOP),  thirtysomething,  United Palestine Appeal,  Tiberias, , , , , ,  United States, in Arab–Israeli tikkun, –, –,  conflict, – tithing, , ,  United States, Jewish immigrants in, –, Titus, ,  –, –, –,  tkhines, ,  (see also prayer) United Synagogue of America,  Toharot, , t, ,  Uprising of the, , , ,  toleration, religious, –, – Uris, Leon,  toleration edicts, ,  Torah Vatican, ,  (see also Roman Catholic authority of,  Church) contents, – vaudeville, , –,  production of,  Verbermacher, Hannah Rachel,  reading cycles of,  Versailles Peace Conference,  See also Hebrew Bible; Oral Torah; Vespasian, , ,  Pentateuch; Written Torah Vilna Gaon, Elijah ben Shlomo,  Torah scroll, , ,  violence against Jews, , –, , , Tosafists, , –, , ,  – Tosafot, , ,  virginity, ,  Tosefta, –,  Vital, ⅓ayyim,  Touro Synagogue, ,  Volozhin Yeshivah,  traders, Jews as, , , , ,  Transjordan, see Jordan Wailing Wall, see Western Wall translation of Jewish texts, – Wall, The,  translation of the Bible, –, –,  Wallenberg, Raoul,  Treblinka, , ,  War of Independence, – Treitschke, Heinrich von, – War Refugee Board,  Tribes of Israel, Twelve, –, , –, Warner Brothers, ,   (see also beit av; patrilineal descent) Washington, George,  Trotsky, Leon,  Waskow, Arthur,  Truman, Harry S., ,  Wasserstein, Bernard,  Tsenerene,  Way We Were, The,  tzitzit,  (see also clothing, Jewish) weddings, , ,  Weizmann, Chaim, , ,  Ugarit, – Wessely, Naphtali Herz,  ultra-Orthodox Judaism, , –, , West Bank, , , ,  , –,  Westerbork,  Umayyads, , , –, ,  Western Wall, ,  UN, in Arab–Israeli conflict, –, –, Whole Earth Catalog,  –, –, –,  widows and orphans, see orphans and widows, UNGA Resolution, see Palestine Partition Plan care for Union for Reform Judaism,  Wiesel, Elie, ,  Union for Traditional Conservative Judaism, Wilson, Woodrow, ,  see Union for Traditional Judaism Wisdom of Ben Sira (book of), , , Union for Traditional Judaism,  ,  Union of American Hebrew Congregations wisdom, personification of,  (UAHC), – Wise, Isaac Mayer, , ,  Union of Jewish Women,  Wise, Stephen S.,  Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of Wissenschaft des Judentums, , ,  America, see Orthodox Union women Union Prayer Book, , biblical representations of,  unions, , ,  leadership by, –, – United Hebrew Trades,  ordination of, , , , , , United Jewish Appeal,  –



index

in rabbinic movement, ,  Yiddish, Eastern,  religious roles of, –, –, , Yiddish, Western,  , ,  Yiddish culture, , –, –, , roles of, , –, , , ,  , – (see also popular culture, in State of Israel, –,  Yiddish; theater, Yiddish; yiddishkeit) See also education, Jewish; gender; marriage Yiddish language, , –, –, –, Women in Black, – –,  (see also printing, Yiddish) women’s rights movement, – yiddishkeit, , ,  (see also Yiddish women’s suﬀrage,  culture) Women’s Zionist Organization of America, Yishuv, –, –, –, see Hadassah – Words of Peace and Truth,  Yom Kippur, , –, –, , Workmen’s Circle,  , (see also High Holidays) World Union of Zionists-Revisionists,  Yom Kippur War, –,  World War I, –, ,  Your Show of Shows,  World War II, beginnings of, –, – Zalman, Shneur (of Lyadi),  humanitarian eﬀorts during, – Zealots, , , , , ,  impact on the United States, –, Zechariah (biblical),  ,  Zechariah (book of), , ,  Jewish escape from,  Zephaniah (biblical),  mass murder during, –, , – Zephaniah (book of), , , ,  See also concentration camps; Hitler, Adolf; Zera’im, , t, – Holocaust; Nazi regime Zerubbabel,  World Zionist Congress, , , ,  Zhitlowski, Chaim,  World Zionist Organization (WZO), , Zion –, , , ,  biblical, – worship, see liturgy, Jewish return to, –, ,  “Wort über unsere Juden, Ein,”  symbolism of, , , ,  writing systems, , – Zionism, , –, –, –, Writings (biblical division), see Ketuvim –, – Written Torah, , , , , ,  cultural, –,  Labor, see Labor Zionism Yahweh, , , ,  (see also God, names of; political, , , –, , YHWH) ,  Yahwism,  (see also monotheism, development religious, , , , ,  of) Revisionist, see Revisionist Zionism Yahwist, see J source secular, , ,  yarmulke, ,  (see also clothing, Jewish; socialist,  head coverings) Zionist Congresses, , , ,  Yelammedenu,  Zipporah, ,  Yeshiva University, , – Zohar, , –, –, , ,  yeshivah/yeshivot, , , , –, ,  (see also mysticism, Jewish; Sefer ha-Zohar) YHWH, , , –, –, ,  Zoroastrianism, –, – (see also God, names of; Yahweh) Zunz, Leopold, 

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