Leading Progress in Digital Terrain Analysis and Modeling
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Infiltration from the Pedon to Global Grid Scales: an Overview and Outlook for Land Surface Modeling
Published June 24, 2019 Reviews and Analyses Core Ideas Infiltration from the Pedon to Global • Land surface models (LSMs) show Grid Scales: An Overview and Outlook a large variety in describing and upscaling infiltration. for Land Surface Modeling • Soil structural effects on infiltration in LSMs are mostly neglected. Harry Vereecken, Lutz Weihermüller, Shmuel Assouline, • New soil databases may help to Jirka Šimůnek, Anne Verhoef, Michael Herbst, Nicole Archer, parameterize infiltration processes Binayak Mohanty, Carsten Montzka, Jan Vanderborght, in LSMs. Gianpaolo Balsamo, Michel Bechtold, Aaron Boone, Sarah Chadburn, Matthias Cuntz, Bertrand Decharme, Received 22 Oct. 2018. Agnès Ducharne, Michael Ek, Sebastien Garrigues, Accepted 16 Feb. 2019. Klaus Goergen, Joachim Ingwersen, Stefan Kollet, David M. Lawrence, Qian Li, Dani Or, Sean Swenson, Citation: Vereecken, H., L. Weihermüller, S. Philipp de Vrese, Robert Walko, Yihua Wu, Assouline, J. Šimůnek, A. Verhoef, M. Herbst, N. Archer, B. Mohanty, C. Montzka, J. Vander- and Yongkang Xue borght, G. Balsamo, M. Bechtold, A. Boone, S. Chadburn, M. Cuntz, B. Decharme, A. Infiltration in soils is a key process that partitions precipitation at the land sur- Ducharne, M. Ek, S. Garrigues, K. Goergen, J. face into surface runoff and water that enters the soil profile. We reviewed the Ingwersen, S. Kollet, D.M. Lawrence, Q. Li, D. basic principles of water infiltration in soils and we analyzed approaches com- Or, S. Swenson, P. de Vrese, R. Walko, Y. Wu, and Y. Xue. 2019. Infiltration from the pedon monly used in land surface models (LSMs) to quantify infiltration as well as its to global grid scales: An overview and out- numerical implementation and sensitivity to model parameters. -
DOGAMI GMS-5, Geology of the Powers Quadrangle, Oregon
o thickness of about 1,500 feet. The southern outcrop terminates against the Sixes River fault, indicat Intermediate intrusive rocks, mainly diorite and quartz diorite, intrude the Gal ice Formation ing that the last movement involved down-faulting along the north side. south of the Sixes River fault. One stock, covering nearly 2 square miles, is bisected by Benson Creek, Megafossils are present in some of the bedded basal sandstone. Forominifera examined by W. W. and numerous small dikes are present nearby. One of the largest dikes extends from Rusty Creek eastward Rau (Baldwin, 1965) collected a short distance west of the mouth of Big Creek along the Sixes River were through the Middle Fork of the Sixes River into Salman Mountain. These intrusive racks are described by assigned a middle Eocene age . A middle Eocene microfauna in beds of similar age near Powers was ex Lund and Baldwin ( 1969) and are correlated with the Pearse Peak diorite of Koch ( 1966). The Pearse amined by Thoms (Born, 1963), and another outcrop along Fourmile Creek to the north contained a mid Peak body, which intrudes the Ga lice Formation along Elk River to the south, is described by Koch (1966, GEOLOGICAL MAP SERIES dle Eocene molluscan fauna (Allen and Baldwin, 1944). Phillips (1968) also collected o middle Eocene p. 51-52) . fauna in middle Umpqua strata along Fourmile Creek, o short distance north of the mapped area. Lode gold deposits reported by Brooks and Ramp ( 1968) in the South Fork of the Sixes drainage and on Rusty Butte are apparently associated with the dioritic intrusive bodies. -
A Brief Guide
CHAPTER 1 Geomorphometry: A Brief Guide R.J. Pike, I.S. Evans and T. Hengl basic definitions · the land surface · land-surface parameters and objects · digital elevation models (DEMs) · basic principles of geomorphometry from a GIS perspective · inputs/outputs, data structures & algorithms · history of geomorphometry · geomorphometry today · data set used in this book 1. WHAT IS GEOMORPHOMETRY? Geomorphometry is the science of quantitative land-surface analysis (Pike, 1995, 2000a; Rasemann et al., 2004). It is a modern, analytical-cartographic approach to rep- resenting bare-earth topography by the computer manipulation of terrain height (Tobler, 1976, 2000). Geomorphometry is an interdisciplinary field that has evolved from mathematics, the Earth sciences, and — most recently — computer science (Figure 1). Although geomorphometry1 has been regarded as an activity within more established fields, ranging from geography and geomorphology to soil sci- ence and military engineering, it is no longer just a collection of numerical tech- niques but a discipline in its own right (Pike, 1995). It is well to keep in mind the two overarching modes of geomorphometric analysis first distinguished by Evans (1972): specific, addressing discrete surface features (i.e. landforms), and general, treating the continuous land surface. The morphometry of landforms per se, by or without the use of digital data, is more correctly considered part of quantitative geomorphology (Thorn, 1988; Scheidegger, 1991; Leopold et al., 1995; Rhoads and Thorn, 1996). Geomorphometry in this book is primarily the computer characterisation and analysis of continuous topography. A fine-scale counterpart of geomorphometry in manufacturing is industrial surface metrology (Thomas, 1999; Pike, 2000b). The ground beneath our feet is universally understood to be the interface be- tween soil or bare rock and the atmosphere. -
Fast Hydraulic Erosion Simulation and Visualization on GPU
Fast Hydraulic Erosion Simulation and Visualization on GPU Xing Mei Philippe Decaudin Bao-Gang Hu CASIA-LIAMA/NLPR, Beijing, China INRIA-Evasion, Grenoble, France CASIA-LIAMA/NLPR, Beijing, China xmei@(NOSPAM)nlpr.ia.ac.cn & CASIA-LIAMA, Beijing, China hubg@(NOSPAM)nlpr.ia.ac.cn philippe.decaudin@(NOSPAM)imag.fr Figure 1. Illustration of our erosion simulation on a ”PG”-shaped mountain. (a) The initial terrain. (b) Terrain is being eroded by rainfall. The dissolved soil (denoted by green color) is transported by the water flow (blue). (c) The eroded terrain and the deposited sediment (red) after the rainfall and during the evaporation. Abstract 1. Introduction Natural mountains and valleys are gradually eroded by Natural terrains exhibit a lot of complex shapes such rainfall and river flows. Physically-based modeling of this as valleys, ridges, sand ripples and crests. These geomor- complex phenomenon is a major concern in producing re- phological structures are mostly determined by the erosion alistic synthesized terrains. However, despite some recent phenomenon: soil is dissolved and transported by the wa- improvements, existing algorithms are still computationally ter flow, sand is carried away by the wind, and stones are expensive, leading to a time-consuming process fairly im- decomposed into small blocks by the temperature. Erosion practical for terrain designers and 3D artists. simulation has always been an important research topic in landscape design [5, 8], since it greatly enhances the realism In this paper, we present a new method to model the hy- of the synthesized terrains. draulic erosion phenomenon which runs at interactive rates We focus on hydraulic erosion, which is the predominant on today’s computers. -
State Standard for Hydrologic Modeling Guidelines
ARIZONA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES FLOOD MITIGATION SECTION State Standard For Hydrologic Modeling Guidelines Under the authority outlined in ARS 48-3605(A) the Director of the Arizona Department of Water Resources establishes the following standard for Hydrologic Modeling Guidelines in Arizona. State Standard for Hydrologic Modeling, or “guidelines for the experienced modeler”, has been developed to address hydrologic conditions for a variety of statewide watersheds. Included are problems and situations identified by the State Standard Work Group (SSWG) and floodplain managers. The intended audience is statewide; engineers, professionals and Floodplain Administrators. The following topics are included: • Hydrologic Model comparison and recommendation • Guidelines and parameters • Model application for specific situations, and associated hydrologic parameters • Precipitation values (NOAA 14) • Storm duration • Unique conditions, such as wildfire burn, overgrazing, logging, drought, rapid snowmelt, urbanization. The State Standard includes examples addressing the above key issues. This requirement is effective August, 2007. Copies of this State Standard and the State Standard Technical Supplement can be obtained by contacting the Department’s Water Engineering Section at (602) 771-8652. SS10-07 1 August 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction.......................................................................................................5 1.1 Purpose and Background .......................................................................5 -
Natural Drainage Basins As Fundamental Units for Mine Closure Planning: Aurora and Pastor I Quarries
Natural Drainage Basins as Fundamental Units for Mine Closure Planning: Aurora and Pastor I Quarries Cristina Martín-Moreno1, María Tejedor1, José Martín1, José Nicolau2, Ernest Bladé3, Sara Nyssen1, Miguel Lalaguna2, Alejandro de Lis1, Ivón Cermeño-Martín1 and José Gómez4 1. Faculty of Geological Sciences, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain 2. Polytechnic School, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain 3. Institut FLUMEN, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Spain 4. Fábrica de Alcanar, Cemex España ABSTRACT The vast majority of the Earth’s ice-free land surface has been shaped by fluvial and related slope geomorphic processes. Drainage basins are consequently the most common land surface organization units. Mining operations disrupt this efficient surface structure. Therefore, mine restoration lacking stable drainage basins and networks, “blended into and complementing the drainage pattern of the surrounding terrain” (in the sense of SMCRA 1977), will be always limited. The pre-mine drainage characteristics cannot be replicated, because mining creates irreversible changes in earth physical properties and volumes. However, functional drainage basins and networks, adapted to the new earth material properties, can and should be restored. Dominant current mine restoration practice, typically, either lacks a drainage network or has a deficient, non-natural, drainage design. Extensive literature provides evidence that this is a common reason for mined land reclamation failure. These conventional drainage engineered solutions are not reliable in the long term without guaranteed constant maintenance. Additionally, conventional landform design has low ecological and visual integration with the adjoining landscapes, and is becoming rejected by public and regulators, worldwide. For these reasons, fluvial geomorphic restoration, with a drainage basin approach, is receiving enormous attention. -
Hydraulic Erosion of Soil and Terrain Atira Odhner, Joseph Fleming 2009 Abstract
Hydraulic Erosion of Soil and Terrain Atira Odhner, Joseph Fleming 2009 Abstract We have developed an algorithm for hard and soft water-based terrain erosion. Additionally, we have added a rain generation into the simulator. The algorithm is based upon fluid simulation, but is simplified, while still preserving the fluid motion effects. Introduction Our goal is to design an algorithm that generates water-eroded terrain quickly for the purposes of artistic productions, rather than scientific study. We wish to simulate the effects of rivers and streams, taking into account erosion, transportation, and sedimentation. Other algorithms take into account full fluid simulation, but we wished to obtain similar results by using a less-costly yet water- based erosion algorithm. Previous Work There are many examples of previous work on the subject of erosion, as it is important for both the graphics community and the environmental conservation community. We have chosen a few that are both relevant to the our algorithm, and demonstrate natural and atmospheric effects related to our algorithm. Since there are so many similar works (often repeating themselves), these studies are introduced by relevance, rather than by year. In 2005, Beneš and Arriaga [1] proposed a method for generating table mountains. Table mountains are desert geological structures that are very narrow, yet water-based erosion; plateaus with almost vertical cliff walls. These mountains form through mostly thermal erosion rather than by; rock that is exposed deteriorates. For this reason, table mountains are found in desert environments. The algorithm in this paper is not water-based, but it relates to the erosion of river banks. -
Geomorphometry of Cerro Sillajhuay (Andes, Chile/Bolivia): Comparison of Digital Elevation Models (Dems) from ASTER Remote Sensing Data and Contour Maps
Geomorphometry of Cerro Sillajhuay (Andes, Chile/Bolivia): Comparison of Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) from ASTER Remote Sensing Data and Contour Maps Ulrich Kamp Department of Geography and Environmental Science Program, DePaul University 990 W Fullerton Ave, Chicago, IL 60614-2458, U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected] Tobias Bolch Department of Geography, Humboldt University Berlin Rudower Chausse 16, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany E-mail: [email protected] Jeffrey Olsenholler Department of Geography and Geology, University of Nebraska - Omaha 6001 Dodge Street, Omaha, NE 68182-0199, U.S.A. [email protected] Abstract Digital elevation models (DEMs) are increasingly used for visual and mathematical analysis of topography, landscapes and landforms, as well as modeling of surface processes. To accomplish this, the DEM must represent the terrain as accurately as possible, since the accuracy of the DEM determines the reliability of the geomorphometric analysis. For Cerro Sillajhuay in the Andes of Chile/Bolivia two DEMs are compared: one derived from contour maps, the other from a satellite stereo-pair from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER). As both DEM procedures produce estimates of elevation, quantative analysis of each DEM was limited. The original ASTER DEM has a horizontal resolution of 30 m and was generated using tie points (TPs) and ground control points (GCPs). It was then resampled to 15 m resolution, the resolution of the VNIR bands. Five parameters were calculated for geomorphometric interpretation: elevation, slope angle, slope aspect, vertical curvature, and tangential curvature. Other calculations include flow lines and solar radiation. -
Tracking Rainfall Impulses Through Progressively Larger Drainage Basins in Steep Forested Terrain
Tracking rainfall impulses through progressively larger drainage basins in steep forested terrain ROBERT R. ZIEMER & RAYMOND M. RICE USDA Forest Service,Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Arcata, California 95521, USA ABSTRACT The precision of timing devices in modern electronic data loggers makes it possible to study the routing of water through small drainage basins having rapid responses to hydrologic impulses. Storm hyetographs were measured using digital. tipping bucket raingauges and their routing was observed at headwater piezometers located mid-slope, above a swale, and near the swale. Downslope, flow was recorded from naturally occurring soil pipes draining the 0.8-ha swale, Progressing downstream from the swale, streamflow was measured at stations gauging nested basins of 16, 156, 217, and 383 ha. Peak lag time significantly (p = 0.035) increased downstream. Peak unitareadischarge decreased downstream, but the relationship was not statistically significant (p = 0.456). The processes involved in the delivery of rainfall from hillsides, to swales, and through progessively larger stream channels in steep forested watersheds are not fully understood. Most hydrologic concepts concerning the routing of flood hydrographs have developed from observations on large rivers. It is usually assumed that downstream hydrographs are lagged in time and flattened to produce later peaks and smaller unit area peak discharges (Chow, 1964). There are few reports of hydrograph routing in small, steep upland watersheds. Researchers working in steep forested watersheds generally agree that classic Hortonian overland flow (Horton, 1933) rarely occurs because the infiltration rate of forest soils usually exceeds precipitation rates. Despite several studies conducted in the past 20 years,the pathways of muting rainfall into and through hillslope soils in forested basins remain poorly understood. -
A Method of Watershed Delineation for Flat Terrain Using Sentinel-2A Imagery and DEM: a Case Study of the Taihu Basin
International Journal of Geo-Information Article A Method of Watershed Delineation for Flat Terrain Using Sentinel-2A Imagery and DEM: A Case Study of the Taihu Basin Leilei Li 1,2,*, Jintao Yang 2,3 and Jin Wu 2,3 1 State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China; [email protected] (J.Y.); [email protected] (J.W.) 3 State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environment Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Beijing 100101, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-18911719037 Received: 4 September 2019; Accepted: 24 November 2019; Published: 26 November 2019 Abstract: Accurate watershed delineation is a precondition for runoff and water quality simulation. Traditional digital elevation model (DEM) may not generate realistic drainage networks due to large depressions and subtle elevation differences in local-scale plains. In this study, we propose a new method for solving the problem of watershed delineation, using the Taihu Basin as a case study. Rivers, lakes, and reservoirs were obtained from Sentinel-2A images with the Canny algorithm on Google Earth Engine (GEE), rather than from DEM, to compose the drainage network. Catchments were delineated by modifying the flow direction of rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and overland flow, instead of using DEM values. A watershed was divided into the following three types: Lake, reservoir, and overland catchment. A total of 2291 river segments, seven lakes, eight reservoirs, and 2306 subwatersheds were retained in this study. -
Land, Terrain, Territory Stuart Elden Prog Hum Geogr 2010 34: 799 Originally Published Online 21 April 2010 DOI: 10.1177/0309132510362603
Progress in Human Geography http://phg.sagepub.com/ Land, terrain, territory Stuart Elden Prog Hum Geogr 2010 34: 799 originally published online 21 April 2010 DOI: 10.1177/0309132510362603 The online version of this article can be found at: http://phg.sagepub.com/content/34/6/799 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com Additional services and information for Progress in Human Geography can be found at: Email Alerts: http://phg.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://phg.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations: http://phg.sagepub.com/content/34/6/799.refs.html Downloaded from phg.sagepub.com at SWETS WISE ONLINE CONTENT on December 13, 2010 Article Progress in Human Geography 34(6) 799–817 ª The Author(s) 2010 Land, terrain, territory Reprints and permission: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav 10.1177/0309132510362603 phg.sagepub.com Stuart Elden Durham University, UK Abstract This paper outlines a way toward conceptual and historical clarity around the question of territory. The aim is not to define territory, in the sense of a single meaning; but rather to indicate the issues at stake in grasping how it has been understood in different historical and geographical contexts. It does so first by critically interrogating work on territoriality, suggesting that neither the biological nor the social uses of this term are particularly profitable ways to approach the historically more specific category of ‘territory’. Instead, ideas of ‘land’ and ‘terrain’ are examined, suggesting that these political-economic and political-strategic rela- tions are essential to understanding ‘territory’, yet ultimately insufficient. -
The Contribution of Geomorphometry to the Seabed Characterization of Tidal Inlets (Wadden Sea, Germany)
Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, Vol. 61 (2017), Suppl. 2, 179–197 Article Bpublished online May 2017; published in print November 2017 The contribution of geomorphometry to the seabed characterization of tidal inlets (Wadden Sea, Germany) F. Mascioli, G. Bremm, P. Bruckert, R. Tants, H. Dirks and A. Wurpts with 10 figures and 2 tables Abstract. The monitoring policies of subtidal marine areas, as regulated by the FFH and MSFD, re- quire stable measures and objective interpretation methods to ensure accurate and repeatable results. The nature of Wadden Sea inlets seabed have been investigated trough the analysis of bathymetrical and backscatter data, collected simultaneously by means of high-resolution multibeam echosounder, in con- junction with validation samples. The datasets allowed a robust approach to characterize substrate and bedforms, using objective and repeatable methods. The geomorphometric approach gives a substantial contribution to extract quantitative information on morphology and bedforms from bathymetry. DEMs of four tidal inlets have been used to calculate morphometric parameters, compare the inlets morphol- ogy and provide a classification of slope and profile curvature. Classified morphometric parameters have been applied to a detailed characterization of Otzumer Balje seabed. Very steep slopes and breaks of slope potentially related to substrate variations have been mapped and statistically investigated with respect to their depth distribution and spatial orientation. The computation of multiscale Benthic Position Index identified morphological features and bedforms at broad and fine scales. The geological and geomorpho- logical meaning of morphometric parameters were extracted by means of quantitative comparison with backscatter intensity and samples. Backscatter was processed for radiometric corrections, geometrical corrections and mosaicking, to get intensities representative of the substrate characteristics.