rTHB; AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL

Underwood & Under wood CHERRY BLOSSOM TIME IN WASHINGTON

MAY, 1932 BANKING AND INVESTMENT SERVICE THROUGHOUT THE WORLD The National City Bank of New York and Affiliated Institutions

THE NATIONAL CITY BANK OF NEW YORK

HEAD OFFICE: 55 WALL STREET, NEW YORK

Foreign Branches in . BELGIUM . . CHILE . CHINA . . DOMINICAN REPUBLIC . ENGLAND . INDIA . ITALY . JAPAN . MANCHURIA . MEXICO . PERU . PHILIPPINE ISLANDS . PUERTO RICO . REPUBLIC OF PANAMA . STRAITS SETTLEMENTS . URUGUAY . VENEZUELA.

THE NATIONAL CITY BANK OF NEW YORK (FRANCE) S. A. Paris 60 AVENUE DES CHAMPS ELYSEES 41 BOULEVARD HAUSSMANN Nice 6 JARDIN du Roi ALBERT 1 er.

INTERNATIONAL BANKING CORPORATION Head Office: 55 WALL STREET, NEW YORK Foreign and Domestic Branches in UNITED STATES . SPAIN . ENGLAND and Representatives in The National City Bank Chinese Branches

&ANQUE NATIONALE DE LA REPUBLIQUE D’HAITI Ihad Office: PORT-AU-PRINCE, HAITI

CITY BANK FARMERS TRUST COMPANY Head Office: 22 WILLIAM STREET, NEW YORK

THE NATIONAL CITY COMPANY

OFFICES IN PRINCIPAL AMERICAN CITIES

Foreign Offices: LONDON . AMSTERDAM . . TOKIO . Canadian Offices: MONTREAL . TORONTO

The National City Company, through its offices and affiliations in the United States and abroad, offers a world-wide investment service to those interested in Dollar Securities.

London Offices 34, BISHOPSGATE, E. C. 2 11, WATERLOO PLACE, S. W. 1 THE

FOREIGN S JOURNAL

VOL. IX, No. 5. WASHINGTON, D. C. MAY, 1932 The Land of the Gentle Medacqua*

By DAVID THOMASSON, Clerk of Legation at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ONE thing struck my imagination forcibly as Said line—one day. At Port Said you can wait I browsed in the Library of Congress, in comfort (in my case five days) for the next gathering information on my new post— Messageries Maritimes boat, or the infrequent Addis Ababa. At the time of the Coronation it Italian or German freighters which occasionally took the governors of certain distant provinces take passengers for Djibouti. The mail boats of Ethiopia as long to reach the capital as it did make the Port Said-Djibouti run in five days. for the American A less onerous Special Delegation route from the to travel fro m standpoint of con¬ Washington. M y nections and bag¬ schedule was all gage transfers, how¬ made up. With good ever, ls: steamer luck a n d happy New York-Cher- connections it would bourg, rail to Mar¬ take just a month seilles, and Mes¬ to r e a c h Addis sageries steamer di¬ A b a b a. A long rect to Djibouti. journey ! But extra¬ Djibouti is the ordinarily enough gateway to Ethio¬ my destination was pia. Its raison a country in the in¬ d'etre, apart from terior of which one being the seat of had to travel as government of long by caravan to French Somaliland, reach certain of its is to provide, by l rontiers! means of the

However, the A. Adler, Addis Ababa Franco - Ethiopian trip from the States The Medacqua or Dik-Dik, member of the antelope family Railway, a port for is more formidable the hides, coffee in prospect than in performance. and skins of the vast plateau which comprises the There is an excellent American steamship line empire of His Imperial Majesty from New York to Alexandria—16 days. Thence the First. you take the Egyptian State Railways to Port Ethiopia dominates Djibouti. Its principal Said, changing at Benha to the main Cairo-Port square is the Place Menelik, its chief street, the 16S Avenue d’Abyssinia. Your presence there has The departure from Djibouti of the once-a- only two explanations : you are either coming from week, 36-hour “express” (in contrast to the bi¬ ‘‘Addis” and awaiting a boat, or YOU are going to weekly slow trains which make the journey in Addis and awaiting a train. In the latter case the three days) is still something of an event. There street urchins will entreat you to change for is a milling crowd of Europeans and Somalis at francs the Ethiopian silver coins which they have the station. Excitement prevails. A chorus of earned from transients by diving from the side cheers and farewells follows the sturdy little train of a liner of fanning away the pestiferous flies. as it moves out over the narrow-gage track, its In Djibouti you will encounter (if you have two boxcars bringing up the rear, beginning my luck) Ethiopian dignitaries hound for abroad, almost immediately the climb toward the plateau. accompanied by a colorful suite. Capes of royal The first night's run is through desert country, blue lined with red, fastened with heavy gold lonely and vast under brilliant stars. For miles buckles; a Coptic priest in a hooded robe of black not a hut. not a light- then unexpectedly beside satin, holding aloft in blessing a gilt cross of intri¬ the track flares the brushtire of a Somali, his thin cate scroll work; dignified retainers in white figure wrapped in a blanket against the cold. chammas with wide red borders—altogether an Morning in Dire-Daoua is a contrastingly cheerful impressive spectacle. affair; the sunshine is strong by 8 o'clock. This Everyone talks of Addis Ababa as being ‘'tip is the Ethiopian frontier where passengers' hand- there," with a gesture toward the western moun¬ luggage is examined. Armed guards mount the tains shimmering in the intense sunlight. You platforms while the passengers retire to nearby feel as if you were about to make a balloon ascen¬ hotels for breakfast. The station is draped in a sion. mantle of bougainvillaea. Tropical trees and And you are, approximately. The more tin flowers border the streets. usual part of the journey which now begins, lies ()ff again, and up again- this time through a almost totally uphill. series of rocky foothills seared with great gullies 1 may say here that of all the articles available by the rains, characterized by flat-topped mimosa to the intending visitor to Ethiopia, that by my trees. There are also euphorbias, like the ribs of chief. Minister Addison E. Southard, in the June, an umbrella blown inside-out. and thorn bushes 19,11, National Geographic Magazine, contains by growing tenaciously between the rocks. A sense far the most helpful information. So thoroughly, of vastness pervades the landscape. The cities in fact, has he noted the aspects of life in Ethio¬ of the world seem very far away. Mountains pia that 1 feel somewhat presumptuous in adding and more mountains loom on the horizon as the even these few first impressions. little train twists and wriggles up the steep ascent.

Photo by A. Adler A TYPICAL ADDIS ABABA PANORAMA: 166 The glare of the sunlight is intense. Fortunately light discloses rich fields of barley. Groves ot the windows are provided with wooden blinds. eucalyptus (which you are later to find the most When the train puffs into Afdem, where a halt is characteristic feature of the Ethiopian landscape) made for luncheon, you feel it has earned a rest. soar from the valleys. From the native “tukuls" The hotels en route are owned by Greeks. Meals with their walls of mud and straw and roofs of are served with commendable dispatch. The thatch, rises the fragrant smoke of blue-gum plates are piled neatly—you can tell at a glance wood. The atmosphere has an unaccustomed just how many courses you are going to have. rarity. You have come five hundred miles in the The knife and fork which are to last you little train and are now about eight thousand feel throughout the repast are propped expectantly on up. a French porte-cuillers. Barefoot Ethiopian boys •‘The station’s the best building in the town, in their thin cotton coats and jodpur trousers says a disgruntled returning resident. “Take a tight about the legs, bring you platters of lentils good look at it.” and meat stews. But lie’s wrong, for we are soon to discover A screech of the whistle—strange sound in this the curious, the almost unbelievable contrasts of dormant, blazing land, and you are off again. the capital. Well-built and comfortably furnished More precipitous, dry water courses; more mi¬ stone houses rub shoulders with groups of mud mosa trees. The only evidences of human life huts. It is at first a bewildering mix-up. As our are the little earthen tracks beside the right-of- shiny American car climbs the long road from way, branching off now and then toward huts in¬ station to town we see, on the left, the majestic visible in the brush. Dinner is at Aouache, under hill of the “Ghebbi” crowned with the many a canopy of corrugated iron roofing, surrounded buildings of the imperial palace. The rest of the by a riot of more familiar vegetation than you city perches precariously on other slopes. The car have observed during the day—zinnias, cannas, follows a rocky street hounded by stone walls, and marigolds. Immediately the sun sets it grows turns in at a gate, and we glimpse our hotel, a chilly. At Aouache we meet the descending slow solid structure in a garden of flowers—iris, calla train, which stops there the night while the lilies, geraniums, chrysanthemums and carnations passengers sleep in the hotel. Its coaches are run —all blooming, strangely enough, at the same time. into a stockade surrounding a portion of the The bedrooms are large and lofty, with French track—a precaution against nocturnal marauders. windows opening on balconies and superb views But we push on, couplings creaking as the engine of eucalyptus covered valley and mountains. After toils up the endless slopes, and when the sun rises two nights in the train the white enamel bed, again we are almost in Addis Ababa. The day¬ with a quantity of blankets, looks inviting. I es,

Photo by A. Adler —MUCH OF THE CITY OF ADDIS ABABA IS HIDDEN IN GROVES OF TOWERING EUCALYPTUS TREES 167 the comforter bears the label of a great London parenthetically, for automobiles are prohibitively department store. Electric light, an adjacent bath¬ expensive at this distance from sources of motor room with running cold water—some over-sensi¬ fuel supply.) The road presented curious hazards tive visitors have perhaps unduly maligned the for the motorist. Camel caravans of coffee from place. What do they want, after all, in the heart the interior, droves of solemn little donkeys loaded of an African Empire, in the capital-outpost of with hags of salt, native porters balancing twenty- a country difficult of access? This is a frontier five foot eucalyptus logs or bales of hides on their life with obvious deficiencies. . . . heads, small boys playing hockey with a stick “Do you have this weather all the time?” you and a stone—through this highly colorful mass ask incredulously of the older residents. It seems the car dodged and feinted, the horn blowing con¬ impossible in January, when Washington usually tinuously. Chieftains astride jauntily bedecked is “shivering in” the New Year. From October mules and an occasional sun-helmeted European to May one brilliant day succeeds another—never on horseback, kept to the paths at the roadside, too hot for comfort and reminiscent of fine careful to avoid running down the native women autumn weather on our eastern seaboard. Of whose out-door markets of grain, charcoal and course there is a decidedly less pleasant and chilly- ground red peppers lay spread in the dust. damp rain\- season of five months’ duration. At the Legation 1 found that Addis Ababa pre¬ Otherwise the eucalyptus could not reach such sents some hitherto unfamiliar aspects of the For¬ heights, or the flowers attain such profusion. But eign Service. Here one must have, in addition even this, they say, is punctuated with hours of to the usual qualifications, a knowledge of vege¬ sunshine. The nights, however, are definitely table and flower gardening, horsemanship, poultry cold. My initial purchase in Addis Ababa was raising, electricity and, on occasion, plumbing if an oil heater. he wishes to add to the efficiency of his country’s The first day 1 drove the mile between hotel representation- -as well as to his own comfort. and Legation. (In infrequent state, I must add The many-sided activities of the Legation, like

Photo by A. Adler THE “GHF.BBI" HILL WITH THE MANY BUILDINGS OF THE IMPERIAL PALACE, ADDIS ABABA 168 those of self-sufficient planta¬ tions of an older day, require con¬ stant supervision. You emerge from the perusal of departmental instructions in a typically Ameri¬ can office—not to a streetcar ride home through city streets, a movie or a shopping expedition—but: to see that the turkeys, geese and ducks are well put up against the evening chill; slip a lump of sugar to your favorite of the official horses; read the voltage of the compound lighting plant; peer down the wells; assure yourself that the ordnance equipment has been properly cleaned and stored. For a person of varied interests, self-resourceful in creating his own diversions, Addis Ababa could he an interesting post. It Photo by A. Adler THE CHIEF BUSINESS SECTION OF ADDIS ABABA PERCHES might he added that the person ON A DIZZY HEIGHT concerned must he adaptable to a frontier style of life and not expect too much. subjects of His Imperial Majesty. One feels like I lorsehack riding, a luxury in most capitals, is a noctambitle if he goes out for dinner in evening a necessity here. No want for exercise. Dis¬ tances are great and horses are used largely as a means of transportation by all foreigners—even in making calls. Breeches and hoots or jodpurs are worn everywhere during the day. From our Le¬ gation to the others it is easily live miles; to the Foreign ()ffice three miles. There are numerous dirt paths for a trot or a canter, even in the city, and many outlying fields where one can gallop to heart’s content. The horses appear to be unaf¬ fected by the altitude and like nothing better than a “hell-for-leather.” They are smaller than we are accustomed to— ponies, in fact, rarely over fifteen hands high. The native grooms are efficient and good horse¬ men, though it must be said that native preference is for the less fiery and more costly mule. It is strange to see the Ethiopians mount always from the right-hand side and also to see them swing themselves into the saddle by a mere big toe. They hold the stirrups not with tile hall of the foot but between the toes. At this season (January) twilight doesn’t last long and as soon as the sun dips behind the moun¬ tains, about six o’clock, the air takes on an in¬ Photo by A. Adler THE MENELEK STATUE FROM THE PORTAL creasing chill. By seven the streets are practically OF THE CATHEDRAL OF SAINT GEORGE, deserted. Last “curfew” is 8 o’clock for all loyal ADDIS ABABA 169 clothes at the usual European hour. By nine the , 1932, in Washington, of Consul General Rans- stillness is broken only bv the barking of clogs ford S. Miller. Mr. Miller has been on duty in the Department of State, Division of Far Eastern Affairs, and the sound of the little horns which the police since December 20, 1929. Mr. Miller is survived by use to signal each other during the oppressively Mrs. Lily Murray Miller and two daughters, Mrs. James lonely nights. In a nearby mosque, on occasion. Cooper, of Syracuse, N. Y.. and Miss Lilian May Miller, Arabs chant their weird, whole-tone lithanies. now in Japan. Early to bed is the rule in Addis Ababa. You must have a lot of sleep in this altitude. CONSULAR MONDAY You doze off, pulling the comforter more closely about you, secure in the knowledge that tomorrow (A Toast) will be another sunny day. Here's to the Consular Monday, The one day that truly is blue; * The medacciua is a species of small antelope, indigenous to Ethiopia, easily tamed and, when young, much prized as a pet. The World counts its troubles on Sunday, Later on its inclination, unless dehorned, is to butt like a goat It has the large, limpid eyes of the gazelle family, sensitive Then brings them on Monday to you. ears, art ever-moist black nose poked inquisitively in the dire:- O, the rue of a Consular Monday— tion of food, black tongue and gums, slender forelegs, and an ineffectual tail which is no match for African flies. It can The one day that's relished by few; furnish highly satisfactory steak and roast--unless, as in the case of the Addis Ababa Legation pet, no one has the heart When you leave the office that one day, to slaughter it. The outlook is certainly blue.

STOP PRESS NEWS But Tuesday appears in the doorway \\ e deeply regret to announce that, just as this issue is And a light comes flickering through; going to press, news was received of the death at Rome. Then Wednesday, Thursday and Friday Italy, on , 1932, of William H. Gale, Foreign With the week-end beckoning, too—• Service Officer retired. Since his retirement as Consul Each day just a little hit brighter General at Budapest, January 26, 1929, Mr. Gale has been living at Rome with Mrs. Gale. Because the one day was so blue; So here’s to the Consular Monday, 'l'lie dav there is so much to do! Also the death occurred, with tragic suddenness, on M. I’. I).

STAFF OF AMERICAN CONSULATE GENERAL, ZURICH, SWITZERLAND Standing—Roland Yost, Hermann Bcrnasconi, Miss Ida S chiveiscr, August Rucgg, Hugo IF. Richter, Miss Made leine Speich, Miss Margaret L. Sanger, Willy van dcr Haegen, Miss Marian E. Traber. Sitting—Miss Edith Bland, Vice Consul Cavendish II'. Cannon, Consul George R. Hukill, Consul General Lends W. Haskell, Vice Consul Hugh E. Ramsay, Miss Henninc B. Knopfli, Miss Una Gauntlctt Thomas 170 KEEPING FIT IN TEHERAN And Falstaff knew that there was no means of stopping the dissemination of a British idiosyncrasy, mad as it Minister Charles C. Hart’s article with the might appear to the eye of a philosopher: ‘It was alway above title that appeared in the JOURNAL of De¬ yet the trick of our English nation, if they have a good cember, 1931, has received kindly notice in a thing, to make it too common.’” number of British newspapers, one of the most re¬ cent being the following editorial entitled “A Brit¬ RADIO NEWS ish Heresy" in The Morning Post, London: The International General Electric Company "The United States Minister to Persia, with as much announces that with the approach of summer and wit as he has courage, has been tilting at the English¬ man’s passion for violent exercise. Apparently one of the arrival of the daylight saving period, the op¬ those placid and erudite gentlemen who are all for a erating schedule of WGY’s short-wave stations quiet life, even when far from the homeland, Mr. Charles is altered to give maximum service over a maxi¬ C. Hart confesses that he has little diversion except the mum area. ‘soothing pastime of inspecting Persian art.’ He denies that, in order to keep fit, every human being ‘must in¬ This year, as last, there will be an overlapping dulge incessantly in some form of hazardous high jinks,’ of schedules, that is for one hour daily, 5.00 p. m. such as riding 10 miles into the mountains twice a day, to 6.00 p. m., eastern standard time, both W2XAD or chasing a tiny, inoffensive ball for several hours around and W2XAF will be on the air. The schedule a 10-acre lot, or racing in pursuit of tigers, snow leopards, follows: or wild boars. He reports, more in sorrow than anger, that several Americans have succumbed to the British W2XAD, 15,330 kilocycles, or 19.56 meters, heresy that ‘self preservation depends on self-manhan¬ 3.00 p. m. to 6.00 p. m., E. S. T., daily except Sat¬ dling’, and adjures those who have not yet fallen under urday and Sunday. On Saturdays and Sundays the spell to give this particular form of ‘slow suicide’ a W2XAD will go on at 1.00 p. m. and remain until miss. He might have quoted Sir John Falstaff, who put the whole case in a nutshell: ‘I were better to be eaten 6.00 p. ni. to death with a rust than to be scoured to nothing with W2XAF, on 9,530 kilocycles or 31.48 meters, perpetual motion.' Both alternatives are uncomfortable, daily from 5.00 p. m. to 11.00 p. m. but there is no question which the young moderns of all W2XAD, the day-time station, will use an an¬ nations, not Britons alone, would choose. This English heresy has got too big a start on the champions of ortho¬ tenna directed on Europe and W2XAF’s signals dox human behavior. It has already raised the old-fash¬ will be radiated by an antenna directed on South ioned standard of physical fitness into a new dimension. America.

STAFF OF THE AMERICAN CONSULATE GENERAL AT TORONTO, FEBRUAR Y, 1932 Front row seated (left to right)—Vice Consul F. A. Bohne; Dr. L. W. Tucker, U. S. P. H. Surgeon; Consul D. C. Woods; Consul General E. Sauer: Consul C. P. Fletcher; Vice Consul F. H. Lamed: Vice Consul D. H. Robinson. Middle row—E. Watts, M. Smith, G. Waite, L. Clark, D. Latchford, S. Brook, G. Athersich, M. . tthersich, /. Sheridan, D. Wilbur. Back row—A. Cobban. F. Baigent, Vice Consul R. W. Harding, Vice Consul H. C. Smith, Vice Consul M. Chilton, 3. McGovern, L. Dittman. R. Baigent 171 Indoctrination

By WILLIAM P. COCHRAN, JR., Mexico City INDOCTRINATION is a difficult word to de¬ the question, and few men with any experience in fine. The dictionary gives “to imbue with the matter will concede that it is an acceptable learning,” but this explanation is far from conclusion. In the days of Adams and Jefferson, satisfactory or complete. It means not only fur¬ full instructions for the conduct of negotiations nishing a man with facts and information, but were given to the envoys involved. Sometimes also teaching him how to use these data in his they dared exceed their written orders, but if a thinking. It means training him to utilize any sit¬ concession of major importance was involved, uation to the best advantage in furthering the it was essential to communicate with Washing¬ collective or national aim, and to do so almost ton. Thus, negotiations were lengthy and pro¬ instinctively. A man’s judgment is partly a re¬ tracted. Today, the procedure is much the same, sult of his training. If it is to be exercised prop¬ but with the telephone, telegraph and wireless, erly, it must be developed and trained properly. new instructions can lie obtained in several hours Perhaps an example will assist in defining in¬ instead of several months. The net result is to doctrination, and Lord Nelson’s name instantly speed up the process of negotiation, not to de¬ suggests itself. His subordinates were thoroughly tract from the importance of the human element. indoctrinated. Before the battle of Trafalgar, Daily, in every conference (though it be only “Nelson said that his admirals and captains, a private one between two men), there arise knowing his precise object to be that of a close seemingly small points which are unforeseen. No and decisive action, would supply any deficiency envoy can cable each of these back to Washing¬ of signals, and act accordinglyHis officers ton. Yet important principles and consequences knew his plans, his strategy and his objective. may be involved. It is therefore essential for They knew his heroic mold and understood the each man in the foreign field thoroughly to know springs of his psychology. They needed no direct and understand the basic foundations of our for¬ supervision during the engagement, as shown by eign policy, if we are not to be at a disadvantage the fact that “On the eve of the battle, Nelson had in the conduct of our affairs abroad. read from the masthead of his flagship the famous Does this apply only to those assigned to diplo¬ signal: ‘England expects every man to do his matic duty? By no means. First, a consul to¬ duty’ . . . This was Nelson’s last order.”+ He day may be a secretary tomorrow and a minis¬ had only to watch the progress of the battle, the ter later. His judgment should be trained in ad¬ development and success of his well-laid plans. vance. Second, there are countries where we have The result of his indoctrination of his subordi¬ no diplomatic representation, and the consuls ex¬ nates was the greatest naval victory in history. ercise occasional diplomatic functions. Third, Our own Admiral Dewey is another striking every consul is called upon, occasionally, to inter¬ example of proper indoctrination, for he always pret and explain his country’s policies and ac¬ decided his plans and actions by asking himself, tions, both publicly and in private discussions. “What would Faragut have done?” Finally, he is frequently faced with situations in¬ sj< i}; s}; volving possible complications of a diplomatic Is there not a need for the indoctrination of character, and should be able to handle them with Foreign Service Officers? Is this need satisfied full understanding. at present? These two questions are of para¬ Is it sufficient for the senior officers in the mount importance, for upon the answers will service to be so indoctrinated ? Hardly. I here frequently depend the proper conduct of our for¬ are many occasions when a junior is charge eign relations abroad. d’affaires of a mission or consulate. Furthermore, Do our foreign representatives need such the vice consul or secretary of today is the poten¬ training ? There can be no doubt of it. It is said tial minister of tomorrow, thanks to the Rogers today that, with the current rapid and dependable Act. means of communication, no initiative remains It is thus essential that every officer in the serv¬ to an officer in the field. This opinion, however, ice be properly trained in the bases of our foreign is based upon only a superficial examination of policies, each and every one. Foreign affairs, the * Southey, Life of Nelson, 287. Italics by author, conduct of even normal , in¬ f Library of Universal History, VII, p. 2669. Italics by mithor. volve too grave consequences to be left to chance. 172 W TmAMERteAN ~pOREIGNgERVICE JOURNAL.

Accepting the imperative need for indoctrina¬ fully appreciate this basic policy of our govern¬ tion, the next question is: Do Foreign Service ment who has not read Olney’s famous despatch Officers receive such thorough training today? It with regard to the Venezuelan controversy.) involves no criticism when one decides that the These reviews of our policies should be con¬ answer is no. cise, and as definite as possible. They could be There are four means by which such knowledge made confidential, if desired, or they could be may be gained. The first is the examinations for entirely unofficial. But the necessity for them is entrance into the Foreign Service. It is mainly undeniable. under the question of history that questions of This will mean work for somebody. The De¬ our foreign policy would fall. But the field of partment is already laboring at full speed, it is history proper, events and trends, is so wide that true. But what is more important than the train¬ no great portion of the time available can be al¬ ing of its officers to conduct its business abroad lotted to questions of our policies. In any case, to the greatest possible advantage ? a knowledge sufficient to pass the examinations would not be enough, as it is not, it can not be, based on a comprehensive understanding of the A thorough grounding in the fundamentals of gravity of negotiations, of the means for their our foreign policy is an imperative and essential conduct, or of the sources of policy. part of the equipment of every Foreign Service A second means would be the Foreign Service Officer. Present methods do not furnish him with School. Here, however, it is necessary to cover this foundation, for understandable reasons. It immigration, citizenship, passport law, accounts, should, therefore, be an early duty of the Depart¬ the tariff, shipping and seamen, and a dozen other ment to make available to its officers brief re¬ administrative subjects, in a bare six months or sumes of our national position on each of these less. The emphasis is, and has to be, placed on many questions—such as disarmament, recogni¬ routine, on details. tion, protection of citizens, the Monroe Doctrine, Thirdly, an officer may read books on interna¬ etc. The labor involved, both on the part of the tional affairs. Indeed, he certainly should. But Department and of its foreign representatives, these have no official standing. The authors are will not be incommensurate to the results which often at variance with the opinions of the Depart¬ may reasonably be expected, and some such sys¬ ment of State; and as frequently fail to appreci¬ tem is a vital necessity. ate fully the reasons for our official actions—so that this source is undependable. SUPERCHARGED AIRPLANES SPEED Finally, there is experience, which is no doubt MEXICAN TRANSPORTATION the best of all teachers. But are we to wait for Time to train our foreign representatives? Is the (From Publicity Division, International General trial and error method to be our last resort ? If Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y.) so, we are due for much grief, though it be in Mail lifted over the Andes and merchandise minor matters; for mistakes in the international “air-trucked” above the Mexican highlands have field, even though disavowed, still leave their brought transport speed to the tropics, as revealed marks. How much better to reduce these errors in Pan American commercial reports just received to a minimum by giving to our Foreign Service by the General Electric Company. Officers a basis, a foundation, on which they may A Falcon plane and a Bellanca airbus, each re¬ rely? inforced by a General Electric Co., of New York, j{t ijc jjs supercharger, have brought about these conditions. What is the remedy? Training! Can not the The plane takes mail daily and passes from 100 Department draw up a short resume of our stand degrees Fahrenheit to 40 below zero and back on the most important problems of our foreign again. This makes it imperative to supply the policy ? These reviews should avoid verbiage and pilot with extra oxygen and to give aid to the list, as simply as possible, basic principles. For engine by means of the supercharger. The airbus example, take Mr. Clark’s “Memorandum on the on each flight carries 2,700 pounds of silver ingots Monroe Doctrine.” This was not written for the from the Tayoltita airport, near Mazatlan, Mexico, purpose here in mind and is unofficial. Never¬ 240 miles to railhead at Torreon. Mountain¬ theless, it contains much that is essential. Prin¬ climbing burros, which followed miles of labori¬ ciples are clearly outlined and emphasized. The ous and circuitous route, gave way to the new remainder is historical and interpretive—covering method. A saving in time of whole days is made the applications of these principles. (No man can possible. 173 1871-1931

By LAWRENCE S. ARMSTRONG, Consul, Lisbon, Portugal IN THE process of going through the archives Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary, of the Consulate General at Lisbon in prep¬ twenty Ministers Resident, two Ministers Resi¬ aration for making out the new inventory dent and Consuls General, and fourteen secre¬ cards a Register of the Department of State cor¬ taries. In those days there were no Ambassadors rected to July 1, 1871, was found and a compari¬ and the capitals of several of the countries were son of this Register with the current volume is not the same as they are now. The Minister Res¬ both interesting and amusing. ident to Bolivia was at Cochabamba while our En¬ The full title of the early publication was “Reg¬ voy Extraordinary and Minister Resident to Italy ister of the Department of State, containing a was to be found at Florence. Nicaragua’s capital list of persons employed in the Department and was then at Leon and the Minister Resident at in the diplomatic, consular, and territorial service was accredited to both and of the United States, with maps showing where Norway. There was in addition a Minister Res¬ the Ministers and Consuls are resident abroad, ident at in the Hawaiian Islands. Tokyo also a list of the diplomatic officers and Consuls was then Yedo and of course Leningrad was St. of foreign countries resident within the United Petersburg. There was but one Minister Resi¬ States.” This edition had only one hundred and dent for both Uruguay and Paraguay, the Lega¬ eight pages, exclusive of the maps, while the 1931 tion being located in the capital of the former Register has over four hundred and fifty pages. country. The early volume, as the current issue, contains The Consular Service is listed separately and at the beginning the Organization of the Depart¬ alphabetically by countries as in the current Reg¬ ment. In 1871 only three and a quarter pages ister and there are countless offices which do not were necessary to list the officers, clerks and mis¬ appear today. The most outstanding feature is cellaneous employes as compared with twenty- the number of consular agencies—there being in one pages in 1931. The work of the Department the 1871 Register three hundred and twenty-nine was carried on in the old days by thirty-four of¬ as compared with only fifty-five in that of 1931. ficers and clerks and eighteen miscellaneous em¬ The list of countries was practically the same ployes and there is one name which was listed in as it is today with but few exceptions. The Ger¬ 1871 that still appeared in 1931—that of Edward man Empire appeared in the diplomatic list but A. Savoy, at present messenger to the Secretary neither Germany or the German Empire was of State. mentioned in the consular list. In its stead the After the “Organization of the Department of following states were each listed separately: State” came the “Rules and Regulations of the Baden. Bavaria, Hesse-Darmstadt. North Ger¬ Department of State,” dated January 3, 1871, the man Union and Wurtemberg. In these five states first paragraph of which is worth quoting: there were twenty-one consulates, fourteen ol “V.—Rules and Regulations of the Department of State. which were in the North German Union or Prus¬ “Department of State, January 3, 1871. sia, and fourteen agencies, while in all of Germany "1. The office hours of the Department are from 9.30 today there are only eleven offices. a. m.. at which hour gentlemen are expected to be at their desks, to 4 p. m.; and until such later hour as the exigency In 1871 the Barbary States were independent of the public business shall demand. A satisfactory ex¬ and there were four offices there, Tangier with planation will be required for all absences between these six agencies, Tetuan, Tripoli and Tunis with seven hours. It is expected that the reading of newspapers in agencies. Colombia in the old days had fourteen the Department will Ire dispensed with during business hours. Clerks and employes are not permitted to visit offices, one of which was at Panama, as compared each other or to receive visits during business hours. with seven today. Havre today has hut one agency Clerks or others in the Department are not to give infor¬ while sixty years ago it had seven and the com¬ mation of any of the business or correspondence of the missioned staff at Paris consisted only of one Department, or any information or advice as to any vacancies to be filled or that may be likely to occur, or Consul General and one Deputy and Vice Consul as to appointments to be made. No smoking will be General. Offices in Great Britain and Dominions allowed in any parts of the building that are free to the covered five pages and there were well over one public.” hundred agencies, more than double the number One page alone sufficed to list the members of in the service today. London had a staff of of¬ the Diplomatic Service which consisted of forty- ficers similar to that at Paris. The Consulate at nine officers divided as follows: thirteen Envoys Pictou, N. S., had under it nine agencies, more 174 than any other office in the British Empire hut hut five consulates and no agencies as compared neither Pictou nor any of its agencies are men¬ with nine offices and twenty-six agencies in 1871, tioned in the 1931 Register. Hamilton, Ontario, Oporto alone having ten of the latter. In Spain had two agencies with old world names, London and its dominions sixty years ago there were and Paris. In 1871 there were two offices in the twenty offices including a Consulate General at Hawaiian Islands, one at Honolulu and one at and consulates at Manila, San Juan, Hilo, and Italy had considerably more offices in Santiago de Cuba and Trinidad de Cuba hut there the old days than it has now. Sixty years ago was no consular office at Madrid. Turkey, which there were fifteen consular offices and fourteen now has only two consulates, boasted fourteen agencies in Italy while today there are no agencies in 1871, including Alexandria, Beirut, , and twelve consulates. Seven of the old offices Cairo, Cyprus, Jerusalem, and Port Said, all of are no longer in existence while Trieste which in which are listed under different countries today. 1931 appears under Italy was in 1871 under Beirut was then a Consulate General and had Austria. Sixty years ago the Consulate General under it twelve agencies. With reference to agen¬ was at Florence with Milan and Turin as agen¬ cies, there were four offices having seven each, cies. Gallipoli was an agency under Brindisi and Pictou had nine, Oporto ten, while Beirut headed Catania occupied a similar position in relation to the list with a dozen, two of these being Tyre and Messina together with Gioja and Siracusa. The Sidon. These seven offices accounted for fifty- consulate at Naples had agencies at Castelamare nine which is more than there are throughout the and Salerno. Palermo had agencies at Girgenti, Service today. In 1871 there were hut twelve Licata, Marsala and Trapani while Rome had one Consulates General, these with the salaries of the at Civita Vecchia. officers in charge being shown below: Mexico had eight more offices in 1871 than in London $7,500 1931 and the Consulate General was then at Tam¬ Havana 6.000 pico. Portugal and its possessions in 1931 had (Continued on pane 204)

GUESTS AT A LUNCHEON GIVEN BY THE AMERICAN AMBASSADOR TO MAJOR GENERAL FRANK C MrCOY OF THE COMMISSION OF INQUIRY, .MARCH 4, 1932, WHILE THE COMMISSION WAS IN TOKYO EN ROUTE TO CHINA Back row, left to right—Hiram Bingham, Jr., Third Secretary; Lieutenant Thomas G. Cranford, Jr., Assistant Military Attache; Laurence E. Salisbury, Second Secretary, zvho in October teas sent to Manchuria to report on the conflict there; Lieutenant Biddle, Aide to General McCoy; S. Walter Washington, Third Secretary; Lieuten¬ ant Commander Frans B. Mclendy, Assistant Naval Attache; William S. Dozed, Assistant Commercial Attache; Leo D. Sturgeon, Consul Front roiv, left to right—William T. Turner, Third Secretary; Lieutenant Colonel James G. Mcllroy, Military Attache • Arthur Carrels, Consul General: Edwin L. Neville, Counselor of Embassy; Ambassador Forbes; Gen¬ eral McCoy; Captain Isaac C. Johnson. Jr.. Naval Attache; Halleck A. Butts. Commercial Attache; Thomas M. Wilson. Foreign Service Inspector 175 Igp rfHE^MERICANpOKEIGN gERYICE JOURNAL

TEN YEARS AGO FOREIGN S JOURNAL From issue of May, 1922

( Vni. IX MAY, 1932 Surgeon General Cumming told the BUL¬ LETIN readers in a very interesting way how

PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY AMERICAN FOREIGN the Public Health Service guards the public SERVICE ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. health in cooperation with the Consular Service. In looking backward, General Gum¬ The American Foreign Service Journal is published monthly by the American Foreign Service Association, and is distributed ming told of methods of quarantine and dis¬ by the Association to its members gratis. The Journal is also open to private subscription in the United States and abroad infection that had been discarded; it would at the rate of $U.OO a year, or 85 cents a copy, payable to the be interesting to learn what the develop¬ American Foreign Service Journal, care Department of State, Washington, D. C. ments of the past ten years have been! Copyright, 1932. by the American Foreign Service Association.

Sewell Ford’s classic story “Truegate of The American Foreign Mogador,” (illustrated by Newman Sud- duth, appeared in that issue. You may re¬ Service Association member how Squire Freedom Truegate, ap¬ Honorary President pointed American Consul, left on the door HF.NRY L. STIMSON Secretary of State of his law office in Cedarton, N. J., the notice “Gone to Mogador, North Africa; Honorary Vice-Presidents may lie back in a few years”; and then, al¬ W. R. CASTLE, JR Undersecretary of State ways garbed in a black worsted suit and a WILBUR J. CARR Assistant Secretary of State black derby to uphold the dignity of the FRANCIS WI-IITE Assistant Secretary of State United States, he sat day by day under the JAMES GRAFTON ROGERS Assistant Secretary of State HARVEY H. BUNDY Assistant Secretary of State shadow of the flag by his house on the edge of the desert. Gradually he won the respect and good will of the desert chiefs, who came President and sat in silent communion with “the Wise- GEORGE S. MESSERSMITH Vice-President Faced One who dwelt under the Banner of EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Night and Dawn” and “kept cool bottles of HOMER M. BYINGTON, Chairman; HERSCHEL V. JOHN¬ fizzy stuff in a well,” until finally the day SON, Vice Chairman; PIERRE DE L. BOAL; ORME came when he rescued a captured American WILSON; and WALTER A. FOOTE missionary over whom the United States Alternates: was going wild with excitement. “Truegate, HORACE LEE WASHINGTON GEORGE TAIT alone, single-handed, independently of Sul¬ tans or warships, or European monarchies,

MAXWELL M. HAMILTON had turned the trick!” lie was rewarded Secretary-Treasurer of the Association with a nomination to Congress, so the story ran. Entertainment Committee: A. DANA HODGDON, Chairman; PETER H. A. FLOOD and H. FREEMAN MATTHEWS Portraits of William Phillips and Leland Harrison, then recently appointed Assistant JOURNAL STAFF Secretaries of State, appeared in the issue. AUGUSTUS E. INGRAM Editor JAMES B. STEWART Consulting Editor WALTER A. FOOTE Associate Editor Shelby F. Strother contributed an article MARSHALL M. VANCE Business Manager CLAYSON W. ALDRIDGE Treasurer of Journal entitled “The Work at Ellis Island.” and Maxwell K. Moorhead, Consul at Nantes,

The American Foreign Service Association is an unofficial and described his system of filing trade news, voluntary association embracing most of the members of The live statistics and timely clippings. Foreign Service of the United States. It was formed for the purpose of fostering esprit de corps among the members of the Foreign Service, to strengthen service spirit and to establish a center around which might be grouped the united efforts of its members for the improvement of the Service. 176 SECRETARY and Mrs. Stimson, accompanied Foreign Office. M. Tardieu, President of the bv Mr. Allan T. Klots, Special Assistant to Council of Ministers of France, gave a luncheon the Secretary; Capt. E. A. Regnier, Aide to to the Secretary in Paris the same day and the the Secretary; and Mrs. George A. Morlock, em¬ party left for Geneva on the night train. barked on the lie de France on Friday, , to attend the General Disarmament Conference at Geneva. The lion. Frank B. Kellogg, now a member of The Secretary made it clear before his de¬ the Permanent Court for International Justice, parture that he was not going to Geneva to replace called recently at the Department to renew old Ambassador Hugh S. Gibson as Chairman of the acquaintances. Mr. Kellogg, who looked the pic¬ American Delegation, but on the contrary, that ture of good health and who said he had never he was going to assist Mr. Gibson and the other felt better in his life, sailed for Europe also on members of our delegation in their efforts to the lie de France. achieve another step forward on the long and difficult road to definite reduction or limitation of armaments. Secretary Stimson has long been Hon. Norman H. Davis, formerly Under Sec¬ of the opinion that the reduction or limitation of retary of State and now a member of the Ameri¬ armaments, especially those weapons of aggres¬ can Delegation to the General Disarmament Con¬ sive warfare, would go far to remove the constant ference, called recently at the Department to fear of invasion or aggression which now weighs discuss matters concerning the conference. Mr. down men’s hearts and would also go far to re¬ Davis returned to Geneva on the lie de France duce budgetary burdens which are definitely re¬ with the Secretary. tarding or preventing the economic recovery of the world. Mr. Stimson is also of the opinion that this desirable end can be achieved only by a Mr. Allen W. Dulles, formerly of the diplo¬ series of steps. In other words, disarmament or matic service, who has recently been appointed the limitation of armaments can be achieved only Legal Adviser to the American Delegation at by a process of evolution. Geneva, sailed for Europe on April 8 on the lie In spite of the pessimistic predictions by the de France. opponents of this and other similar conferences that no substantial agreements can possibly be reached at Geneva, the fact is that the world to- Hon. Francis White, Assistant Secretary of dav is in a more receptive mood for disarmament State, delivered an address at Mt. Vernon on than ever before. All of the delegations at Geneva , 1932, when the Governing Board of the have voiced a sincere desire to accomplish the Pan-American Union deposited a wreath on the purpose of the conference and no nation would be tomb of Washington in celebration of Pan- willing to shoulder the onus of failure. American Day. After assuring his audience how For this high and worthy purpose, Secretary deeply the Government and the people of the Stimson, in spite of his weakened condition which United States appreciated the tribute then paid followed a severe attack of influenza, has gone to to the memory of Washington, Mr. White said Geneva to put his shoulder to the wheel to en¬ that the ideals for which Washington struggled deavor to accomplish one more forward step. have so much in common with those of the found¬ The Secretary’s party disembarked at Le Havre ers of the other republics of America that we on the morning of , where they were met feel that tribute was being paid at the same time by Ambassador Edge and Mr. Robert Pell, of the to that great company of patriots to whom we owe Embassy at Paris, and by officials of the French the existence of the free nations of this continent. 177 Although we can never hope to repay the debt Koran hut never Western subjects. They abol¬ which we owe to them, we can show our devotion ished the fez, symbol of the old regime. Women to the ideals for which they struggled, by con¬ were allowed to take part in national affairs as stantly emphasizing and fostering the common in other nations. They adopted the Latin alpha¬ interests of the American republics and develop¬ bet and numerals, and also foreign (Italian, ing in every possible way the spirit of cooperation German and Swiss) civil codes, adapting those and mutual helpfulness which happily exists be¬ codes to the needs of the republic. tween them. In connection with the friendly relations Turkey has now established with all its neighbors, Mr. The celebration of Pan-American Day in Wash¬ Grew also told how Angora is developing on na¬ ington was brought to a conclusion with a concert tional lines and is rapidly becoming a city of up- of Latin-American music in the Hall of the to-date hotels, apartment houses and government Americas in the Pan-American Union. Mme. buildings. When the Turks are asked why they Aida Doninelli, of Guatemala, the noted soprano do not do more in the way of publicity as'to the of the Metropolitan Opera Company, was the work they are doing, their reply is that they have principal artist, and a delightful program was neither the time nor the money for that, but were also given by the United Service Orchestra, com¬ pushing ahead with their improvements as well posed of 110 musicians of the United States Army as they could and would let the world judge them Band, the Marine Band and the Navy Band. Mrs. by the results. , with a number of dinner guests, Mr. and Mrs. Grew, after spending some time attended the concert; and there was also a bril¬ in Washington, left for Boston, their old home liant assembly of foreign diplomats, officials and and the present home of Mrs. Crew's mother, others. Mrs. Thomas Sargent Perry. They will return’ to Washington before sailing for japan, which will give Mr. Grew an opportunity to confer with Hon. Joseph C. Grew, retiring Ambassador to Mr. W. Cameron Forbes, the retiring Ambassa¬ Turkey and newly appointed Ambassador to dor to Japan, who is on his way* to \\ ashington. Japan, while visiting Washington gave an inter¬ It is interesting to note that Mrs. Grew spent her esting talk at the press conference in the Depart¬ early life in Japan, while her father was professor ment on , 1932, on the recent radical of English at one of the imperial universities. changes in Turkey. Mr. Grew said that the She is also a lineal descendant of Commodore Turks had many admirable qualities that are not Perry, who opened Japan to the world. appreciated unless one lives among them—quali¬ ties of loyalty, strong friendship, and deep senti¬ Assistant Secretary Harvey H. Bundy was by ment. As an example of their loyalty, Mr. Grew Departmental Order of , 1932. made a mentioned R. A. Wallace Treat, Diplomatic Sec¬ member of the Board of Foreign Service Person¬ retary, who died on , 1929, at Teheran. nel. The constitution of the Board now is as Mr. Treat was formerly at Angora, where as follows: Mr. Wilbur J. Carr, Assistant Secretary 1 hird Secretary he got the confidence of all with of State, who shall be Chairman and have super¬ whom he came in contact from the Prime Minister vision ovei the Division of Foreign Service Per¬ down; and when the news came there of his un¬ sonnel; Mr. James Grafton Rogers, Assistant timely death genuine sorrow was felt, many in¬ Secretary of State; Mr. Harvey H. Bundy, As¬ deed actually weeping. sistant Secretary of State. An incorrect impression of Turkey has pre¬ vailed in America, as probably elsewhere, but Mr. Clinton E. MacEachran, Chief Clerk and Ad¬ Grew drew attention to the remark made by Czar ministrative Assistant, Department of State, has Nicholas I to the British Ambassador in'1853: been busy lately trying to rearrange some of the “We have a sick man on our hands and he is office space in the State Department Building. In likely to die at any minute.” But today we see order to provide adequate office room for As¬ Czardom dead and Turkey very much alive. sistant Secretary Harvey H. Bundv, his offices 1 urkey realized that it was necessary to west¬ have been moved to Rooms 282-4. on the second ernize her institutions, so at the outset of the floor, adjoining the offices of Assistant Secretary revolution they resolutely made radical changes. W ilbur J. Carr. At the same time the offices of They abolished the capitulations, the Sultanate the Legal Adviser and his staff have been moved and the Caliphate. They abolished the old re¬ into the rooms on the second floor on both sides ligious schools where the students learned the of the east corridor, beyond General Pershing’s 178 office. The Division of International Conferences per annum, while the average annual leave taken was consequently moved to the third floor, in the is only 24.7 days. In a table of the various exec¬ northeast corner of the building. A conference utive departments, the average in the State De¬ room has also been provided on the second floor, partment is shown as 22 days’ annual leave and Room 277. across from Mr. Carr’s offices, and four days’ sick leave, practically the lowest of will be undoubtedly of much service, as its any of the departments. quietude and its furnishings are ideal for com¬ mittee or conference meetings. Dr. Frederic Webster Goding, formerly Consul General at Guayaquil, Ecuador, who is now re¬ Miss Blanche V'. Rule, Assistant Chief of the cuperating at his home in Livermore Falls. Maine, Division of Coordination and Review, Department from his recent illness, has recently been honored of State, and Capt. John Halla, U. S. M. C., were for his work in genealogical and historical research married in New York City on , 1932. It by inclusion in the list of the leading active genea¬ is understood that this is a romance that com¬ logical researchers in the LTnited States issued by menced in London during the Naval Conference the Institute of American Genealogy of Chicago. in January, 1930. Such recognition brings Dr. Goding into profes¬ sional contact with genealogists in the United An oral examination of subordinates in the States and foreign countries, and will enable him American Foreign Service for admission to the to expand the scope of his work very materially. career service was held in the Department of State on , 1932. Eight were examined, but only one was successful, namely, Duncan M. White, James H. Goodier, formerly of the American American Vice Consul at Prague. Foreign Service, has, as wall be seen from his ad¬ vertisement in this issue, resumed the private Frederic William Wile had the following items practice of law in New York City. Mr. Goodier in his “Washington Observations” in a recent entered the Service in 1912, being appointed Con¬ issue of The Washington Star: sul at Tahiti, and thereafter serving at Niagara Princeton University has raided the American Foreign Falls, La Rochelle, Palma de Mallorca, Almeria, Service for the third time during the past couple of years. Kingston (Ontario), Charlottetown, and Cornwall It has just drafted Dr. Dana G. Munro, United States Minister to Haiti, as professor of Latin American history (Ontario). He resigned in February, 1922, and and affairs. Dr. Munro was formerly chief of the Latin went to Buenos Aires as branch manager for the American Division at the State Department. His father is already a member of the Princeton faculty. DeWitt United Artists Corporation, the motion picture Clinton Poole left the Foreign Service with the rank of company formed by Mary Pickford, Douglas Counselor of Embassy in 1930 to become the head of Fairbanks, Charles Chaplin, and D. W. Griffith; Princeton’s new College of Public Affairs. Last year Tyler Dennett resigned as historical adviser of the State later he entered the foreign department of the Department to joint the history faculty at Old Nassau. Paramount Pictures Corporation. Thereafter he ****** resigned and re-entered upon the practice of law Now that Comptroller General McCarl has acquired the diplomatic service as his latest enemy, by disallowing the in New York City. On March 15, 1932, he ter¬ costs of private telephones in the homes of Ambassadors minated an association of a year and a half with and Ministers, he may incite some of the constitutional the legal staff of Judge Samuel Seabury, investi¬ lawyers with which the service bristles to agitate for his removal. The autocrat of expense accounts holds office gating the government of the City of New York, under a 15-year appointment expiring in 1936. Lawyers and certain of its courts. Mr. Goodier has main¬ contend that, according to a contemporary Supreme Court decision, the President's right to appoint carries with it tained a lively personal interest in the Foreign the right to remove. One of these days somebody whom Service, in which he counts a number of friends McCarl has irked may try to get Mr. Hoover (or Mr. and acquaintances. His brother, Consul Harvey Roosevelt) to pry the Comptroller General loose from his job. T. Goodier, is now' stationed at Vancouver, B. C.

A statement issued by the League of the Ameri¬ can Civil Service, in regard to the proposal that Marcus R. Nikkanen, clerk at the American Civil Service employes forfeit their customary Consulate, Helsingsfors, Finland, who is the vacation in addition to an enforced furlough, Finnish champion figure skater, was placed showed that the average sick leave taken by Civil fourth in the figure skating at the Olympic Service employes in Washington is only 7.05 days Games at Lake Placid, N. Y., early this vear. 179 Important Announcement APPROPRIATIONS In an effort to balance the budget, the utmost propose a reduction in salaries of approximately economy is now necessary in all Government ex¬ 10 per cent. penditures. Appropriations for all departments and offices of the Government are being cut dras¬ tically by Congress. The following letter will show the strong plea made against reduction of the State Depart¬ In submitting its budget for the fiscal year end¬ ment’s appropriation : ing June 30, 1933, for the Department, Foreign DEPARTMENT or STATE, Service and international commissions, the De¬ Washington, March 31, 1932. partment, in compliance with the wishes of the The Hon. Wesley L. Jones, Chairman, Committee on Appropriations, President, omitted nearly $1,000,000 estimated by United States Senate. the various offices in the Department and the field. MY DEAR SENATOR: I have your letter of March 23, The Bureau of the Budget further reduced the es¬ 1932, stating that the bill making appropriations for the Department of State has been recommitted to the Senate timates over a million dollars. The House of Rep¬ Committee on Appropriations, with instructions to re¬ resentatives made a further reduction of approxi¬ duce by 10 percent the aggregate of the appropriations mately one and a half million, and the Senate com¬ contained in the bill as it passed the House of Repre¬ sentatives. You state that the reduction called for from mittee has reported the appropriation bill with a this Department is $1,519,214.83, and you are good enough further reduction of a million and a half. to ask my advice as to where this reduction can most The principal reductions as carried in the wisely be made. I thank you for your consideration. As I had occasion Senate bill as they affect the Foreign Service are to write you on the 25th of February, I fully appreciate shown below: the necessity of reducing appropriations under present conditions as far as may be done without injury to the 1932 Senate public interest. In submitting its budget for 1933, this Appropria- Proposal Department had already reduced its estimates by nearly tion $1,000,000 below the amounts which those in immediate Salaries, Foreign Service Officers. .$3,373,000 $3,075,000 charge of its several activities had recommended as neces¬ Clerks, Foreign Service 2,716,438 2,365,438 sary. In collaboration with the Bureau of the Budget a Contingent Ex., Foreign Missions.. 912,760 750,000 further reduction of over a million dollars was made. Contingent Expenses, Consulates .. 905,931 700,000 The House of Representatives made a still further reduc¬ Transportation 518,000 450,000 tion of $1,490,923.56. The Senate now proposed another Rent, heat, fuel and light 2,067,709 1,800,000 reduction of $1,519,214.83, which, if adopted, would re¬ U. S. Court for China 41,650 35,000 duce the appropriations for this Department below the Budget estimates by $3,010,138.19, or 18 percent. At the present writing (April 26, 1932) it is The discussion in the Senate before the vote was taken impossible to forecast what the outcome will be to direct the proposed reduction in the appropriations for or whether the reductions proposed by the Sen¬ this Department showed no appreciation of the seriousness of the questions involved in our foreign relations at the ate will be final. Similar reductions have been present time or of the magnitude of the task of dealing made in the Interior Department appropriation with them. Moreover, some of the remarks seemed to imply that the increased cost of carrying on our foreign which passed Congress a few days ago and like relations has arisen from activities initiated by the De¬ reductions are at present pending in all other ap¬ partment itself. The responsibilities of this Department propriation bills for other Departments of the are not of its own creation. On the contrary, they arise out of the disturbed political and economic conditions in Government now before Congress. the world. Except during the Great War those condi¬ In addition, there are pending in the two houses tions are more serious now than they have been at any of Congress special measures contemplating the time in recent years. During the past three years there have been not less than 13 successful revolutions in Latin- suspension of all automatic pay increases, discon¬ American countries, resulting in changes in government, tinuance of Saturday half holiday, and the reduc¬ and 31 attempted revolutions. There have been changes and attempts to bring about changes in Europe. In the tion of salaries of all officers and employes of the lar East there have been for some time past conditions Government, from July 1, which latter is being of grave disturbance, namely, banditry, labor unrest, dis¬ considered in connection with alternate proposals ruption of transportation facilities, and destruction of human life and property. In all of these countries are discontinuing all annual leave with pay and pro¬ American citizens and American property of one kind viding for compulsory leave of absence of thirty or another. Every governmental upheaval creates new questions between the United States and the foreign gov¬ days without pay. The pay cut measures generally ernment concerned. Situations arise which seriously affect 180 the rights of our citizens, the protection of their property, activity. There are no such activities in the Department and even their lives. Americans having business or prop¬ of State provided for in the bill. Of the total appropria¬ erty in certain foreign countries are faced with compli¬ tion of $15,192,148.33 carried in the bill as it passed the cated problems arising out of the economic depression, House $9,409,773 is for salaries in the Department and such as the imposition of new taxes, restraints upon the Foreign Service, $1,034,276.12 is for expenditures re¬ transfer of their funds to the United States, and many quired by treaties and acts of Congress, and over $900,000 other difficulties. Furthermore, throughout these situa¬ is required for the annual cost of rentals of Diplomatic tions there are principles of great potential importance and Consular offices under existing leases, leaving only to our people that must be carefully safeguarded. $3,848,099.21 for other expenses, which latter sum is more The responsibility for affording such protection as than reimbursed to the Government from approximately may properly be given to Americans and their interests $4,000,000 in Consular and passport fees paid into the in these unsettled conditions rests upon the Executive, and Treasury. they can be discharged only if this Department and the Rather than to attempt to bring about the desired Foreign Service are maintained on a Basis of adequate economies by general reductions in the appropriations strength. However great the necessity may be to econo¬ which would impair the efficiency and morale of the entire mize in public expenditure—and I am heartily in sym¬ departmental and Foreign Service organization and make pathy with the efforts being made by the President and effective work more difficult, the interests of the Govern¬ Congress to that end—it seems to me indefensible to carry ment would, in my opinion, suffer less by temporarily those economies so far that they impair the necessary closing some 12 embassies and legations and 15 consulates strength and efficiency of this Department at a time when, in certain countries and places where that can be done as is well known, the world is in an abnormal condition without irretrievable damage to American interests, dis¬ and the task of protecting the interests of our people pensing with the services of the Ambassadors, Ministers, abroad calls for a maximum of effort. and Consuls there and placing the care of our interests It must he remembered that the Department of State is in such countries with our representatives in near-by one of the most difficult in which to make retrenchment countries. Some 100 or more American clerks might be for the following reasons : dispensed with and their places filled by foreign clerks at 1. Its appropriation is the smallest made for any execu¬ lower salaries. tive department, except one. In order that these and other savings, to the amount 2. It will be engaged in no construction work in 193.1 indicated in your letter, may be made, it is essential that which can temporarily he suspended. the several appropriations be converted into a single fund 3. Almost all of its appropriation is expended for so as to permit the utmost flexibility of expenditure. To salaries at home and abroad and the necessary support of this end I would suggest that the following proviso he its agents in all parts of the world. added at the end of that part of the bill relating to the In some departments of the Government it might be Department of State: feasible to make a saving of 10 percent through the tem¬ “The aggregate sum appropriated under the foregoing porary suspension of construction work or some similar heads shall be available to the Secretary of State as a

Underwood & Underwood Andrew Melton, former Secretary of the Treasury and recently appointed American Ambassador to the Court of St. James at London, with members of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, March 25, 1932. Front row, left to right—Representative Temple, Mr. Mellon, Representative Linthicum, chairman, and Mrs. Ruth Bryan Owen 181 lump sum for expenditure in such manner as lie may be reduced as proposed this appropriation be omitted as deem proper for all or any of the purposes specified in part of the reduction which the Senate desires to make. the several appropriation items as well as for expenditures The foregoing conveys as clearly as I can express it in connection with the discontinuance of embassies, lega¬ how the economies desired by the Senate can be made in tions, and consular offices, and providing otherwise for this Department and the consequences of making them. the discharge of their functions without, however, in¬ Very sincerely yours, creasing any salary fixed by law.” HEXHV L. STIMSON. If the economies indicated in your letter are imperative, it is believed that this proviso, by virtually converting the The following provisions in the economy bill several appropriations into a lump sum, would enable that introduced in the House of Representatives may sum to be so administered as to bring about the required reduction in expenditures without unduly impairing that be of interest. One such is to the effect that no part of our Foreign Service which is most vital to our person holding a civilian office or position in the Government at this time, lessening the hardship resulting United States may receive in addition retired pay from discontinuance of offices and making possible the on account of service as a commissioned officer in giving of due notices in connection with termination of any of the services mentioned in the pay adjust¬ existing contracts. ment act of 1922 at a rate in excess of an amount As you are aware, the United States is obligated by treaty to participate in the Pan American and radio con¬ which, when combined with the annual rate of ferences, for the expenses of which appropriations are compensation for such civilian office or position, carried in the bill. Notwithstanding the importance to makes the total amount from both sources more American interests of our participation in those confer¬ than $3,000. Should the retired pay equal or ex¬ ences, it is my judgment that as between participating in ceed $3,000 per annum, the person affected by this these conferences at the cost of $170,000 and making a reduction of that amount in the appropriations for the provision may elect to take either the retired pay Foreign Service, this Government should decline to par¬ or the annual compensation of his civilian posi¬ ticipate in those conferences and the amount proposed to tion. The provision is not intended to apply to be appropriated for that participation should be applied officers on the Emergency officers’ retired list against the required reductions in the bill. created by the act of , 1928, and shall The Congress has authorized an appropriation of $50,000 as a contribution to the expenses of entertaining the not apply to any person retired on account of dis¬ French Veterans of the World War at a meeting to ability incurred in line of duty. which they have been invited by the American Legion, Another provision is that in cases where it is and that amount is carried in the bill under discussion. necessary to drop personnel, married persons liv¬ If the making of that appropriation involves the sacrifice ing with husband or wife, both employed in the of a like amount necessary to maintain the essential ma¬ chinery for carrying on our foreign relations, I can see Government service, shall Ire considered first in no justification for making it, and would, therefore, sug¬ such reduction of personnel by discontinuing the gest that if the appropriations for this Department are to services of one.

FRONT VIEW OF THE NEW EMBASSY AND CONSULATE GENERAL BUILDING, TOKYO (Occupied November 30, 1931.) The residence is visible at the upper left 182 are also many difficult problems in “place geog¬ raphy,” in determining the quota to which an im¬ migrant is chargeable, the area to which an un¬ desirable alien is deportable, or the consular dis¬ trict within which a town is located. When there is an acute disturbance abroad, as in Shanghai re¬ cently, maps must be supplied to the various of¬ fices which are interested. From time to time maps and charts are compiled and drafted to meet specific needs of the Department. Finally, the Geographer represents the Department on cer¬ tain inter-departmental boards in which the in¬ terests in geography and map-making on the part of Government bureaus and establishments are coordinated. One of the most useful services which the of¬ fice performs involves what has sometimes been called “geographical sleuthing,” in solving puzzling- addresses in foreign countries. A foreign-born citizen or inhabitant of the United States, for ex¬ ample, may write to the Department, or perhaps to a member of Congress, concerning a relative or some property in a portion of Europe in which Underwood & Underwood. boundaries have recently changed. The address SAMUEL W. BOGGS may be given in terms of pre-war rather than Geographer of the Department of State post-war geography, and may Ire misspelled and incomplete. By way of illustration, it is found THE OFFICE OF THE GEOGRAPHER that the post-war equivalent of “Avasfelsofalu, The Office of the Geographer, as it is now Szatmar, Hungary,” is “Negresti, Satu-Mare, Ru¬ called, owes its existence chiefly to the fact that mania.” Many of the most perplexing of such the Department of State acquired many thousands problems in “place-name” geography, which are of maps for use at the Paris Conference in 1919- received not only by the various divisions in the 1920. and needed someone to take care of them Department of State, but also by the Veterans and to gather and make readily available all per¬ Bureau, the Bureau of Naturalization, and other tinent information concerning recent territorial departments and establishments, and by members changes in Europe and elsewhere. of Congress, are ultimately referred to the Office In the decade and more since the office was cre¬ of the Geographer. A special reference library ated, the work has steadily increased in diversity, has been built up for use in this type of work, importance, and volume. Although one of the with the efficient cooperation of Foreign Service smaller units of the Department, it is one of the officers in many countries. most interesting. There are now seven persons Boundaries are constant trouble-makers be¬ employed in the office, most of whom have had tween nations, and the Department must be in¬ special training and experience in geography, in formed concerning all important causes of inter¬ map compilation and drafting, or in library national friction of this character. While the science. The office now comprises one of the various regional or so-called “geographical divi¬ units of the Office of the Historical Adviser, con¬ sions” of the Department are concerned with the cerning which an article appeared in the Decem¬ political aspects of boundary disputes and diffi¬ ber, 1931, issue of THE FOREIGN SERVICE culties, there is need of a geographical and his¬ JOURNAL. torical study of such boundaries in a single office. Specific boundary studies, and the general study CHARACTER AND SCOPE OF THE WORK of the principles of boundary-making, are car¬ The geographical aspects of all types of prob¬ ried on in the Office of the Geographer. lems are referred to the Office of the Geographer The delimitation of territorial waters consti¬ —boundary questions, the delimitation of terri¬ tutes a related problem on which the Geographer torial waters, the sovereignty of islands, immigra¬ is called upon to assist when such matters are tion quota problems, and other matters. There under consideration in the Department. 183 Problems relating to possessions and territorial in the western hemisphere or in the Far East), sovereignty, usually concerning islands, are in part if the Immigration Act were amended in some geographical and in part legal. The non-legal manner which is momentarily under consideration. elements of such matters are usually referred to The Geographer is the Department’s repre¬ the Geographer of the Department. sentative on the United States Geographic Board, Having gathered maps and textual data relating and for several years has been chairman of the to territorial changes, the Office of the Geographer executive committee of the Board and chairman was called upon to furnish information to the of the committee on foreign geographic names. Bureau of the Census on the basis of which the The numerous changes in geographic names since data relating to foreign-born and children of for¬ the World War have harassed the editorial of¬ eign-born in the 1930 census enumeration were fices of the various departments of the Govern¬ classified. The Geographer has furnished similar ment. The committee on foreign names has re¬ information to the other departments upon re¬ cently completed for the Geographic Board its quest in so far as it was practicable to do so. First Report on Foreign Geographic Names, The maps in the Department’s map collection which will soon be published. This report con¬ are unusually varied, being in many languages tains an analysis of the theoretical and practical and covering many types of subject matter. The problems involved in spelling foreign geographic difficulties of cataloging the maps were found to names from many languages, and “decisions” re¬ be great. A map cataloging technique has been lating to more than two thousand foreign names, evolved, with the help of the map librarian, who with numerous cross-references. is trained in library science. The Department’s On the Board of Surveys and Maps of the Fed¬ map cataloging manual, although mimeographed eral Government the Geographer is the State De¬ only at the present time, is regarded by librarians partment’s representative, and is chairman of the as a valuable contribution to library science, and Committee on the International Map of the World. is already in demand by libraries throughout the The Assistant Geographer, as alternate repre¬ United States and in several foreign countries. sentative, is a member of other committees of the INTERDEPARTMENTAL BOARDS AND COMMITTEES Board. MAP-MAKING Probably the most difficult problem which has been assigned to the Geographer had to do with The Department has recently added a map the determination of the national origin immi¬ series to its publications, and has published three gration quotas which are now in effect. The de¬ maps in recent months. The map of Manchuria termination of the quotas was made by a com¬ was in the course of preparation during a period mittee of six, consisting of two representatives of two years and was, fortunately, completed at each from the Departments of State, Commerce, an opportune time. and Labor. The statistical studies were made by Probably only a few readers of THE FOREIGN the Assistant Director of the Census, who was SERVICE JOURNAL realize how a map of this char¬ chairman of the committee. But adjustments in acter is made. Imagine a large plain sheet of the statistics were necessary, particularly those re¬ white paper, and an instruction to make a map of lating to the foreign-born and the children of for¬ Manchuria showing all railways and the principal eign-born, for the various United States censuses, motor roads. There is no map which shows all from the earliest date to 1920. For example, railways up-to-date to copy from, none which since statistics under the heading “Germany” re¬ spells geographic names acceptably, none which lated to different areas in 1860, 1880, and 1920, shows political boundaries with convincing author¬ it was necessary to recast the statistics for each ity, and no two maps which agree in the locations decade in terms of the political geography of 1929. of cities and towns. These adjustments were all made by the Geog¬ Information must be sought from all reliable rapher of the Department of State on the basis of sources, both in map and text form. It is neces¬ geographical and historical data of both Ameri¬ sary also to choose a map projection and compute can and foreign sources. That study, which ex¬ measurements for all parallels and meridians, and tended over a period of three years, in which the to decide upon the scales for drafting and for Assistant Geographer did most effective research, printing. The compilation of a map (not to be brought together data which are now utilized from confused with drafting, although the result is at time to time, incidentally, in answering questions least a sketch map, as accurate in detail as pos¬ of members of Congress and others as to what sible but often roughly lettered) is a specialized would lie the quota of this or that country (usually type of research, requiring resourcefulness, pa- 184 tience, and the exercise of independent judgment. able to answer many of the questions immediately, As is indicated on the map of Manchuria, it was often while an inquirer is still on the telephone. compiled principally from Chinese, Japanese, and Much time has been expended on projects which Russian maps, and from unpublished textual simplify the work not only in the Office of the sources—many of which were supplemented by Geographer but also in other offices. For ex¬ sketch maps. When the composite compilation is ample, a new section, compiled by the Geographer, completed and approved, separate drawings are is being added in the “Foreign Service List” for made for the various printing plates, and the in¬ April, 1932, which comprises an alphabetical list dex is made. Seeing the map through the press of countries and of their provincial divisions, and requires careful proof-reading, as in hook pub¬ gives their allocation to consular districts; it is lishing, with added regard for color work. believed that this section will quickly answer many The map of Foreign Service Posts, which has consular district questions without the necessity been distributed to all diplomatic and consular of consulting an atlas or gazetteer, or of making a offices, was photo-lithographically reduced from a request on the office of the Geographer. Work on nine-foot wall map which was prepared last De- the Geographic Board’s report on foreign geo¬ cember in response to a request of the House Ap¬ graphic names likewise simplifies the work in propriations Committee. A pair of small world other offices. Similarly, it was found necessary to maps was compiled and published last summer for initiate and cooperate in the preparation of speci¬ the use of the Undersecretary of State in connec¬ fications for the description of tracts of land for tion with a Fourth of July address on the Monroe use in drafting Executive orders and proclama¬ Doctrine. Other maps for publication are in the tions, which took the form of a manual published course of preparation. Many maps are compiled by the Board of Surveys and Maps. simply to illustrate memoranda which ultimately An increasing proportion of time and effort is go into the files. being devoted to the more significant services in the field of political geography: studies relating to THE TREND OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE W'ORK specific boundaries and to the principles and the An effort is constantly being made to reduce the technique of boundary-making, the delimitation time involved in responding to routine questions of territorial waters, and the bearing of the basic of “place geography,’' and to requests for maps. facts of physical and economic geography on the With the present facilities an assistant is now development of foreign policy.

Harris & Ewing FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICERS’ TRA1 N1NG SCHOOL, CLASS OF APRIL, 1932 Front roiv, left to right—Homer M. Byington, Wilbur J. Carr, James Grafton Rogers, James B. Stewart. Second row—Reginald S. Kasanjian, William C. Affeld, Walter C. Dowling, Ernest de W. Mayer, Cecil Lyon, Nathaniel Lancaster, Elbridge Durbrow. Third row—Theodore J. Hohenthal, W. Leonard Parker, Overtoil G. Ellis, /*. Russell Engdahl, Leslie G. Mayer, Joseph E. Newton, and Douglas Jenkins, Jr. 185 News Items From The Field

PARIS Jarvis is taking home leave after a strenuous , 1932. period of service at Calcutta. Vice Consul John B. Faust is the most recent CONSUL WM. E. DL COUKCV. addition to the staff of the Consulate General. He has taken a villa at Neuilly, just outside of Paris. A large festival was held on the evening of Consul John W. Bailey, formerly stationed at February 22 in the ceremonial halls of the Neue Prague, spent a few days in Paris early in March Hofburg in Vienna, to celebrate the two hun¬ seeing old friends before proceeding to the United dredth anniversary of the birth of George Wash¬ States on leave. Upon the conclusion of his leave ington. The festivities were given by the he will go to Rosario, to which post he was re¬ America-Austria Society in conjunction with the cently assigned. American Women’s Club and the American Med¬ ical Association of Vienna. There were about Consul Whitney Young passed through Paris 700 guests including many members of the on March 16, en route to his post at Colombo. American colony. The address of the evening was held by Air. Gilchrist B. Stockton, the Ameri¬ On March 30 Consul General L. J. Keena en¬ can Minister. The Austrian ex-chancellor, tertained for Mr. and Mrs. Hugh H. Watson prior Johann Schober, president of the America-Aus- to their departure for Sydney, Nova Scotia, where tria Society, opened the ceremonies and presented Mr. Watson has been assigned as Consul. He the American Minister with a model of the porce¬ had previously been Consul at Lyon, France, for lain equestrian statue of George Washington 10 years. given by the Austrian Government to the United States in honor of the George Washington bi¬ Mrs. Keena and her son David are spending centennial year. Solo members of the Viennese the Easter holidays in Majorca, where Mr. Keena State Opera Ballet corps danced the minuet, and expects to join them within a few days. David afterwards there was a buffet and dancing for is at present a student at Oxford University. the guests.

Mr. Daniel J. Reagan, Assistant Commercial Consul General John Ball Osborne, formerly Attache in Paris, sailed for the United States on assigned to Stockholm, passed through Vienna March 31. While there he will conduct a series early in March with Mrs. Osborne, en route to of trade conferences. his new post in Budapest.

Former Consul General A. M. Thackara, who In the historical rooms of the Vienna Hofburg resides in Paris, was confined to the American in December and January, there was an inter¬ Hospital recently following a paralytic stroke. national arbitration court for the settlement of His numerous friends throughout the Service will the Salem claim dispute involving the United he glad to learn that his condition is improving States and the Egyptian Governments. The and that he expects to he able to leave the hos¬ American representative on the board of judges pital soon. was Air. Fred K. Nielsen. Defending the side of the United States in the case were Air. Bert L. Mrs. Marion Letcher, wife of the American Hunt and Air. Francis M. Anderson. Other Consul General in Antwerp, and her daughter are associates of the Department of State who came spending a few days in Paris. to Vienna in connection with the case were: A'liss Rebekah L. de Lashmutt and Aliss Afargaret R. Consul Robert Y. Jarvis was among the several Sliedd. Airs. Hunt and Mrs. and Afiss Ander¬ Foreign Service officers who sailed for America son also accompanied the party. The guests on the S. S. President Harding March 31. Mr. were the recipients of numerous entertainments 186 arranged by members of the Diplomatic and Con¬ NAPLES sular staffs. MARCH 23, 1932. George W. Renchard, Vice Consul at Izmir, who had passed through Naples on his way to the MARCH 30, 1932. United States to take the oral examinations for Recent notable visitors at Hamburg included the Foreign Service, was instructed upon his Consul General George S. Messersmith en route arrival back in Naples on February 23, that he to the United States on the President Harding, should take the oath of office as Foreign Service Consul Harvey Lee Melbourne, Cologne, and Officer and that he was transferred as Vice Con¬ Vice Consul Duncan M. White, Prague, on their sul and Third Secretary to Baghdad. way to the United States on home leave, John P. Griebel of the United States Treasury Depart¬ Commemoration was made of the two hun¬ ment, and George R. Alden, marine surveyor. dredth anniversary of the birth of George Wash¬ ington on February 22, when a meeting was held The birth rate in families of American Con¬ at the Hotel Excelsior under the auspices of the sular officers stationed at Hamburg has averaged Unione Italo-Americana. The speakers were one a month this year up to the end of March, Countess Fanny Zampini Salazar and Mr. indicating again that all consular activities do not Edoardo Borselli, and those present included the appear on the official “summary of business.” Podesta of Naples, Duca di Bovino, Consul Gen¬ eral and Mrs. duBois, and other representatives of the municipal government and of the Consulate Consul Lester L. Schnare, Hamburg, is depart¬ General, as well as many local residents. ing shortly on home leave, sailing for on . Vice Consul Tevis Huhn, of the Paris Consu¬ late General, and Mrs. Huhn spent March 24 in Consul Lloyd D. Yates and Vice Consul Mal¬ Naples before joining the S. S. Rotterdam which colm C. Burke, of Hamburg, made an auto trip was taken as far as Alexandria. through Schleswig-Holstein during the Easter holidays. Mr. and Mrs. Robert M. English passed through Naples March 2 while on their way to Vice Consul Alan N. Steyne, Hamburg, re (Continued on 7Jape 194) cently spent a fortnight at Gstaad, Switerland, where he enjoyed the winter sports.

Mr. Plennie Laurence Wingo, of A b i 1 e n e, Tex., recently called at the Consulate General. Mr. Wingo is walking around the world back¬ wards with the aid of a pair of “periscope-spec¬ tacles” which reveal the world from a new view¬ point, according to his statement. Photo from L. L. Schnore CONSUL SCHLOSS FURSTENSTEIN, SILESIA, GERMANY JOHN H. BRUINS. One of the most beautiful castles in Silesia 187 FOREIGN SERVICE CHANGES States, will be retired at the close of business . 1932. Released for publication March 26, 1932 Non-Career The following Foreign Service Officers, now Gustave Vigoureux, now acting American Consular assigned as Vice Consuls at their respective posts, Agent at Jeremie, Haiti, appointed Consular Agent in lieu of St. Charles Villedrouin. have been instructed to report to the Foreign Victor M. Lenzer, of Madison, Wis., now District Ac¬ Service Officers’ Training School class of April counting and Disbursing Officer at Mexico City, ap¬ 25, 1932: pointed District Accounting and Disbursing Officer at Paris, France, and American Vice Consul at that post, C. Burke Elbrick, of Louisville, Ky., Panama. for Fiscal District No. 3. Edward P. Borden, of New York City, Mexico City. Victor H. Loftus, of Lawrence, Mass., now Assistant Tevis Huhn, of Princeton, N. J., Paris. District Accounting and Disbursing Officer at Mexico John B. Ocheltree, of Nevada, Hamburg. City, appointed District Accounting and Disbursing Charles B. Perkins, of , , Bucharest. Officer at that post for Fiscal District No. 2. Bernard C. Connelly, of Rock Island, 111., Trieste. Donald C. Dunham, of Cleveland, Ohio, Berlin. Released for publication , 1932 Howard Elting, Jr., of Chicago, 111., Dresden. Edward P. Maffitt, of St. Louis, Mo., . The following changes have occurred in the Reginald P. Mitchell, Jacksonville, Fla., Bordeaux. Foreign Service since , 1932: Donald H. Robinson, of Glen Ridge, N. J., Toronto. Allan C. Taylor, of Addison, N. Y., Ottawa. Glenn A. Abbey, of Dodgeville, Wis., now Third Sec- Charles W. Yost, of Watertown, N. Y., Alexandria. R. Allen Haden, of Memphis, Tenn., Genoa. Lee R. Blohm, of Bisbee, Ariz., now American Consul at Regina, Canada, assigned Consul at Habana, Cuba. Leo J. Callanan, of Dorchester, Mass., now American Consul at Madras, India, assigned Consul at Bombay. iBanking Service John S. Calvert, of Wilmington, N. C., now American Consul at , France, assigned Consul at Regina, To Foreign Service Officers Canada. Leo P. Hogan, of East Orange, N. J., now American Vice Consul at Buenos Aires, Argentina, assigned Vice CSV, Consul at Montevideo, Uruguay. Robert C. McCloud, of St. Petersburg, Fla., now American Vice Consul at Turin, Italy, assigned Vice With over forty-one years Consul at Geneva, Switzerland. experience in banking and trust John C. Pool, of Middletown, Del., now American Vice Consul at Montevideo, Uruguay, assigned Vice Consul business, we offer every financial at Buenos Aires. facility to those in the Foreign Non-Career Service. Bolard More, of Delaware, Ohio, appointed American Vice Consul at Port au Prince, Haiti, and temporarily at A banking connection in Wash¬ the Legation at Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, appointed Vice Consul at Santo Domingo. ington, D. C., with this Institu¬ Carleton A. Wall, of Morristown, N. J., now American tion will be a source of satisfac¬ Vice Consul at Nantes, France, appointed Vice Consul tion while on duty at a foreign at Las Palmas, Canary Islands. post. Released for publication April 2, 1932 CSV, The following changes have occurred in the Foreign Service since March 26, 1932: Richard P. Bulrick, of Lockport, N. Y., American Consul assigned to Hankow, China, and now on leave AMERICAN SECURITY in the United States, assigned Consul at St. John, New / ° AND TRUST COMPANY » j] Brunswick. Raymond Davis, of Portland, Me., American Consul 15th and Penna. Ave. at Rosario, Argentina, assigned Consul at Prague, Czechoslovakia. Four Branches Carlos C. Hall, of Flagstaff, Ariz., now American Vice Capital, $3,400,000 Consul at Medellin, Colombia, assigned Vice Consul at Surplus, $3,400,000 Panama, Panama. Marshall M. Vance, of Dayton, Ohio, Foreign Service WASHINGTON’S LARGEST Officer now detailed to the Department of State, assigned American Consul at Windsor. Ontario. TRUST COMPANY Ernest A. Wakefield, of Portland, Oreg., American Consul at Nuevitas, Cuba, now on leave in the United 188 retary of Legation at Managua, Nicaragua, designated Third Secretary of Legation at Caracas, Venezuela. The assignment of Sydney G. Gest, of Merion, Pa., now American Vice Consul at Habana, Cuba, as Third Secretary of Legation at Caracas, has been cancelled. Edward P. Lawton, of Savannah, Ga., Third Secre¬ tary of Legation at Athens, Greece, now temporarily de¬ tailed to the Department of State, designated Third Sec¬ retary of Legation at Quito, Ecuador. Karl de G. MacVitty, of Chicago, 111., now American Consul at Nairobi, East Africa, assigned American Con¬ sul at Cape Town, Union of South Africa. Carl D. Meinhardt, of Brockport, N. Y., now Ameri¬ can Consul at Tsinan, China, assigned Consul at Shanghai, China. Charles S. Reed, 2nd, of Cleveland, Ohio, American Vice Consul at Taiholcu, Taiwan, now in the United Economy in Shipping States on leave of absence, assigned Vice Consul at Yunnanfu, China. Halleck L. Rose, of Omaha, Nebr., who was confirmed Security (steel) vans save ex¬ by the Senate on March 28, 1932, as a Foreign Service Officer, Unclassified, a Vice Consul of Career and as a pense because (1) they save pack¬ Secretary in the Diplomatic Service, assigned American ing costs, (2) they reduce space Vice Consul at Vera Cruz, Mexico. Harry E. Stevens, of Alameda, Calif., now American and thereby save ocean freight, Consul at Yunnanfu, China, assigned Consul at Tsinan, China. (3) they save breakage and loss Non-Career and reduce insurance. Edward S. Benet, of , now a Clerk in the American Consulate, Cienfuegos, Cuba, appointed American Vice Consul at that post. In a 900 foot van household goods can he loaded that would occupy 1200 to 1300 cubic feet if boxed.

Marine, transit and baggage insurance. Also special Government Service Policy covering the above, and also fire and theft at residence, 2% per year.

jSprurif'g #Foragp (Jornpang Established 1890 as the Storage Department American Security and Trust Company 1140 Fifteenth St. Cable “Storage” WASHINGTON, D. C. European Office 31 Place du Marche St. Honore, PARIS Cable “Medium” A safe depository for over 41 years for house¬ hold goods, silvenvare, works of art, furs, clothing, tapestries, rugs, automobiles and luggage GEORGE C. HANSON

American Consul General, Harbin, China. During his Storage, Moving and Shipping many years’ residence in Manchuria, Mr. Hanson has C. A. A SPIN WALL, President made a host of friends, and recently a banquet zvas given in his honor to celebrate his tenth anniversary at Harbin 189 BIRTHS Perfection in A daughter, Joan Nancy Sturgeon, was born on November 29, 1931, to Consul and Mrs. Leo D. FLOWERS Sturgeon, at Yokohama, Japan. Mr. Sturgeon SINCE 1889 is stationed at Tokio. 43 YEARS AGO A daughter, Margaret Elisabeth Reymert Carl¬ We Telegraph Flowers son, was born on January 30, 1932, to Consul and Mrs. Harry E. Carlson, at Tallinn, Esthonia. WASHINGTON, D. C. PHONE NATIONAL 4278 A daughter, Martha Jean Stephan, was born Main Store 1212 F Street N. W. on February 15, 1932, to Vice Consul and Mrs. Three Branch Floicer Shops Charles Hans Stephan, at Seoul, Chosen (Korea).

A son, Hadley Foster, was born on February 17, 1932, to Consul and Mrs, Paul Hadley Foster, “Government Libraries in Washington’’ was at Eagle Pass, Tex. Mr. Foster is stationed at the title of an article by Margaret McOmie, in Piedras Negras, Coahuila, Mexico. The Washington Sunday Star, of November 15, 1931. The opening statement was arresting in A daughter, Marie Yates, was born on March that it said that the libraries of our Government 10, 1932, to Consul and Mrs. Lloyd Deming Departments exceed in volume the gigantic Li¬ brary of Congress. The following extract may Yates, at Hamburg, Germany. also be of interest: The Library of the Department of State is the oldest A daughter, Ann Burdon Ocheltree, was born of all departmental libraries. Thomas Jefferson founded on March 15, 1932, to Vice Consul and Mrs. John it in 1789. An estimate of expense for the department Shiras Morris, Jr., at , Germany. during the first year, according to the old records, in¬ cluded 15 American newspapers at an average of $4 per year, $200 with which to begin a collection of laws of the A daughter, Elizabeth Morris, was born on States and $25 for the purchase of foreign gazettes. All March 21. 1932, to Vice Consul and Mrs. Charles of the State Department library was destroyed by the Shiras Morris, Jr., at Stuttgart, Germany. British in 1814. Thomas Thrift compiled a manuscript catalogue in 182C and listed 2,400 books, maps, charts, atlases as well as files of 241 domestic and foreign newspapers. In 1833 MARRIAGES the first librarian for the department was appointed. Secretary McLane directed the clerk in charge of Bureau Cabot-Lewis. Married at Mexico City, Aiarch of Pardons, Remissions and Copyrights to include the 31, 1932, John Moors Cabot, of Boston, Third library in his duties. From then on many changes in Secretary at the American Embassy, Mexico City, designation and organization affected the librarian. It is now a part of the office of the historical adviser. and Miss Elizabeth Lewis, step-daughter of Mr. Many of its most valuable accessions during the years, William LI. Fraser, general manager of the such as a complete set of Session Laws in the United Mexican Light & Power Company. Miss Lewis’ States, the books and manuscripts of George Washington, father, the late Herbert Pickering I .ewis, a James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, native Chicagoan, came to Mexico in the late Benjamin Franklin and James Monroe, have been sent to the Library of Congress. From 1877 until 1894 the 90’s and was a successful real estate dealer until Declaration of Independence was kept on exhibit at the his death in 1922. His widow, Miss Lewis’ State Department. In that year it was withdrawn from mother, married Mr. Fraser some three years public view to prevent further deterioration and remained ago. Mr. Cabot has recently been appointed Sec¬ in the vault of the State Department until 1922, when it ond Secretary at the American Legation at Guate¬ was placed in view at the Library of Congress. The State Department library contains now 175,000 mala City. volumes of practical use and implements for the work of the department. There is a vast amount of material on political science, international law, diplomatic history, Maffitt-Mulvane. Married at New York, April biography, geography, economics, domestic and foreign 9, 1932, Vice Consul Edward P. Maffit and Miss laws and numerous periodicals. The use of the library Katherine Mulvane. Mr. Maffitt was formerly is restricted to officers and employes of the department. Vice Consul at Athens, Greece, but is now in the Resources are available, however, under interlibrary loan arrangement to other departments and offices of the Gov¬ Foreign Service Officers Training School in the ernment as well as libraries outside of Washington. Department of State. 190 IN MEMORIAM

GUARANTEED SAVINGS FUND Announcement has been received of the death on February 20, 1932, in Cornwall, Ontario, of LIFE INCOME TRUSTS Mr. William Gibbens, editor and owner of the Cornwall Standard. Mr. Gibbens was born in RETIREMENT INCOMES London, England, in 1854, appointed Vice and FAMILY INCOMES, 12% Guaranteed Deputy Consul at Cornwall in October, 1909, and at various times was in charge of that Consulate. EDWARD D. HILL After Cornwall Consulate was closed and it was added to the Kingston, Ontario, district Mr. Gib¬ 1126 Woodward Building bens took every opportunity to assist the consul WASHINGTON, D. C. National 3926 in making contacts and obtaining information. He is survived by a daughter, Miss Gertrude Gibbens, of Cornwall, Ontario. 14, 1932) remarked: “His untimely death grieves CONSUL GEORGE G. FULLER. all who knew his personal charm.” Antonio Diaz Comas, Jr., a member of the cleri¬ cal staff of the American Consulate General at Mrs. J. L. Loar, mother of Mrs. Paul Ailing, Habana, died on March 6, 1932, at Habana, from passed away on March 25, 1932, at Evanston, 111., pernicious anemia. Mr. Comas was born at New after an illness of six months. Friends of Mr. York City on October 23, 1882. He served in and Mrs. Ailing who had the pleasure of knowing the office of the United States Public Health Serv¬ Mrs. Loar, when she paid a lengthy visit to Wash¬ ice in Habana from April, 1913, to June 30, 1930, ington about two years ago, join with others in when he was transferred to the staff of the Amer¬ expressing sincere sympathy with Mrs. Ailing in ican Consulate General at Habana. her bereavement.

The unexpected death of Michael C. Peris, a The news of the untimely death on April 1 of member of the staff of the American Legation at Dr. Joseph V. Fuller, Chief of the Research Sec¬ Riga. Latvia, occurred at that city on March 12, tion of the Office of the Historical Adviser, came 1932. Mr. Perts was born at Petrograd in 1895, as a great shock to his friends and admirers in the and studied there at the Polytechnical Institute; during the World War he graduated from the Department and to all who were familiar with his Michael Artillery School and served as an ar¬ scholarly work in the selection and organization of tillery officer in the old Russian Army; later he documents for publication in Foreign Relations. was attached to the aviation corps and served with He died at Garfield liospital after a month’s ill¬ much success. He served for a short time with ness, and was buried in Arlington National American military observers in Russia, and sub¬ Cemetery. sequently was employed by the American Consu¬ Doctor Fuller was born in Knoxville, Tenn., late at Viborg, whence (in 1922) he was trans¬ on September 27, 1890. He received the degree ferred to the Legation at Riga. In addition to being an till round sportsman and vice chairman of the Latvian Aviation Society, he was an ex¬ ceptionally gifted cartoonist and artist, making a name for himself as such locally and abroad. One INSURE of his earliest hooks was “Career of a Diplomat,” with which a number of officers in the Service PERSONAL EFFECTS are familiar. In the United States, a Russian Whatever part of world you may be fairy tale “Humpy,” translated by William C. For full information—write to White, was recently published by Harpers with THOS. E. JARRELL CO. numerous illustrations by Mr. Perts. He leaves GENERAL INSURANCE a widow and a little daughter four years old. He 721 10th Street N.W. Washington, D. C. is also survived by his mother and a brother. Sincere sympathy is extended to all members of Representing one of the largest insurance the family. As the Jaunakas Zinas (Riga, March companies in the United States 191 Pie had been connected with the Department MR. MANNIX WALKER of State since June, 1925, at the head of the group of historians engaged in the compilation of ma¬ Former Vice-Consul of Career terial for publication in the volumes of Foreign Graduate of Harvard, Class of 1926 Relations for the war period and subsequent years, Has Opened a School for Applicants for the Foreign several of which volumes have been issued, with Service Examinations others in the process of publication. As was said in the press release issued at the time of his death, at 1901 Columbia Road N. W. “Doctor Fuller’s scholarship and profound learn¬ ing were well recognized by the historians of this Washington, D. C. country and of Europe, and his unfailing courtesy, Telephone: NOrth 9537 his charm of personality, and his devotion to the public service had endeared him to all his col¬ leagues in the Department of State.” He is survived by his widow, Mrs. Lois Comp¬ of bachelor of arts from Harvard in 1914, and ton Fuller, and his daughter, Joan Louise Fuller. of doctor of philosophy in 1921. He also at¬ B. BARRON. tended the universities of Paris and Berlin. He was a veteran of the World War, having enlisted on October 4, 1917, and served in France with Lieut. Col. Nelson E. Margetts, Field Artillery, the 76th Division Headquarters and the Historical U. S. A., who was until early this year Military Section, General Headquarters, A. E. F. He was Attache to the American Legation in China, died discharged with the rank of Sergeant Interpreter. on , 1932, at the Letterman Hospital, San In 1919, after his war service, he was with the Francisco. A native of Salt Lake City, Utah, American Commission to Negotiate Peace. When Colonel Margetts saw service in the Spanish- he returned to the United States he became as¬ American War. In 1911 he was a member of the sistant professor of history at the University of American polo team in the international matches California. Later he was instructor of history at Hong Kong—indeed, he ranked as one of the at Harvard and then assistant professor of history Army’s finest polo players—it is interesting to at the University of Wisconsin. note, in that connection, that in the JOURNAL of Doctor Fuller was the author of Bismarck’s last November (page 447) there was a picture of Diplomacy at Its Zenith and the section on Ham¬ Colonel Margetts, with Minister Nelson T. John¬ ilton Fish in American Secretaries of State and son, coming from the polo field. In 1914 Colonel Their Diplomacy, and he was also a frequent con¬ Margetts served in France assisting Americans to tributor to historical publications. leave the country after the outbreak of the World

Photo from R. R. Winslotv FUNERAL CORTEGE OF BERNARD HALE American Consul at Venice, whose untimely death on March 7. 1932, was reported last month Consul Rollin R. Winslow, of Trieste, attended the funeral and, in a recent letter expressing his sincere regard for Bernard Hale, said: “Beneath a carefree and jovial exterior he con¬ cealed a strong, serious and purpose¬ ful character. He possessed a strongly emotional character which showed itself in a quick sympathy for others, but in other respects was disciplined by his sixteen years or so in the Service. His daughter, whom he called ‘Bubbley,’ was the pride of his heart, and his affectionate disposition utas never so much in evidence as when he spoke of her.” War, and in 1917 he served as aide-de-camp to General Pershing. In 1929 he went to Peiping To Former Students and Others To Whom as Military Attache but was relieved last February on account of illness. Sincere sympathy is ex¬ It May Be of Interest tended to his widow, Mrs. Mabel B. Margetts, and to his daughter, who are now at Fort Mason, THE ANGUS CRAWFORD Calif. SCHOOL

Capt. Ford B. Stevens, Diplomatic Courier at WILL CONTINUE IN OPERATION AT Paris, died on , 1932, at Paris. He had 3034 P STREET N. W., WASHINGTON, D. C. recently been granted leave of absence on account Under the charge of of illness; the cause of his death is reported as FRANKLIN ROUDYBUSH apoplexy. He became a Courier in 1927, after having served with distinction with two armies, being wounded in action and winning several llama or other Japanese ports and return, in connection decorations. Captain Stevens also served, prior with the completion of special meningitis studies. Feb¬ to becoming a Courier, in the Military Attache’s ruary 18, 1932. office in the American Legation at Riga, later Surgeon C. L. Williams. Directed to proceed from being transferred to Paris. Rosebank, S. I., N. Y., to Paris, France, and return, for the purpose of attending the meetings of the office of International Hygiene Publique, and the Fumigation Committee of the League of Nations, on , 1932. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Also authorized to visit such places in Germany. France, The following personal notes as to the foreign Holland, and England as may be necessary, to observe representatives of the Department of Commerce the ship fumigation methods in use in those countries. have been received in a communication dated March 15, 1932. A. A. Surgeon W. W. Floyt. Relieved from duty at April 11, 1932, from the Foreign Service Divi¬ Genoa, Italy, on March 31, and assigned to duty at sion, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, , France. March 23, 1932. Department of Commerce: Surgeon L. M. Rogers. Relieved from duly at Cobh, Commercial Attache Julian E. Gillespie, after having 1. F. S., on or about June 1, 1932, and assigned to duty spent several months in the United States, has returned at Ellis Island, N. Y. March 24, 1932. to his post, Istanbul. P. A. Surgeon E. E. Huber. Relieved from duty at Among those who have recently returned to the United Vienna, Austria, on or about August 1, and assigned to States are Commercial Attache M. H. Lund, from Oslo; duty at Ellis Island, N. Y. March 26, 1932. Commercial Attache R. A. Martin, from Panama City; A. A. Surgeon J. Bruce Arnold, Jr. Relieved from Assistant Commercial Attache D. J. Reagan, from Paris; duty at , Scotland, on or about , and Assistant Commercial Attache D. P. Miller, from Ber¬ assigned to duty at Dublin, Irish Free State. March lin; Trade Commissioner T. C. Ballagh, from Buenos 26, 1932. Aires; Assistant Trade Commissioner H. F. Bennett, from Madrid. A. A. Surgeon E. Blanche Sterling. Authorized to at¬ Mr. O. S. Watson, the Commercial Attache at Helsing¬ tend the Forty-third Congress of the Royal Sanitary fors who has been in the United States for several Institute at Brighton, England, on July 9 to 16, 1932. months, is being temporarily assigned to Berlin as the April 2, 1932. Assistant Commercial Attache during the absence of Mr. Medical Director G. W. McCoy. Directed to proceed D. P. Miller, who is now in the United States on leave from Washington, D. C., to Boston, Mass., Toronto, and itinerary. Mr. George Wythe will be in charge of Canada, and to such other places as may be necessary in the Helsingfors office during the absence of Mr. Watson. connection with the control of biologic products. April Assistant Trade Commissioner Roland Welch, formerly 2, 1932. of the Caracas office, has now been assigned to Berlin. Surgeon C. L. Williams. While in Paris, France, on He will sail for his new post on . April 22, 1932, authorized to visit such places in Ger¬ many, France, Holland, England, Spain, and Egypt, as may be necessary, to observe the ship fumigation methods PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE in use in those countries. , 1932. lit the Lists of Duties and Stations of the United States Public Plealth Service, received Affected apparently by the world financial sit¬ since the March issue of the JOURNAL, the follow¬ uation, two contingent employes in the Service, ing changes in foreign posts have been noted: named Sixpense and Shilling, have agreed to dis¬ Medical Director S. B. Grubbs. Directed to proceed agree. The incident, however, has been dwarfted from Honolulu, , to Shanghai, China, via Yoko- by other more important news of the day. 193 missioner and Mrs. Irving Taylor, Assistant Investigation Negotiation Trade Commissioner John M. Kennedy, Mr. Michael Donahue, Customs Representative; Mr. Sydnor Odin, president of the American Club; JAMES H. GOODIER Mr. Homer Edmiston, vice president of the (Former American Consul) American Chamber of Commerce; and Commen- Attorney and Counselor-at-Lanv datore John Stucke, of Boston, Mass. General Practice in All Courts and Gov’t Departments Among several distinguished Italian guests were: the Prefect and the Podesta oE Milan; 50 Church Street Signor Montemezzi, the composer; Maestro New York, N. Y. Polacco, formerly the director of the Chicago U. S. A. Representation Arbitration Civic Opera; Signor Scarpa, managing director of the Bank of America and Italy. Mr. Steven A. Crump, president of the Ameri¬ can Chamber of Commerce, presided at the ban¬ NEWS ITEMS FROM THE FIELD quet and proposed the toast to George Washing¬ (Continued from page 187) ton. The reply to the toast was made by Consul Homer Brett in a speech which made a deep im¬ the United States on home leave of absence. Mr. English was recently transferred from Bangkok pression on everyone present, by the vivid narra¬ tive of the life and public career of George Wash¬ to Budapest where he has been assigned as Third ington, by the character portrayal of the man Secretary of Legation. whose example of steadfastness true Americans Consul General Coert duBois left March 4 for must not forget to follow, and for the original dosing sonnet, a worthy and fitting tribute. Tripoli as the official representative of the United States Government at the Sixth International Toasts were drunk to the President of the Fair which opened on March 8. Consul General United States, to the King of Italy and to the duBois returned to Naples on March 22, after Duce; and the company sang “The Star-Spangled completing an extensive inspection of both Tripoli Banner” and “My Country ’Tis of Thee.” The and Cirenaica, which comprise the Italian colon)' dancing that followed seemed free of all shadow of Libya. of world depression. C. R. FI. While on bis way to the United States on home leave, Vice Consul Charles F. Yeager, of Patras, BOMBAY, INDIA called at the Naples Consulate General on March MARCH 11. 12, 1932. Bombay has been recently very much a cross¬ Charles W. Yost, who had been detailed as roads for visiting consular officers and tourists. \ ice Consul at Alexandria, was a passenger on The officers on duty here have had the oppor¬ the S. S. Excalibur calling at Naples March 20, tunity of renewing old acquaintances and in mak¬ and was on his way to the Department to attend ing many new ones. the next session of the Foreign Service School. CONSUL C. P. KUYKENDALL. Consul K. deG. MacVitty, of Nairobi, spent 10 days at Bombay on leave. As he was on a voyage for his health he had no opportunity of MILAN, ITALY comparing the tigers of India with the lions of The two hundredth anniversary of the birth of East Africa. George Washington was celebrated by the Ameri¬ can colony in Milan by a long-to-be-remembered Consul and Mrs. Renwick S. McNiece, formerly banquet and dance given by the American Club at stationed at Karachi, passed through Bombay at one of the fashionable restaurants. The Ameri¬ the end of February en route to their new post can Consulate was represented by Consul and at Vigo, Spain. Mrs. Brett, \ ice Consuls Gantenbein and Har¬ vey. \ ice Consul and Mrs. Niccoli, Mrs. Emily Consul Joseph G. Groeninger, formerly at Burke, Miss josefa Otten, and Miss Victoria Batavia, stopped at Bombay on his way from Edmiston. There were also present Trade Corn- Washington to his new post at Karachi. Through 194 a change in steamship service, Consuls McNiece and Groeninger met at Bombay and had the pleas¬ ure of an interview about Karachi. INSURANCE We issue a Special Policy Protecting Members of the Diplomatic and Consul Service against Third Secretary Robert M. English, formerly ALL RISKS ON PERSONAL EFFECTS and at Bangkok, arrived at this port as a passenger on the S. S. President Monroe of the Dollar Line HOUSEHOLD FURNITURE on his way to Istanbul and the United States. ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD News of his assignment to Budapest reached him Adjustment Offices Throughout the World here. Write us for Particulars RALPH W. LEE & COMPANY Consul and Mrs. Charles W. Lewis, Jr., for¬ 1508 L Street N. W. WASHINGTON, D. C. merly at Yarmouth, spent a few hours at Bombay on March 11 en route to their new post at Madras. and many representatives of Bombay’s official and social life. Consuls MacVitty and McDonough were the American Consular representatives Consuls R. Y. Jarvis and R. R. Willey, of the present. Consulate General, Calcutta, sailed from here on home leave of absence. CONSUL DAYLE C. MCDONOUUH.

NOGALES, SONORA, MEXICO The extension to Bombay by the Dollar Steam¬ ship Company of its round-the-world service is MARCH 23, 1932. making the visits of Foreign Service officers and Consul General Carlton Bailey Hurst, retired, other traveling Americans much more frequent. and Mrs. Hurst, who are now residing in Char- lotteville, N. Y., have been visiting with their son, Consul Carlton Hurst and family. Consul Mrs. James G. Bailey, widow of the late Mr. Hurst was recently transferred from Aden, Bailey, of the Diplomatic Service, spent a few Arabia, to Nogales. days in Bombay while on a tour of India. As an unusual coincidence the writer served with the younger Hurst at Lyon, France, in 1916, Three large tourist liners arrived at this port and under the elder Hurst at for a and brought a large number of Americans to short time in 1916. India during the “cool season."

Mr. J. B. Richards, Trade Commissioner at Bombay', has returned from a tour of South¬ ern India.

The American colony at Bombay held a large and suc¬ cessful reception to celebrate the George Washington bicen¬ tenary. Among the guests from out of the city was Mr. K. deG. MacVitty, Consul at Nairobi.

The American Women’s Club of Bombay held its annual charity tea dance during Feb¬ MEDELLIN, COLOMBIA ruary. In addition to resident Left to right—Mr. M. Caputi, manager Royal Bank of Canada; Mr. William Chase, manager of National City Bank of New York; Honorable Allan Americans there were present Daivson, American Charge d’Affaircs at Bogota; and Vice Consul Carlos C. several foreign consular officers Hall; and Vice Consul Raymond Phelan 195 Consul General Flurst has just completed a book entitled “Arms Above the Door,” consist¬ ing of the outstanding experiences and incidents Hotel Martinique in bis service of nearly 40 years, presented in a very readable style. SIXTEENTH STREET AT M WASHINGTON, D. C. The many friends of Consul Lewis V. Hoyle, at Agua Prieta, Sonora, Mexico, will learn with Situated on beautiful Sixteenth Street, five blocks north regret of the serious illness of Mrs. Boyle. of the White House and Department of State, THE MARTINIQUE has long been recognized as the favorite CONSUL BARTLEY F. YOST. Washington hotel of visiting Foreign Service officers and their families, TEGUCIGALPA A 25% DISCOUNT FROM ROOM CHARGES IS ALLOWED MEM¬ On February 22 the American Minister and BERS OF THE FOREIGN Mrs. Lay held a reception at the American Lega¬ SERVICE tion in Tegucigalpa in honor of the two hun¬ dredth anniversary of the birth of George Wash¬ SINGLE ROOMS, FROM $3.00 THE DAY ington. DOUBLE ROOMS, FROM $4.00 THE DAY All the Honduran officials, with few excep¬ Weekly and monthly rates in tions, were present, as well as the foreign diplo¬ proportion matic corps and all the American residents of the EVERY ROOM HAS PRIVATE BATH district and a goodly number of visitors. Alto¬ gether there were over 150 guests assembled. Illustrated brochure will be furnished upon request The spacious verandahs surrounding the patio and the reception and dining halls were fes¬ L. R. HAWKINS, Manager tooned with tropical flowers and foliage and the flags of the United States and Honduras were hung side by side at the head of the main stair¬ way. In the receiving line the Minister and Mrs. Lay were assisted by Major H. S. Fasset, Naval Attache and Mrs. Fasset; Mr. Lawrence Higgins, Secretary of Legation and Mrs. Higgins; Mr. Randolph Plarrison, Jr., Secretary of Legation; American Consul Gaston Smith and Mrs. Smith; Vice Consul R. Austin Acly and Mrs. Acly.

CHIHUAHUA, MEXICO March, 1932 Left to right—Consul Francis H. Styles; Coronet Piloto Aviador Roberto Fierro, Mexico’s most famous aviator and present Governor of Chihuahua; and Vice Consul Louis B. Masseo. At right—Lockhead-Vega Monoplane “Anahuac" (similar to that in which Lindbergh flew the Atlantic) 196 A native “marimba” orchestra furnished music for dancing and a sumptuous “merienda” was served. GOOD NEWS At the regular Sunday night concert given in For Foreign Service Officers the Plaza Morazan on February 21, the National Life Insurance in one of America’s Band of Honduras dedicated its entire program oldest and best Life Insurance Com¬ to the bicentenary celebration. panies is now available at standard rates to a very substantial group of Foreign OUR CHILDREN Service Officers. Young Jim Byington, sophomore at Yale, has represented his University on the wrestling team, EARLE W. SAPP 145-pound class, during the season recently com¬ Chartered Life Underwriter pleted. He lost his match against Lehigh, but 403 Colorado Building, Washington, D. C won against Harvard, Princeton and Boston.

Photo from O. B. Ferguson

WHEN GOVERNORS MEET When Governor Roberto Fierro of Chihuahua, Mexico, and Governor Ross S. Sterling of Texas, met and were introduced on the international bridge at El Paso and Ciudad Juarez, March 16, by Consul William P. Blocker, it recalled the memorable meeting of President Taft and Presi¬ dent Dias at the same place on Octo¬ ber 16. 1909. The picture slioivs the “BIG” Governor of our largest State •with the Governor of Mexico’s largest State fust after the introduction. Con¬ sul Blocker is on the right

ALIEN PROPERTY CUSTODIAN CLAIMS and all other WAR CLAIMS in connection with confiscated properties by former allied or central governments Miscellaneous Collections here and abroad, New Financing, Funding of Debts, Re-organization of Foreign Firms, Incorporations under American Laws, Financial Investigations and Credit Information CARL M. J. von ZIELINSKI Foreign Trade and Financial Adviser 90 WALL STREET NEW YORK Cable Address: “Zielinski" All Standard Codes Used Agents and Correspondents in practically all parts of the world.

197 ments and cows, and provisions for three years. Although they were thus aided more than the early American colonists, they suffered consider¬ able hardship because of their loyalty to King George, and their bitterness has been handed down Corner 16th and Eye Streets, N. W. until the present generation. The descendants of these loyalists by royal decree have the right to the title of the “United Empire Loyalists” and U. E. L. is found as a suffix to names in local directories. The celebration of Washington Bicentennial seemed to offer an opportunity to remove this traditional bitterness. The recently organized American Women’s Club was instigated to give a large reception and entertainment the evening of February 22 to which all prominent officials and families were invited. Consul General Frost Only three minutes from the State, War came from Montreal and gave the outstanding and Navy Departments, the White address, which is still being quoted. Professor House, and all Clubs, and is the Trotter of Queen’s University read a scholarly center of all that is worth paper on the assistance given by the American while Revolution to the development of independence in Canada. This address has since been repeated SPECIAL RATES by request before the University Club at Ottawa TO THE DIPLOMATIC AND and is being published by Queen’s Quarterly. The CONSULAR SERVICE President of the Women’s Club wrote a special play entitled “Yesteryear and Today.” The first act showed a colonial home divided by its loyalties, and the dialogue clearly explains the economic KINGSTON, ONTARIO conditions and the laws which made the revolution Kingston and most cities in this district were inevitable. Songs and dances of the revolutionary founded by the Tories, or Loyalists, who left the period made this act remarkably attractive. The United States after the Revolutionary War be¬ second act illustrated how closely the two nations cause their property was confiscated. The ances¬ have joined, by means of a scene during the an¬ tors of some residents owned large tracts of what nual hockey game between the West Point and is now New York City, and the family of a local the Royal Military Cadets. Copies of this play military officer are still seeking reimbursement for have been filed with the Bicentennial Commission the loss of large areas in the center of Philadel¬ and additional copies could be obtained from the phia. The British Government granted each set¬ American Women’s Club, Kingston, should any tler 200 acres in this district, furnished imple¬ other city be considering such a celebration.

Photo from O. B. Ferguson GOOSE HUNT AT GUZMAN LAKE 80 miles from Ciudad Juarez, Mexico The boy second from left is Bill Blocker, Jr.; the big fellow standing by the black-tail deer is Manuel Otero, U. S. Collector of Customs at El Paso, Tex.; the one standing on the right with gun on shoulder is Consul Blocker; while the man on his right, with the cap, is Id. L. McCune, U. S. District Attorney at El Paso

198 In addition to this reception, seven clergymen used material furnished by the Commission for The American Standard sermons on George Washington, and I have three times given addresses to local service clubs on the . . highest in the world character of Washington, the meaning of the of luxury. revolution and its influence on Canadian history. CONSUL GEORGE G. FULLER. when you sail on ships that SPRAGUE CENTENARY fly your flag On the occasion of the completion of one hun¬ Special consideration given to offi¬ dred years of service of the Sprague family as American Consul at Gibraltar, the anniversary of cials in U. S. Government services which is on April 30, 1932, the following letters The great liners that fly can standard of living, were sent to Mr. Richard L. Sprague, the present your own flag offer you the highest in the world. Consul at Gibraltar: every comfort, convenience Those who demand the , 1932. and service that any ship very finest will find just Richard L. Sprague, Esquire, can offer, plus the Ameri¬ that on these great ships. American Consul, S. S. Leviathan Gibraltar. S. S. President Harding S. S. President Roosevelt Regular sailings to and from principal north European and British ports MY DEAR MR. SPRAGUE: S. S. It is my happy and unique privilege to extend to you (Largest American-built liner—now nearing completion) my hearty felicitations on the occasion of the comple¬ tion of one hundred years service of the Sprague fam¬ Also four American Merchant Liners in weekly service from N. Y. dircctto London ily as American Consul at Gibraltar. There is no other such record in all the history of the UNITED * STATES * LINES Department, and the service rendered by your worthy AMERICAN MERCHANT LINES forebears and yourself has in successive terms been char¬ Roosevelt Steamship Company, Inc., Managing Agents acterized by a loyalty and fidelity to trust that is most No. 1 Broadway, New York Offices and agents everywhere commendable, and has marked the Sprague family at Gibraltar as standing for the highest type of American official and citizen. In commemorating this centenary you have the very best wishes of the officials of the Department as well 1 doubt whether the Service of any other government as, I have no doubt, of hosts of other American citizens can boast of its equal. But the personal satisfaction is who have bad the benefit of the uniform attention and only one aspect of the matter. During that time there kindness of the American Consulate at Gibraltar. have occurred many important events in American his¬ tory in which the American Consulate in Gibraltar has I trust that there may be many years in store for you played an important part. On every occasion you and in the capacity which you have so satisfactorily served those members of your family who have preceded you as American Consul. in that office have served the Government patriotically Sincerely yours, and satisfactorily. That service has been characterized (Signed) HENRY L. STIMSON. by exceptional loyalty and fidelity, which has made the name of Sprague respected throughout the Foreign Serv¬ April 12, 1932. ice of the United States and in the Foreign Offices of Richard L. Sprague, Esquire, other governments. American Consul, Mrs. Carr and I join with the officers of the Depart¬ Gibraltar. ment of State in most cordial felicitations and in the hope that you may continue many years longer to carry on the MY DEAR MR. SPRAGUE: work in Gibraltar which you and your family have been Mrs. Carr and I regret exceedingly that it is not pos¬ engaged in for so many years. sible for us to accept your very kind invitation for Sat¬ Yours faithfully, urday, April thirtieth, for the celebration of the one hun¬ (Signed) WILBUR J. CARR. dredth anniversary of the first appointment of a mem¬ ber of the Sprague family as American Consul at Gib¬ raltar. A promise was made last month that details of It must certainly be a source of great gratification to the celebration at Gibraltar on April 30 would you that members of your family have been privileged to serve their Government at Gibraltar for the remark¬ appear in this issue, but in order that a complete able period of one hundred twenty-three years, a record account may be given it has been decided to wait nowhere else found in the American Foreign Service and until the June issue of the JOURNAL. 199 r 'JHE^MERICAN p OREIGN gERYICE JOURNAL

World’s Largest Operators of YOKOHAMA Multi-Engined Air Transports The new consular building at Yokohama, Japan, was accepted on February 25, 1932, and as In¬ 20*166 Miles of Airways—Flying over 100*000 Miles spector Thomas M. Wilson remarks in a recent Every Week letter it is most suitable, dignified, and one for all Americans to be proud of. It is designed on the lines of the White House, and Consul General Clarence E. Gauss is said to have been the author of the suggestion that it be so designed. An interesting fact in connection with this new building is that it is erected on a reinforced con¬ crete mat, 16 inches thick, extending two feet on all sides of the foundation. The vertical girders of the building are anchored in this mat and are welded to the cross beams supporting the roof, so that the whole structure is really a unit and in the event of an earthquake would move without r between Vnited States * Mexico' h)est Indies< breaking. Central and South ^America BOARD OF DIRECTORS Keith Merrill, chief of the Foreign Service David K. E. Bruce, S. Sloan Colt, Merian C. Cooper, E. A. Deeds, Lyman Delano, Sherman M. Fairchild, G. B. Grosvenor, Buildings Office, Department of State, and Mrs. Richard F, Hoyt, Leonard Kennedy, Robert Lehman, Grover Merrill, sailed recently for Paris. Mr. Merrill Loening, R. K. Mellon, George Mixter, E. O. McDonnell, Fred B. Rentsehler, J. T. Trippe, Wm. H. Vanderbilt, C. V. Whitney, expects to make only a short stay in Paris in J. H. Whitney. order to complete the arrangements for the lay¬ President and General Manager—J. T. TRIPPE. Assistant to President—E. E. WYMAN. ing of the foundation stone on of the Technical Advisor—COLONEL CHARLES A. LINDBERGH. new building, at the corner of the Avenue Vice President in Charge of Foreign Department—EVAN E. YOUNG. Gabriel and the Rue Boissy d’Anglas, which will GENERAL OFFICES: 122 East 42d Street, NEW YORK CITY house all the American official departments located in Paris.

-1 GT'-nv^V-

^ -Tflifliwni— TgTllTfTTfr."i|I JI;JI

Photo from Foreign Service Buildings Office FRONT VIEW, NEW AMERICAN CONSULAR BUILDING, YOKOHAMA 200 FOREIGN SERVICE SCHOOL by the President and members of the Associa¬ tion of Cotton Textile Merchants of New York A new session of the Foreign Service School in City. the Department of State opened on April 25, and will terminate the end of July. The following are in attendance, the probationary assignment that they have had appearing in parenthesis: FOR almost twenty years the international Edward P. Boden (Mexico City), Bernard C. joint commission has efficiently and unos¬ Connelly (Trieste), Donald C. Dunham (Berlin), tentatiously functioned in the adjustment of C. Burke Elbrick (Panama City), Howard Elting, disputes over the undefended boundary which Jr. (Dresden), R. Allen Haden (Genoa), Tevis stretches for over three thousand miles between Huhn (Paris), Edward P. Maffitt (Athens), the United States and Canada. In THE IN¬ Reginald P. Mitchell (Bordeaux), John B. Ochel- TERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION BE¬ tree (Hamburg), Charles B. Perkins (Bucharest), TWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND THE Donald H. Robinson (Toronto), Allan Curtis DOMINION OF CANADA, the author, C. J. Taylor (Ottawa), and Charles W. Yost (Alexan¬ Chacko, deals comprehensively with the crea¬ dria). tion, powers and accomplishments of this com¬ mission which has been so eminently successful TRADE DETAILS as an agency of peace and a means of settling difficult technical problems. The book is an The Division of Foreign Service Administra¬ excellent case study of international relations, tion reports that during the period from March and, in the light of the renewed interest in 14, 1932, to April 14, 1932, the officers named power development and navigable waterway; below were sent on the following trade details or on the Canadian boundary, assumes additional conferences: importance in the study of the relations be¬ Consul Lester L. Schnare (Hamburg) to Balti¬ tween the United States and Canada. Price, more; and Consul Alfred R. Thomson (Manches¬ $5.00. ter) to New York and . COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS

Consul Alfred R. Thomson attended in Phila¬ 2960 Broadway New York City delphia the Knitting Arts Exhibition, and in New York, on April 15, a luncheon given him

Photo from Foreign Service Buildings Office REAR VIEW, NEW AMERICAN CONSULAR BUILDING, YOKOHAMA 201 HE vi:ERICAN N L_ T J^ f °REIG gERVICE JOURNAL

GAME OF “MINISTERS CO TUONG’

CHESS AS PLAYED IN FRENCH INDO-CHINA IN response to requests therefor, W. Everett ministers can not leave the confines of the Scotten, American Vice Consul at Saigon, “Palace,” the name given to the diagram covering French Indo-China, prepared the following four squares in the center of each side of the report regarding a game of chess played in French board. Indo-China, concerning which very little appears The king can move in any direction within the to have been heard. The necessary information nine points of the “Palace,” one space at a time, was obtained from Dr. Dang Thuc Tien, of at right angles. The ministers may move along Saigon, an authority on the game and one of the the diagonal lines to the center and corners of the best players in the country. “Palace,” one space at a time, obliquely and re¬ The game is played on a board containing 64 turn. Neither the king nor his ministers may squares (apparently identical with an ordinary leave the “Palace.” chess board). There are sixteen pieces for each The elephant may proceed from his station side including the King (Hoang de), two Min¬ diagonally to a point two spaces in front of the isters of State (cac quang), two elephants (con king or in front of the chariot on his side in one tuong), two knights (con ngua), two chariots (con step and from there diagonally to a point in front xe), two cannon (con phao), and five warriors of his own or the other elephant’s station and (con choc). At the beginning of the game these return. The knight may move two spaces for¬ pieces all occupy the places indicated on the dia¬ ward or backward and one to the side, except if gram.* In moving from one position to another a piece stands on the next point forward or back¬ they occupy always the intersections of the lines ward. He may also move two spaces to either on the board and not the squares enclosed thereby side and one forward or backward provided no as in chess or checkers. The king and his two piece intervenes in the space on either side. The xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxt X * DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR OFFICERS

WILL ENJOY THE WILLARD X X with its large rooms, high ceilings and outside bath¬ X X rooms. Within the past few months the rooms have X been newly decorated; with their bright and attractive S * chintzes, they are charming in appearance and provide X X the utmost in comfort. at X Single Rooms with Bath—$4 and upward X X Double Rooms with Bath—$6 and upward X Unexcelled cuisine and service at very moderate prices X X in X Main Dining Room and Coffee Shop X X A la carte and Table d’hote meals X X 25% discount on room charges to members of the :« United States Foreign Service s. X X On Famous Ave. at Fourteenth and F Sts. X X Two BLOCKS FROM THE WHITE HOUSE X X X « FRANK S. HIGHT, President X X X Kxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxtx 202 . hariot moves freely forward or backward or to the side in a straight line. The cannon may move freely in any direction in a straight line, but in order to take an enemy piece must jump a single intervening piece of his own or the adversary. The warriors moved forward in a straight line one space at a time until the first line of the enemy's territory is reached, after which the;, may move sideways as well as forward one space at a time but may never retreat. Thus when they have reached the king’s row their movements are confined to that line along which they may pro¬ ceed laterally one space at a time. The warriors take opposing pieces by a forward move until reaching the enemy’s territory after which they may take either forward or laterally. The only pieces permitted to cross into th ■ enemv’s territory are the chariots, the knights, th ■ cannon, and the warriors, the latter being the onl. pieces not able to return to their own territory. Taking is accomplished simply by placing the at¬ tacking piece on the square occupied by the ad versary’s piece en prise and removing the latter from the board. 'The natives call taking “eating the enemy’s piece. The object of the game is to take or stalemate the king. A stalemate is considered a victory. A draw occurs when both sides are so situated that the next move is to win. Black moves first as it is considered the less honorable color, the older Photograph by Charles Barrett or more respected player always taking white. HOW AN AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL CLIMBS This game was brought into French Indo- COCO PALMS China by the Chinese who were masters of the country from immemorial time, it is reputed to Put Your Camera To Work be over 2,000 years old. Chinese characters were retained in order to keep the esoteric nature ol With very little effort you can obtain photograph , the game intact. The poor and uneducated of the daily happenings, official life, everyday customs, typical people and scenery of the int.r- classes were not supposed to play this game, which esting region in which you live. was kept sacred for the Mandarins and scholars. Such human-interest pictures and narratives o The diagram on which the game s played is your experiences are needed by The National supposed to represent rice fields surrounding the Geographic Magazine. Your photographs and Royal Palace. As will be apparent to anyone wh j manuscripts, published in The Geographic, will de¬ has traveled in southeastern Asia it is of course light and inform its more than a million families in necessary for travelers to keep to the dykes or all parts of the world, contribute materially to inter¬ national sympathy and understanding, and brin levees surrounding each field, and this explains to you unmeasurable satisfaction as well as l.bera the movement along the line rather than from financial remuneration. square to square as in chess or checkers. The two Why not write to-day for our booklet detailing the opposing sides of the board are regarded as kind of photographs desired? Or submit you enemy countries, the open space between them photographs and manuscripts for consideration? representing a river. When a warrior passes into the enemy’s territory he is said to “Cross the River” in local parlance. The original position ot The National Geographic Magazine the cannon which is marked on the diagram, is GILBERT GROSVKXOR, Litt.D., LL.D., Editor known as a fort. Each one of the squares is sup¬ posed to represent a day’s journey for a foot Washington, D. C. soldier and each move is therefore called by the 20? natives a day’s march. It will be noted that the characters on the pieces vary between the two sides. This is explained as representing different The NEW Model No. 6 grades or dignities attached to each. * It was not possible to reproduce the large diagram, but if any chess devotees so desire, a copy can be sent UNDERWOOD to them. It might be said, in an attempt to explain the diagram, that the King occupies the center (somewhat as in chess, except that his place is on the intersecting STANDARD line and not in the square), the two Ministers are on either side, then come the two Elephants each beside a Minister, then come the two Knights, and at each end IS HERE! a Chariot (where the castles in chess are). The “Palace” is the four squares where the King stands. The two Cannon are placed each on the second inter¬ secting line immediately in front of the Knight. The Warriors are placed on the intersecting line in front and to the left and right of each Cannon, the fifth Warrior being placed on the center intersecting line between the other four. 1871-1931 (Continued from page 175) Paris 5,000 Calcutta 5,000 Shanghai 4,000 Montreal 4,000 Alexandria 3,500 Frankfort 3,000 Constantinople 3,000 Beirut 2’000 Typewriter beauty is given a new significance . . . Tampico 1,500 speed and ease of operation a new meaning ... in the Florence Fees new model No. 6. For years the activities of the great Underwood Laboratories have been centered upon it. The three consuls with the highest salaries were For months, details of its construction . . . the develop¬ at , Rio de Janeiro, and Havre. The ment of its startling new features . . . the records of its former was paid $7,500 per year and the other revolutionary performance have been closely guarded two $6,000 each. The consul at Havre received secrets. $1,000 more than the Consul General at Paris, But now, it is here . . . complete . . . proven ... its while in Mexico the salary of the consul at Vera period of engineering, testing and checking behind it Cruz was $3,500 and that of the Consul General ... its era of performance before it . . . ready, willing, anxious to serve you . . . the New Underwood Standard at Tampico only $1,500. Typewriter. I hen came a list of the corps of Consular Clerks (later designated Consular Assistants), See the New Underwood Standard Model No. 6 at our office ... or at your own office . . . today! which comprised only 10 names; three were sta¬ tioned at Paris, and one each at Beirut, Frank¬ fort, Havana, Leipzig, Liverpool, Shanghai and Underwood Vienna. (The only one of that 10 now living, Standard, Noiseless and Portable Typewriters—Bookkeeping MachinO so far as known, is Joseph A. Springer, who re¬ UNDERWOOD TYPEWRITER COMPANY tired as Vice Consul at Havana, August 31, Division of Underwood Elliott Fisher Company 1930.) 1413 New York Ave., N. W., Washington, D. C. The rest of the Register was mainly taken up “SALES AND SERVICE EVERYWHERE" with lists of foreign legations in the United "UNDERWOOD ELLIOTT-FISHER. SUNDSTRAND—SPEED THE WORLD’S BUSINESS" States, there being no embassies sixty years ago, foreign consuls in the United States and former diplomatic representatives and secretaries to lega¬ UNDERWOOD tions of the United States. According to the list Speeds the Worlds Business of foreign consuls in the United States the Papal States were represented by one Consul General at New York, one Consul at New Orleans and 204 eight Vice Consuls at various other cities. Oct. 1,1869 Oct. 1,1929 There were also eight pages devoted to papers to Septem- to Septem¬ transmitted to Congress from the Department ber 30, 1870 her 30,1930 of State. One of the documents was a “Re¬ Paris 53,169.25 218,513.25 port showing the manner in which the fund Liverpool 32,639.16 85,519.50 for the contingent expenses of the Department Manchester 21,839.50 25,419.50 of State has been expended, from July 1, Havana 19,850.61 65,153.75 1868, to June 30, 1869, inclusive,” and another London 19,417.30 290,766.50 consisted of “Dispatches from Mr. E. B. Wash- burne, relative to extraordinary expenses in¬ (Unfortunately the London figures are not complete as there were no returns from January 1, 1870 to July 26, curred by the Legation at Paris, arising from 1870. The recent figures for these five offices were kindly existing war between France and North Ger¬ furnished by the officers in charge of these posts.) man}." These have a familiar ring as does also another document entitled “Statement of the num¬ The last few pages of the Register were de¬ voted to “maps showing where Ministers and Con¬ ber, age, sex and occupation of passengers arriv¬ suls are resident abroad,” which permitted one to ing in the United States by sea from foreign coun¬ find out the exact location of a future post with¬ tries during the year 1870. Accounts and con¬ out the necessity of consulting an atlas. These tingent expenses are with us now as they were maps covered the five continents and the seven with our predecessors of sixty years ago—plus ca seas and each diplomatic and consular post ap¬ change, plus e’est la meme chose. peared, the names of the former being written in The five most important offices from the point heavy print and those of the latter in light faced of view of fees collected were Paris, Liverpool, type. Manchester, Havana and London. The fees col¬ The sixty years from 1871 to 1931 saw numer¬ lected by each for the twelve months ending Sep¬ ous changes in the Foreign Service and in the tember 30. 1870, and for the twelve months end¬ world and who can tell how many will occur dur¬ ing September 30, 1930, are given below: ing the next sixty years. History repeats itself as

ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION

BUILDERS OF SUPERSTRUCTURES AS WELL AS SUBSTRUCTURES

POWER STATION IRRIGATION DAM

Office Buildings - Industrial Plants - Warehouses - Railroads and Terminals - Foundations Underpinning - Filtration and Sewage Plants - Hydro-Electric Developments - Power Houses Highivays - River and Harbor Developments - Bridges and Bridge Piers - Mine Shafts and Tunnels THE FOUNDATION COMPANY NEW YORK CHICAGO LOS ANGELES LONDON LIMA PITTSBURGH SAN FRANCISCO MONTREAL MEXICO CITY CARTAGENA THE FOUNDATION COMPANY (FOREIGN) NEW YORK LONDON TOKYO ATHENS PARIS BRUSSELS

205 ly , rJlHE^MERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

the saving goes and if some officer in 1991 writes a comparison of the Register in use then with that REDUCTION of 19.fl, the latter volume will in all probability 20% seem as strange and as interesting to him as the 1871 Register appears to us. Like the sea which in Summer Rates constantly changes the configuration of the land, so do time and the passing years change the TO EUROPE countries.

A POLITICAL BOOK-SHELF

By JOHN CARTER An extremely interesting book, with the some¬ what lurid title “Is Capitalism Doomed?” has just been written by Lawrence Dennis, formerly of the American Foreign Service. (Harper’s, $.f.) The study is distinguished by brilliance of style and phrase and by a knack of stinging crit¬ icism. Its chief value, however, lies not so much in its conclusions as in its critique of American NOW you save even more money on this financial and banking practice. In that field it is new one-class line. Sailing from or de¬ expert and. though somewhat moralistic, well barking at Baltimore you are only an worth serious attention. Somewhat similar in tone hour from Washington. A sailing every is Air. Lothrop Stoddard's “Europe and Our week, eastbound and westbound, provides a Money.” (McMillan's, $2.25.) Mr. Stoddard is, ship when you are ready. New, fast, oil¬ of course, familiar to Americans for his pro¬ burning mail liners. Staterooms all outside phetic study of “The Rising Tide of Color,” pub¬ on upper decks, 60', with private baths. lished before the war, at a time when “The Yellow More space in staterooms, lounge rooms and Peril" was only a phrase. In this present volume on deck. A famous cuisine. he presents, with sobriety and common-sense, the /Veic minimum rales applying the year American nationalistic view-point with reference ’round are: to the whole financial and war-debt relationship between the United States and Europe. He feels $90 One-way Round-trip $17] that our bankers would be well advised to study carefully British banking history. He agrees with Mr. Dennis that the combination of investment BALTIMORE banking with commercial banking is a dangerous one and one which has proven contrary to the MAIL LINE public interest. Joseph McCabe’s “Spain in Revolt, 1814-1931," Passenger Offices: (Appleton’s, $2), deals with a timely subject with Washington, D. C. New York City great vividness. Unfortunately, it is permeated 1419 G Street N. W. 1 Broadway with a spirit of bitter anti-clericalism and anti- or any office of the International Mercantile Marine Co., General Passenger Agents monarchism which robs it of all objectivity and London Paris puts it in the field of propaganda. Another book U. S. Lines, 14 Regent St., U. S. Lines, 10 Rue Auber of special and academic interest is H. R. Mar¬ S. W. I. Berlin Hamburg ram's “American Opinion on the Unification of U. S. Lines, Unter den U. S. Lines, Alsterthor & Italy, 1846-1861.” (Columbia University Press, Linden, 9 Ferdinandstrasse $3.50.) It has particular interest in the parallel Antwerp Red Star Line, 22 Rue des which it affords to current American interest in Peignes the sphere of treaty revision in Europe today and or United States Lines offices in principal European cities the conduct of international propaganda in the interest of a special cause. 206 GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS (Extracts l'rom the “Weekly List of Selected United States Government Publications,” issued by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Offi.e, Washington, D. C.) ARMY REGISTER. Official Army Register, Jan. 1, 1932. 1338 pages. (War Dept.). $1.25. This official Army register gives the list of officers on the executive list, casualties, retired list, emergency offi¬ cers, retired list, roll of honor, history of various organi¬ zations, organization of the general staff, pay of the Army, etc. MARINE CORPS. Register of commissioned and warrant officers of the United States Marine Corps Reserve, January 1, 1932. 1932. 28 pages. (Navy Dept). 5c. Covers administration, explanatory notes, list of offi¬ cers, Marine Corps Reserve, honorary retired list, pay tables, and index. MILITARY INSTRUCTION. Study of the educa tional value of military instruction in universities and colleges. 1932. 24 pages. (Office of Education, Pam¬ phlet No. 28). 5c. Covers methods and procedure, including questionnaire, . . . list of institutions included in this study, general analysis but why of the findings, detailed analysis of opinions, analysis of findings by institutions, etc. NAVY. Navy directory, Jan. 1. 1932. 1932. 272 “pink tooth brush” pages. (Navy Dept. Bureau of Navigation). 25c. Covers officers of the United States Navy and Marine with my teeth so Corps, also including officers of the United States Naval Reserve (active), Marine Corps Reserve (active), and foreign officers serving with the Navy. white and dean?

Of course you’re frightened when “pink” shows upon your tooth brush. For “pink tooth brush” warns that your gums RETIRED CONSULAR OFFICERS have become unhealthily soft, unsound! Tasty but tender modern food, and the habit of eating too hur¬ The following letter appeared in the issue of riedly have made your gums “touchy.” infirm and opened them March 6, 1932. of the London Observer, and the to attack from gingivitis, Vincent’s disease, or pyorrhea - troubles that threaten even the soundest teeth. suggestion contained in it emanating from British But the threatening “pink” tinge will quickly disappear with retired Consular officers may be of interest to the regular use of Ipana Tooth Paste and gum massage! American Foreign Service officers who have re¬ Bring health to gums with Ipana and massage! tired : Massage, with brush or fingers, is what dentists prescribe for bleeding gums. And many say “with Ipana.” For Ipana is not Sir : Recently the undersigned retired Consuls-General only delightful to the taste, cleansing to the teeth, hut its soft, bad the opportunity of meeting, and we concurred in our gritless ingredients are kind and healing to the gums. conversation as to the deplorable fact that we had so For Tpana contains ziratol, a preparation long used by the pro¬ little contact with any of our former colleagues who had fession for its efficiency in toning and invigorating tender gum retired upon completing their services abroad, and the Tissue. When “pink” appears, give your gums the health the> need with massage and Ipana! Speed the sluggish flow ol suggestion is that Consular officers who have retired blood. Send it coursing through the cells, bringing them new should communicate with one of the undersigned, c/o The strength, building them hack to vigor. The threat of dread Manchester Ship Canal Company, 120 Fenchurch Street, diseases will quickly disappear! E.C.3, giving his present address, so that consideration * * * may be given as to whether it might not be feasible to Ipana will please you with its taste. It will keep your teeth form a Consular Society for retired officers which would flashing white—and bring new health and firmness to weak, allow of occasional meetings, luncheons, or dinners, and undernourished gums. enable the esprit de corps of the service in which we Start tonight with Ipana. Go to your druggist and get a full- have been to be kept alive, and possibly also to render size tuhe today. It’s the best dentifrice that money can buy, some service that may be of value in connection with and that kind of a dentifrice, like that kind of a dentist, is matters that may arise from time to time. never a luxury. Yours truly, Sold in all the principal cities of the world. A. CARNEGIE Ross, Late Consul-General. San Francisco. H. A. RICHARDS, IPANA Late Consul-General, Chicago.

HARRY G. ARMSTRONG, TOOTH PASTE Late Consul-General, New York. Bristol-Myers Co., 75 West Street, N. Y., U. S. A. 120 Fenchurch Street, London, E.C.3. 207 be a separate file of active registrations or should they FROM THE VISITORS’ REGISTER be filed with the general correspondence in the same man¬ ner as passport applications? The Regulations are not Room 115, Department of State clear on this point. 1932 [ED.—This inquiry submitted to an experienced Foreign George C. Cobb, St. Johns, Nfd March 19 Service officer elicited the following reply: The system Dora A. Crawford, Sault Ste. Marie... March 19 of maintaining a separate file of registration applications Howard Bucknell, Jr., Panama March 19 was discontinued in 1928. Diplomatic Serial No. 721, of William R. Langdon, Dairen March 19 June 5, 1928. directed that registration applications Dale W. Maher, Havre March 23 (Forms 176-176a and 177) should be filed with the cor¬ Charles S. Reed, 2d, Taihoku, Taiwan.. March 23 respondence of the office.] Albert E. Clattenburg, Jr., Athens March 24 C. Franklin Yeager, Patras March 24 Alfred R. Thomson, Manchester March 24 Charles H. Derry, Paris March 25 Carter R. Whittaker, Foochow April 1 CONTENTS Robert English, Budapest April 1 J. C. Holmes, Bucharest April 4 PAGE H. M. Benninghoff, Yokohama April 4 THE LAND OF THE GENTLE MEDACQUA- -By C. B. Chiperfield, Sydney, N. S. W April 4 Henry T. Giekes, Kingston, Ontario... David Thomasson 165 Carlton Bailey Hurst April 6 John P. McDermott, Pretoria April 6 CONSULAR MONDAY (Poem)—By M. P. 1). . 170 Harry D. Franklin, Leipzig April 7 INDOCTRINATION—By William P. Cochran. . 172 Henry T. Dwyer, Fort William and Port Arthur April 8 1871-1931—By Lawrence S. Armstrong. ... 174 H. C. Milbourne, Cologne April 8 George A. Gordon, Berlin April 8 IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT: APPROPRIA¬ Paul C. Seddicum, Cardiff April 9 TIONS 180 Duncan M. White, Prague April 9 Warren C. Stewart, La Ceiba, Honduras April 11 THE OFFICE OF THE GEOGRAPHER 183 F. Willard Calder, Southampton April 11 Louis B. Mazzeo, Chihuahua April 11 NEWS ITEMS FROM THE FIELD 186 Richard R. Willey, Calcutta April 11 FOREIGN SERVICE CHANGES 188 FI. Merle Cochran, Basel April 11 Perry N. Jester, Hong Kong April 12 BIRTHS AND MARRIAGES 190 George S. Messersmith, Berlin April 12 James W. Riddleberger, Geneva April 12 IN MEMORIAM 191 James H. Wright, Cologne DEPARTMENT OF COM MERGE CHANGES 193 Ernest De W. Mayer, F. S. S April 13 J. R. Trowbridge, Rotterdam April 13 PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE CHANGES 193 Leon Dominian, Stuttgart April 14 Lester L. Schnare, Hamburg April 14 SPRAGUE CENTENARY 199 Harold D. Clum, Guayaquil April 14 GAME OF MINISTERS CO TUONG (Chess) . . . 202 Edward J. Sparks, Santiago, Chile April 14 C. Burke Elhrick, Panama April 14 A POLITICAL BOOK SHELF—By John Carter. 207 Edwin Schoenrich, Santiago de Cuba... April 15 LETTERS 208

LETTERS

(This column will be devoted each month to the publication, in whole or in part, of letters to the Editor from members of the Association on topics of general interest. Such letters are to be regarded as expressing merely the personal opinion of the A Quiet Exclusive Hotel writers and not necessarily the views of the JOURNAL, or of the Association.) In New York's Social The following is the first response to the sug¬ Centre gested establishment of a Question Box. It seem- THE LANGDON PATRONIZED BY MEMBERS OF THE unnecessary to publish the name of the inquirer 2 EAST 56" ST in each case, but merely to give a serial number. NEW YORK AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE Q. B. No. 1. Section 606 of the Regulations provides RATES: SINGLE $4.00, DOUBLE $5.00 for a file of approved applications of American citizens for registration, and card file thereto, but the revised ALL ROOMS WITH BATH instruction on inventories dated May 11, 1931, states “registration applications, reports of birth, et cetera, are CABLE: LANGDON. NEW YORK now filed with the general correspondence. Should there 208 INSURANCE SERVICE ANNUITIES

AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION

The American Foreign Service Protective Association is a non - profit mutual association organized for the promotion of the welfare of foreign service officers and their families:

WHICH has in force group insurance WHICH assists beneficiaries of deceased amounting to more than $1,700,000 with a members to defray immediate emergency consistent increase in membership; expenses; WHICH desires to increase its member¬ WHICH has paid since its organization ship in order to spread more widely the three years ago $43,000 in death claims; benefits of its services and to offer the pos WHICH offers a choice of several an¬ sibility of a substantial decrease in the nuity provisions affording an ideal medium present low group rates; for investment and savings and for an ad¬ WHICH invites every foreign service ditional income after retirement; officer under fifty-five years of age to be¬ come a member upon simple entrance re¬ WHICH offers the service of a qualified quirements, namely, application, certificate insurance adviser upon any phase of insur¬ in regard to health and check for first ance such as life insurance trusts, estate tax quarter’s premium ranging from $7.50 to insurance, educational policies, et cetera; $37.50, depending upon rank in the Foreign Service and amount of insurance; WHICH has its contracts underwritten by one of the largest and strongest Ameri¬ WHICH solicits the aid and co-operation can insurance companies with assets of of every foreign service officer in promot¬ nearly one and a half billion dollars; ing the objectives of the Association.

All communications and applications should be addressed to the Secretary- Treasurer, American Foreign Service Protective Association, Room 113, Department of State, Washington, D. C.

JAMES B. STEWART WALTER H. SCHOELLKOPF JOSEPH E. JACOBS President Vice President Secretary-Treasurer J. ALAN MAPHIS, Insurance Adviser HARRY A. HAVENS, Assistant to Secretary-Treasurer L/RIVE anywhere, any time on Firestone Gum-Dipped Tires and feel safe. Only Firestone Tires give the "Extra Values" of Gum Dipping and Two Extra Cord Flies Under the Tread that make possible greater strength—safety—and mileage under any and all road conditions. Firestone economies in buy¬ ing and efficient manufacturing — plus distributing thru their own service stores and service dealers—are responsible for these savings, which are passed on to you, making prices sur¬ prisingly low. Firestone put their name on every tire they make. This is your guarantee of Extra Values and satisfactory service. The Firestone Service Store V IN or Service Dealer in your neigh¬ borhood will save you money and serve you better . . . call ANY. . on him today. WEATHER

THE GOLD STANDARD OF TIRE VALUES

TIRES-TUBES SPARK PLUGS -RIMS ACCESSORIES