Theoretical and Empirical Accounts of Swedish Financial Supervision in the Twentieth Century
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International Monetary Fund
World Trade Organization From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia WTO" redirects here. For other uses, see WTO (disambiguation). World Trade Organization (English) Organisation mondiale du commerce (French) Organización Mundial del Comercio (Spanish) WTO founder members (January 1, 1995) WTO subsequent members Formation January 1, 1995 Centre William Rappard, Headquarters Geneva, Switzerland Membership 153 member states Official langua English, French, Spanish [1] ges Director- Pascal Lamy General 189 million Swiss francs Budget (approx. 182 million USD) in 2009.[2] Staff 625[3] Website www.wto.int The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an organization that intends to supervise and liberalize international trade. The organization officially commenced on January 1, 1995 under the Marrakech Agreement, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which commenced in 1948. The organization deals with regulation of trade between participating countries; it provides a framework for negotiating and formalizing trade agreements, and a dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participants' adherence to WTO agreements which are signed by representatives of member governments and ratified by their parliaments. [4] [5] Most of the issues that the WTO focuses on derive from previous trade negotiations, especially from the Uruguay Round (1986-1994). The organization is currently endeavoring to persist with a trade negotiation called the Doha Development Agenda (or Doha Round), which was launched in 2001 to enhance equitable participation of poorer countries which represent a majority of the world's population. However, the negotiation has been dogged by "disagreement between exporters of agricultural bulk commodities and countries with large numbers of subsistence farmers on the precise terms of a 'special safeguard measure' to protect farmers from surges in imports. -
17Th Annual Report of the Bank for International Settlements
BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 1st APRIL 1946—31st MARCH 1947 BASLE 16th June 1947 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. Introductory Remarks 5 II. Transition from War to Peace Economy 9 Budget situation (p. 9), resources for productive investments (p. 9), subsidies (p. 10), nationalisations (p. 11), financial accounts (p. 11), foreign credits and foreign aid (p. 13)., em- ployment policy (p. 14), shortage of consumption goods (p. 15), wage increases (p. 15), price control (p. 16), wheat situation (p. I"]), meat, fat etc. (p. 18), industrial production (p. 20 ), coal , situation (p. 22), over-employment (p. 25) . III. Price Movements 28 Types of movement (p. 28), prices in Greece (p. 28), Hungary (p. 28), Roumania (p. 29), China (p. 29), Poland (p. 30), Italy (p. 30), France (p. 31), Finland (p. 32), Bulgaria (p. 32), Belgium (p. 32), Czechoslovakia (p. 32), Holland (p. 32), Turkey (p. 32), United States (p. 33), Great Britain (p. 35), Germany (p. 36), Austria (p. 37), wartime shortages (p. 38), general observations (p. 39) IV. Recovery of Foreign Trade .................. 41 Volume of world trade (p. 41), foreign trade in the United States (p. 42), in Canada (p. 45), Great Britain (p. 46), Denmark (p. 49), Norway (p. 49), Sweden (p. 5°), Finland (p. 50), Belgium (p. 51), Holland (p. 51), Switzerland (p. 52), Portugal (p. 52), France (p. 52), Italy (p. 54), Germany (p. 55), Poland (p. 5&), Czechoslovakia (p. 57), Austria (p. 58), Hungary (p. 58), Roumania (p. 59), Yugoslavia (p. 59), Bulgaria (p. 59), Greecç (p. 59); Turkey (p. 60), U.S.S.R. -
International Symposium Productivity Competitivity and Globalisation
Productivité Colloque Compétitivité international et Globalisation NOVEMBRE 2005 Productivity International Competitivity Symposium and Globalisation NOVEMBER 2005 CONTENTS (Participants titles are at the time of the Symposium) CONTRIBUTORS 163 INTRODUCTION 177 OPENING Christian NOYER, Governor, Banque de France 179 SPEECH SESSION 1 CHANGES IN PRODUCTIVITY AND COMPETITIVENESS: CONCEPTS AND STYLISED FACTS 183 Chairperson: Jean-Claude TRICHET, President, European Central Bank 185 Speaker: Bart van ARK, Professor, University of Groningen and the Conference Board Europe 187 “Europe’s productivity gap: Catching up or getting stuck?” Discussants: Christine CUMMING, First Vice President, Federal Reserve Bank of New York 204 Daniel COHEN, Professor, École normale supérieure-Ulm (Paris) 207 Marc-Olivier STRAUSS-KAHN, General Director of Economics and International Relations, Banque de France 208 SESSION 2 IMPACT ON THE INTERNATIONAL ALLOCATION OF CAPITAL AND GLOBAL IMBALANCES 213 Chairperson: Axel WEBER, President, Deutsche Bundesbank Speaker: William WHITE, Economic Adviser and Head of the Monetary and Economic Department, Bank for International Settlements 215 “Changes in productivity and competitiveness: Impact on the international allocation of capital and global imbalances” Discussants: Patrick ARTUS, Chief economist, Ixis Corporate & Investment Bank 230 Leszek BALCEROWICZ, President, Narodowy Bank Polski 239 Guillermo ORTIZ, Governor, Banco de México 242 Banque de France • International Symposium: Productivity, competitiveness and globalisation -
Giới Thiệu Về Quỹ Tiền Tệ Quốc Tế (IMF) Và Hệ Thống Dữ Liệu Chính
Giới Thiệu về Quỹ Tiền Tệ Quốc Tế (IMF) và Hệ thống Dữ liệu chính Nguyễn Thị Vân Anh Trình bày tại Trường Đại Học Kinh Tế TP HCM Ngày 5 Tháng 4, 2017 Nội Dung Chính 1. Giới thiệu chung về IMF 2. Hệ thống dữ liệu và các ấn phẩm chính của IMF 2 1. GIỚI THIỆU CHUNG VỀ IMF 3 Một số Nét chính về IMF • Quỹ Tiền Tệ Quốc Tế (IMF) được thành lập tại Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, Hoa Kz vào tháng 7, 1944 • Từ 44 nước thành viên khi thành lập, đến nay IMF bao gồm 189 nước thành viên. • Trụ sở chính tại Washington DC, Hoa Kz • Mục đích là tăng cường hợp tác tiền tệ, đảm bảo sự ổn định tài chính, thúc đẩy thương mại quốc tế, thúc đẩy tăng trưởng bền vững, tạo việc làm và xóa đói giảm nghèo. Vào mục about the IMF để xem thêm về IMF: http://www.imf.org/external/about.htm 4 Một số Nét chính về IMF (tiếp theo) • Ban Giám Đốc Điều Hành: 24 Giám đốc Điều hành, đại diện cho một nước hay một nhóm nước. Ban Giám đốc điều hành này bầu ra Tổng Giám Đốc Điều Hành của IMF (có nhiệm kz 5 năm) • Tổng số cán bộ của IMF: khoảng 2,700 nhân viên từ 148 nước • Tổng số quota do các nước thành viên đóng góp: 668 tỷ USD (tính đến tháng 9, 2016). • Tổng số tiền cam kết cho vay (theo những thỏa thuận về cho vay hiện tại): 159 tỷ USD (tính tới tháng 9, 2016) • Những nước vay nhiều của IMF: Bồ Đào Nha, Hy Lạp, Ukraina, Pakistan • Đã thực hiện giám sát, tư vấn về kinh tế vĩ mô cho 124 nước thành viên trong năm 2015. -
Fondo Monetario.Indd 1 05/10/11 14:44 Fondo Monetario.Indd 2 05/10/11 14:44 Biblioteca INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND and WORLD BANK
Fondo Monetario.indd 1 05/10/11 14:44 Fondo Monetario.indd 2 05/10/11 14:44 Biblioteca INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND AND WORLD BANK Fondo Monetario.indd 3 05/10/11 14:44 UNIVERSIDAD VERACRUZANA Raúl Arias Lovillo Rector Porfirio Carrillo Castilla Secretario Académico Víctor Aguilar Pizarro Secretario de Administración y Finanzas Agustín del Moral Tejeda Director General Editorial Fondo Monetario.indd 4 05/10/11 14:44 Samuel Lichtensztejn INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND AND WORLD BANK: Instruments of Financial Power Traducción de Arsinoé Orihuela Ochoa Biblioteca Xalapa, Ver., México 2011 5 Fondo Monetario.indd 5 05/10/11 14:44 Diseño de portada: David Medina. Clasificación LC: HG3881.5.158 L52 15 2011 Clasif. Dewey: 332.152 Autor: Lichtensztejn, Samuel, 1934- Título: International Monetary Fund and World Bank : instruments of financial power / Samuel Lichtensztejn. Edición: Primera edición. Pie de imprenta: Xalapa, Veracruz : Universidad Veracruzana, 2011. Descripción física: 236 p. ; 21 cm. Serie: (Biblioteca) Nota: Bibliografía: p. 229-236. ISBN: 9786075021140 Materias: Fondo Monetario Internacional. Banco Mundial. Finanzas internacionales. DGBUV 2011/42 Primera edición, 23 de septiembre de 2011 © Universidad Veracruzana Dirección General Editorial Hidalgo 9, Centro, Xalapa, Veracruz Apartado postal 97, C. P. 91000 [email protected] Tel/fax (228) 818 59 80, 818 13 88 ISBN: 978-607-502-114-0 Impreso en México Printed in Mexico Fondo Monetario.indd 6 05/10/11 14:44 To the women of my life: My mother, Raquel Teszler My wife, Liliana Kusnir My daughter, Gabriela Fondo Monetario.indd 7 05/10/11 14:44 SPECIAL THANKS To my assistant, Carolina Fortuno for her valuable collabora- tion. -
Made in London
Institute for Empirical Research in Economics University of Zurich Working Paper Series ISSN 1424-0459 Working Paper No. 386 A pioneer of a new monetary policy? Sweden’s price level targeting of the 1930s revisited Tobias Straumann and Ulrich Woitek August 2008 A pioneer of a new monetary policy? Sweden’s price level targeting of the 1930s revisited Tobias Straumann* and Ulrich Woitek University of Zurich, IERE August 2008 Abstract The paper re-examines Sweden’s price level targeting during the 1930s which is regarded as a precursor of today’s inflation targeting. According to conventional wisdom the Riksbank was the first central bank to adopt price level targeting as the guideline for its activities, although in practice giving priority to exchange rate stabilisation over price level stabilisation. On the basis of econometric analysis (Bayesian VAR) and the evaluation of new archival sources we come to a more skeptical conclusion. Our results suggest that it is hard to reconcile the Riksbank’s striving for a fixed exchange rate with the claim that it adopted price level targeting. This finding has implications for the prevailing view of the 1930s as a decade of great policy innovations. Keywords: Sweden, monetary policy, price level targeting, Great Depression JEL Code: N14, E42 * Corresponding author: University of Zurich, IERE, Winterthurerstr. 30, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland, phone: +41 44 634 35 69, email: [email protected]. 1. Introduction Sweden’s monetary policy during the 1930s is one of the most fascinating episodes in Europe’s economic history of the twentieth century. In late September 1931, when Sweden suspended the gold standard, the Finance Minister made the public statement that from now on monetary policy would be aimed at stabilizing the internal price level, and judging from the record, the goal was achieved rather successfully. -
Sweden and Bretton Woods, 1943-1951
Sweden and Bretton Woods, 1943-1951 Ahlström, Göran; Carlson, Benny 2006 Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Ahlström, G., & Carlson, B. (2006). Sweden and Bretton Woods, 1943-1951. (Lund Papers in Economic History: General Issues; No. 100). Department of Economic History, Lund University. Total number of authors: 2 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 Lund Papers in Economic History No. 100, 2006 General Issues Sweden and Bretton Woods, 1943-1951 Göran Ahlström & Benny Carlson DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC HISTORY, LUND UNIVERSITY Sweden and Bretton Woods, 1943-1951 Göran Ahlström & Benny Carlson Abstract The Swedish road to membership of the Bretton Woods organisations – the IMF and the World Bank – has so far lain under something of a historical shadow. -
The Evolution of the International Monetary Fund
ESSAYS IN INTERNATIONAL FINANCE No. 135, December 1979 THE EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND FRANK A. SOUTHARD, JR. INTERNATIONAL FINANCE SECTION DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS PRINCETON UNIVERSITY Princeton, New Jersey This is the one hundred and thirty-fifth number in the series ESSAYS IN INTERNATIONAL FINANCE, published from time to time by the International Finance Section of the Department of Economics of Princeton University. The author, Frank A. Southard, Jr., was Professor of Eco- nomics at Cornell University and held positions as Director of the Office of International Finance in the Treasury De- partment, Deputy Director of Research in the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, and U.S. Execu- tive Director and subsequently Deputy Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund. He is the author of books and articles in the field of international finance, in- cluding FOREIGN EXCHANGE PRACTICE AND POLICY and THE FINANCES OF EUROPEAN LIBERATION. The Section sponsors the Essays in this series but takes no further responsibility for the opinions expressed in them. The writers are free to develop their topics as they wish. PETER B. KENEN, Director International Finance Section ESSAYS IN INTERNATIONAL FINANCE No. 135, December 1979 THE EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND FRANK A. SOUTHARD, JR. INTERNATIONAL FINANCE SECTION DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS PRINCETON UNIVERSITY Princeton, New Jersey V" INTERNATIONAL FINANCE SECTION EDITORIAL STAFF Peter B. Kenen, Director Ellen Seiler, Editor Susan Ciotti, Editorial Aide Kaeti Isaila, Subscriptions and Orders Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Southard, Frank Allan, 1907- The evolution of the International Monetary Fund. (Essays in international finance; no. -
IMF Adapts to Changing Global Environment to Meet Member Countries' Needs
International Monetary Fund VOLUME 28 SUPPLEMENT September 1999 www.imf.org Contents Financial markets recover 1 IMF adapts to changing global environment Overview 3 to meet member countries’ needs Financial architecture After a series of financial crises between mid-1997 and stem the crisis affecting its economy. In these and other early 1999, which for a time raised fears of a global areas, the IMF has been directly involved––providing 4 Organization recession, there has recently been a marked improve- policy advice to its 182 member countries, extending ment in financial market conditions and most of the financial support for soundly formulated adjustment 5 economies that were affected by the crises have begun and reform programs, offering contingent financing to Executive Board table to recover. Although there are a number of remaining countries affected by financial contagion, granting low- global downside risks, growth appears to have bot- cost assistance to the poorest and most indebted of its 6 Quotas tomed out at 2!/2 percent in 1998, in what appears to member countries, and taking steps to strengthen the have been the mildest of the four world economic slow- international financial system, including by promoting 7 downs of the past three decades. transparency and good governance in its members. Quota table In Southeast Asia, where the first crises occurred, the Despite the signs of progress, many challenges remain. 8 countries most directly affected––Korea, Indonesia, Continuing recovery depends on sound policies at the Surveillance Malaysia, and Thailand––are all showing signs of recov- national level and also on a healthy global economic envi- 10 ery. -
How the German Crisis of 1931 Spread Across Europe
How the German Crisis of 1931 Spread Across Europe: Evidence from the Swedish Twin Crisis Peter Kugler, Tobias Straumann, Florian Weber1 July, 1931 Abstract The paper investigates the causes leading to the fall of the Swedish krona in late September of 1931. Contrary to the standard view that the Swedish currency fell victim to the sterling crisis of September 1931, we show that it was the German crisis of July 1931 that sealed the fate of the krona. Furthermore, the analysis of international bond markets and bank balance sheets suggests that contagion started as early as mid-May when investors reassessed the connection between the solvency of the German government, the exposure of Ivar Kreuger’s business network and two Swedish commercial banks linked to Kreuger. 1. Introduction The German crisis was arguably the most important shock to the world economy in 1931. The fiscal crisis, the banking crisis, the Hoover moratorium, the introduction of exchange controls, and the standstill agreement – they all had repercussions in Europe and across the Atlantic, even across the Pacific. Europe’s financial and monetary order crumbled, the US dollar came under pressure, prompting the Federal Reserve to raise the discount rate in the middle of the crisis, Japan devalued its currency, and the global economy tanked even deeper. The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) spoke of “dramatic occurrences in the whole field of international finance, credit, monetary stability and capital movements, both public and private”, leading to “unparalleled world-wide disturbances.” (BIS 1931/32, p. 5) 1 Corresponding author: Tobias Straumann, Department of Economics/Economic History, Zürichbergstrasse 14, CH- 8032 Zurich, Switzerland, [email protected] 1 Yet, while there is a rich literature on the causes and the course of the German crisis, its propagation has not been fully explored yet.2 So far, research has concentrated on the effects of the German crisis on the British currency and the US economy, and there is no consensus on how strong contagion effectively was. -
Explaining IMF Low Income Country Reform in the Post Washington Consensus
Syracuse University SURFACE Dissertations - ALL SURFACE June 2014 Drivers of Change: Explaining IMF Low Income Country Reform in the Post Washington Consensus Mark Rittenhouse Hibben Syracuse University Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/etd Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Hibben, Mark Rittenhouse, "Drivers of Change: Explaining IMF Low Income Country Reform in the Post Washington Consensus" (2014). Dissertations - ALL. 49. https://surface.syr.edu/etd/49 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the SURFACE at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations - ALL by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract Through use of rationalist, constructivist, and historical structural theory, this study of IMF Low Income Country (LIC) policy change from 1996 to 2010 identifies potential causal variables and mechanisms that drive contemporary reform in the institution toward its poorest member states. Patterns uncovered through principal-agent analysis suggest that coalition formation between at least two actors is a necessary condition for LIC policy reform. Principal-agent analysis also establishes that discontinuity among powerful states gives IMF management and staff greater openings to initiate or block reform efforts. Constructivist analysis assesses if shifts in thinking among IMF insiders and the broader epistemic community of development economists have causal effect on LIC policy reform. Evidence gathered through process tracing methods shows that reform occurred after economic ideas that underwrote previous policy positions lost legitimacy among influential elites within and outside the IMF. Thus while IMF staff self -identify as rational technocrats, they are also driven by concerns of pursuing what the broader elite community deems as appropriate policy choices. -
Till Statsrådet Och Chefen För Utrikesdepartementet
SOU 1999:20 Till statsrådet och chefen för Utrikesdepartementet Regeringen bemyndigade genom beslut den 13 februari 1997 chefen för Utrikesdepartementet att tillkalla en kommission med uppgift att skapa största möjliga klarhet i vad som kan ha hänt i Sverige när det gäller egendom av judiskt ursprung som förts hit i samband med judeförföljelserna före och under andra världskriget (dir. 1997:31). Med stöd av nämnda bemyndigande utsågs den 21 februari 1997 f.d. landshövdingen Rolf Wirtén till ordförande i kommissionen. Samma dag förordnades som ledamöter docenten Nina Einhorn, professorn Boel Flodgren, f.d. justitierådet Per Jermsten, advokaten Lennart Kanter, fil. dr Helène Lööw och ambassadören Krister Wahlbäck. Som sakkunniga förordnades samma datum fil. dr. Paul A. Levine och docenten Alf W. Johansson. Den senare entledigades på egen begäran från uppdraget den 17 april 1997. Den 11 april 1997 för- ordnades som sakkunniga även direktören Salomo Berlinger, f.d. ambassadören Sven Fredrik Hedin, professorn Mats Larsson, riks- arkivarien Erik Norberg, f.d. bankdirektören P.G. Persson, avdelningsdirektören Hans Seyler, dr Israel Singer, direktören Göran Strömgren, docenten Kersti Ullenhag, avdelningsdirektören Göran Wikell och f.d. ambassadören Eric Virgin. Den 14 december 1998 entledigades Sven Fredrik Hedin på egen begäran från sitt uppdrag. För att som experter biträda kommissionen förordnades den 11 april 1997 kanslirådet Bertil Ahnborg och departementsrådet Berndt Fredriksson. Fr.o.m. den 14 april 1997 anställdes huvudsekreteraren i kommis- sionen hovrättsassessorn Gertrud Forkman och sekreteraren fil. dr Ingrid Lomfors, vars anställning på hennes begäran varade endast t.o.m. den 14 december 1998. Fr.o.m. den 1 februari 1998 anställdes som sekreterare även hovrättsassessorn Peder Bjursten.