Air Pollution and Maternal Health Outcomes

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DESIGN GUIDE

How to change the template color theme This PowerPoint 2007 template produces a 36”x48” You can easily change the color theme of your poster by going to the presentation poster. You can use it to create your research DESIGN menu, click on COLORS, and choose the color theme of your poster and save valuable time placing titles, subtitles, text, choice. You can also create your own color theme. and graphics.

We provide a series of online tutorials that will guide you through the poster design process and answer your poster production questions. To view our template tutorials, go online to PosterPresentations.com and click on HELP DESK. INTRODUCTION GLOBAL AIR POLLUTION RESULTS RESULTS You can also manually change the color of your background by going to VIEW > SLIDE MASTER. After you finish working on the master be sure to When you are ready to print your poster, go online to go to VIEW > NORMAL to continue working on your poster. ● Data from multiple continents show risks of negative gestational outcomes in mothers Figure 1 Table 3 PosterPresentations.com ● Low significant findings were seen in almost every study, indicating a exposed to air pollution. [10] potential association between certain air pollutant markers and birth ● Six Criteria Air Pollutants associated with Preterm Birth and Low Birth Weight (US and [10] How to add Text China) outcomes such as PTB and LBW.

Need assistance? Call us at 1.510.649.3001 ○ CO The template comes with a number of ○ SO2 ● Non-significant findings include Hao et al’s association with ozone and ○ PM ○ NO pre-formatted placeholders for headers and text 2.5 PTB, Coker et al’s NO2 and FTBW, and Wu et al’s association with ○ PM ○ O3 blocks. You can add more blocks by copying and 10 term LBW and SO and NO markers. 2 2 pasting the existing ones or by adding a text box ● Low Birth Weight (LBW): <2500 grams (5.5 pounds) [7] ● Many confounding factors may have skewed outcomes of interest in QUICK START from the HOME menu. ● Preterm Birth (PTB): < 37 weeks gestation [7] this analysis. ● Although, the exact mechanism of how air pollution effects the fetus is still unknown, ● Only results for the 6 criteria air pollutants were accounted for in

some researchers hypothesize that oxidative stress, inflammation, and hemodynamic relation to preterm birth and low birth weight. Text size Zoom in and out changes associated with air pollutants can impair the oxygen and nutrient transportation Adjust the size of your text based on how much content you have to As you work on your poster zoom in and out to the level that is more to the fetus [7]. present. The default template text offers a good starting point. Follow comfortable to you. the conference requirements.

Go to VIEW > ZOOM. DISCUSSION OBJECTIVE Figure 1 displays a world map of the air quality indexes [10]. How to add Tables Title, Authors, and Affiliations To add a table from scratch go to the INSERT menu and Start designing your poster by adding the title, the names of the authors, ● Complete a literature review of studies to compare rates of air pollution Table 1 click on TABLE. A drop-down box will help you select rows and the affiliated institutions. You can type or paste text into the Although, this review found associations between pollutant markers and maternal health outcomes such as low birth weight and preterm birth and columns. provided boxes. The template will automatically adjust the size of your such as PM, SO , and NO , we must conclude that our analysis is in the United States and China. 2 2 You can also copy and a paste a table from Word or another PowerPoint text to fit the title box. You can manually override this feature and confounded by many factors. These include but are not limited to age, document. A pasted table may need to be re-formatted by RIGHT-CLICK > USA Health SO O PM PM CO NO Location # of Births change the size of your text. 2 3 10 2.5 2 Studies Outcome race, income level, gestation period, combination of pollutants, and others. FORMAT SHAPE, TEXT BOX, Margins. Hao et Preterm 1.59 ppb 6.43 ppb 3.96 ug/m3 2.01 ug/m3 .06 ppm 1.81 ppb GA 511,658 METHODS al. [6] Birth OR=1.009 not sig not sig not sig OR=1.005 OR=1.009 It is seen that higher rates of pollution in China may lead to stronger TIP: The font size of your title should be bigger than your name(s) and (95% CI: (95% (95% p-values < 1.002,1.01 CI:1.001,1. CI:1.005,1.0 Graphs / Charts institution name(s). 0.0001 5) 009) 13) negative outcomes in expectant mothers. In the United States, pollution You can simply copy and paste charts and graphs from Excel or Word. Key Search Terms: levels remain relatively low in comparison to China. The United States Ebisu Change in –0.9 g –8.2 g –14.7 g –16.2 g -8.9 g CN 1,207,600 Some reformatting may be required depending on how the original ● United States ● Birth weight ● Particulate matter or PM et al. BW per OR= OR=1.027 OR=1.054 OR=1.028 OR=1.027 2.5 and China both suffer from many social constructs which may skew [2] IQR 1.003 (95% CI: (95% (95% CI: (95% CI: document has been created. ● China ● Maternal health ● Nitrogen oxide or NO p < 0.001 (95% CI 0.991 to CI:1.022 to 0.983 to 1.002 to Table 3 provides the Air Quality Index rates (AQI) in different locations ● Air pollution ● Mothers ● Ozone or O 0.961 to 1.064) 1.087 1.074) 1.051) associations when comparing these rates. Although, research shows 3 1.046) based on the months of April to May; as, the colors are respective to Figure ● Health ● Children ● Sulphur Dioxide or SO 2 Coker Term 16.94 22.49 ppb Los 804,726 significant associations between air pollution, preterm birth, and low birth How to change the column configuration ● Low birth weight ● Air Quality Index et al. LBW μg/m3 Not sig Angeles, 1 [10]. [1] 2.07% CA weight, we must conclude that more research is needed to make sound RIGHT-CLICK on the poster background and select LAYOUT to see the Adding Logos / Seals TLBW (95% CI: column options available for this template. The poster columns can also Most often, logos are added on each side of the title. You can insert a Search Engines: 2.04, 2.11) associations. ● Google Scholar ● Family and Society logo by dragging and dropping it from your desktop, copy and paste or by ● PubMed Hyder Preterm 11.91ug/m MASS 628,131 Table 4 be customized on the Master. VIEW > MASTER. ● Academic Search Complete ● Web of Science et al. Birth 3 going to INSERT > PICTURES. Logos taken from web sites are likely to be [8] OR=1.0 ● CINAHL ● EMBASE (95% CI: [10] low quality when printed. Zoom it at 100% to see what the logo will look .99 to 1.02) How to remove the info bars like on the final poster and make any necessary adjustments. Change in -6.2g MASS 628,131 Participants and Recruitment: BW per (95% CI: If you are working in PowerPoint for Windows and have finished your IQR 2.41 -8 to -5) ● No recruitment of human subjects μg/m poster, save as PDF and the bars will not be included. You can also delete TIP: See if your school’s logo is available on our free poster templates ● Literature review of pre-existing studies and data Ha et Term 37.4 ppb 1.7 ug/m3 FL 423,719 al. [4] LBW OR=.97 OR=1.050 them by going to VIEW > MASTER. On the Mac adjust the Page-Setup to page. ● Samples of pregnant women of all ages and newborn children under the age of 5 years (95% (95% CI: match the Page-Setup in PowerPoint before you create a PDF. You can CI: .92 1.024,1.076 to 1.03) ) also delete them from the Slide Master. Photographs / Graphics Exclusion/Inclusion Criteria:

You can add images by dragging and dropping from your desktop, copy Exclusion: Save your work and paste, or by going to INSERT > PICTURES. Resize images ● Children > 5 years of age Table 2 Save your template as a PowerPoint document. For printing, save as proportionally by holding down the SHIFT key and dragging one of the ● Studies with locations outside of the US or China PowerPoint or “Print-quality” PDF. corner handles. For a professional-looking poster, do not distort your ● Studies that do not focus on preterm births or low birth weights

● Men images by enlarging them disproportionally. CHINA Health SO O PM PM CO NO Location # of 2 3 10 2.5 2 Inclusion: Studies Outcome Births Print your poster

● Pregnant or non-pregnant women Wu et al. Term LBW 63.1μg/m3 88μg/m3 54.6 Taiwan, 1845 When you are ready to have your poster printed go online to [11] per 10 μg/m3 Not sig (OR: 1.03, μg/m3 China ● Children < 5 years of age 95% CI: Not sig PosterPresentations.com and click on the “Order Your Poster” button. 0.98, 1.09) ● Locations within the US or China Choose the poster type the best suits your needs and submit your order. Han et al. Term LBW 88.23 ug/m3 62.34 Suzhou, 10,915 Table 4 displays the AQI ranges from 0-300 respectively, good to [5] per 10 μg/m3 -.548g μg/m3 China p-value= -.536g If you submit a PowerPoint document you will be receiving a PDF proof Data Management .406 p-value= hazardous, according to the World Quality Index (2008), respective to (95% CI= .809 (95% for your approval prior to printing. If your order is placed and paid for Literature review of women in the US and China: -.018, .044) CI= Figure 1 [10]. -.030, before noon, Pacific, Monday through Friday, your order will ship out that ● Started with 25 studies, and narrowed it down to nine studies 0.038) same day. Next day, Second day, Third day, and Free Ground services are ● Low birth weight and preterm birth focus Xiao et al. Preterm Birth 60 μg/m3 Shanghai 132,783 [12] (OR 1.27, offered. Go to PosterPresentations.com for more information. Image Quality Check ● Compare outcomes of global pollution with six criteria air pollutants: SO , O , CO, 95% CI: 2 3 1.20, 1.36) China’s Domestic Trans-Boundary Impacts Zoom in and look at your images at 100% magnification. If they look good NO , PM 2 2.5/10 they will print well. Term LBW 60 μg/m3 ● Premature mortalities are ranked as the top cause of deaths in China per 10 μg/m3 -12.85g Statistical Analysis: (95% CI: -18.44, [3]. [1] Coker, Eric, et al. (2016). Multi-Pollutant Exposure Profiles Associated with Term Low Birth Weight in Los Angeles County. Environment International, vol. 91, 1–13. -7.27) ● Hypothesis: Global air pollution has an impact on low birth weight and preterm birth [2] Ebisu, Keita, and Michelle L. Bell. (2012). Airborne PM2.5 Chemical Components and Low Birth Weight in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic Regions of the United States. Environmental Health Perspectives. ● 870,000 premature mortalities in China are caused by PM per year ● Outcomes of interest: 1) Low Birth Weight 2) Preterm Birth 2.5 [3] Gu, Y., & Yim, S. (2016). The air quality and health impacts of domestic trans-boundary pollution in various regions of China. Environment International, 97, 117-124. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2016.08.004 [3]. [4] Ha, S., Hu, H., Roussos-Ross, D., Haidong, K., Roth, J., & Xu, X. (2014). Ambient Air Pollution and Adverse Birth Outcomes. Environmental Research,134, 198-204. doi:10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00161.x ● Locations: US and China [5] Han, Yingying, et al. (2018). Effects of Particulate Matter Exposure during Pregnancy on Birth Weight: A Retrospective Cohort Study in Suzhou, China. Science of the Total Environment, 615, 369-374. [6] Hao, Hua, et al. “Air Pollution and Preterm Birth in the U.S. State of Georgia (2002–2006): Associations with Concentrations of 11 Ambient Air Pollutants Estimated by Combining Community Multiscale Air Quality Model ● Six Criteria Air pollutants: SO2, O3, CO, NO2, PM2.5/10 ● 160,000 or 18% of the premature mortalities in China are caused by (CMAQ) Simulations with Stationary Monitor Measurements.” Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 124, no. 6, 2015, doi:10.1289/ehp.1409651. ● For specific values, please refer to Tables 1 and 2. Tables 1 and 2 display a comparison of studies between the US and China trans-boundary pollution per year [3]. [7] Huang, Cheng & Nichols, Catherine & Liu, Yang & Zhang, Yunping & Liu, Xiaohong & Gao, Suhong & Li, Zhiwen & Ren, Aiguo. (2015). Ambient air pollution and adverse birth outcomes: A natural experiment study. Population regarding the outcomes of health under study (PTB and LBW). Pollutants health metrics.13. 17. 10.1186/s12963-015-0050-4. ● Trans-boundary pollution: Pollution that starts in one country and [8] Hyder, Ayaz et al. (2014). “PM2.5 Exposure and Birth Outcomes: Use of Satellite- and Monitor-Based Data.” Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) 25.1, 58–67. PMC. IRB approval are categorized by each type and outcomes under study are listed. Student discounts are available on our Facebook page. crosses borders into another country causing damage to the [9] Transboundary Pollution. (n.d.). Retrieved June 2, 2018, from https://www.safewater.org/fact-sheets-1/2017/1/23/transboundary-pollution Go to PosterPresentations.com and click on the FB icon. After being reviewed by the IRB chair, the project has been exempt from IRB Review [10] World Air Quality. (2008). Air Pollution in World: Real-time Air Quality Index Visual Map. Retrieved March 19, 2018. under 45 CFR 46.101(b) category 2, according to the Director of UCSD’s Human Research environment through air or water [9]. [11] Wu, Han, et al. (2018). Associations between Maternal Weekly Air Pollutant Exposures and Low Birth Weight: a Distributed Lag Non-Linear Model. Environmental Research Letters, 13 (2), 024023., doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aaa346. Protections Program. ● Gu’s study focuses on domestic trans-boundary impacts in China. [12] Xiao, Q., Chen, H., Strickland, M. J., Kan, H., Chang, H. H., Klein, M., . . . Liu, Y. (2018). Associations between birth outcomes and maternal PM 2.5 exposure in Shanghai: A comparison of three exposure assessment approaches. Environment International,117, 226-236. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.04.050

Table 3