Light Pollution Affects
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Antenna Technology
First Edition, 2012 ISBN 978-81-323-3025-7 © All rights reserved. Published by: Research World 4735/22 Prakashdeep Bldg, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, Delhi - 110002 Email: [email protected] Table of Contents Chapter 1 - Dipole Antenna Chapter 2 - Horn Antenna Chapter 3 - Radio Telescope Chapter 4 - Parabolic Antenna Chapter 5 - Antenna (Radio) Chapter 6 - Television Antenna Chapter 7 - Radio Masts and Towers Chapter 8 - Omnidirectional Antenna & Directional Antenna Chapter 1 Dipole Antenna A schematic of a half-wave dipole antenna that a shortwave listener might build. A dipole antenna is a radio antenna that can be made of a simple wire, with a center-fed driven element. It consists of two metal conductors of rod or wire, oriented parallel and collinear with each other (in line with each other), with a small space between them. The radio frequency voltage is applied to the antenna at the center, between the two conductors. These antennas are the simplest practical antennas from a theoretical point of view. They are used alone as antennas, notably in traditional "rabbit ears" television antennas, and as the driven element in many other types of antennas, such as the Yagi. Dipole antennas were invented by German physicist Heinrich Hertz around 1886 in his pioneering experiments with radio waves. Electric fields (blue) and magnetic fields (red) radiated by a dipole antenna Elementary doublet An elementary doublet is a small length of conductor (small compared to the wavelength ) carrying an alternating current: Here is the angular frequency (and the frequency), and is , so that is a phasor. Note that this dipole cannot be physically constructed because the current needs somewhere to come from and somewhere to go to. -
Understanding Relevance of LED Lamp
PUBLISHER’S LETTER Embrace The Remote Control Light Switches rom the initial days of electrical lighting, we have been used to operate Fthe lamps through mechanical switches. We have seen advent of different models in between and the trend of designing switches matching with the interior decoration of the room or office or parlour etc. However, with advancement of technology that trend is changing. Yes, I am talking about the growing popularity of the remote control switches for lighting. Modern men and women want everything to be handy. The upswing phase of popularity of the remote control switches centres around that. The topmost advantage that these switches offer is you need not be near the switchboard to put the light-switch on or off. Even from outside the premises, for example from your car while on the highway, you can switch on/off or dim (LED lights) with the help of any simple device like a cellphone or a tab having Internet connection. Also, looking at it from the safety angle, we find that these switches do not need you to touch the power supply board directly. Thus, there is no risk of electrocution, especially for the children or old people. So far, I have talked about the internal lights, but use of remote control light switches is also increasing in the outdoor areas such as: LED-based street lights, tunnel lights, flood lights and wash lights. Although considering the Indian scenario, the remote control light switches are still not ubiquitous – primarily because of lack of knowledge of their usefulness, they have already stepped in to many hotels and saloons. -
Non-Portable Lighting Devices; Systems Thereof; Vehicle Lighting Devices Specially Adapted for Vehicle Exteriors
CPC - F21S - 2021.08 F21S NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS Definition statement This place covers: • Lighting devices or systems of lighting devices which are specially adapted for fixed installation relative to the places at or articles on which they are installed. The installation can be at an immobile location such as the wall or the ceiling of a building or on a mobile object having a primary purpose other than the transport of the lighting device or system, such as a passenger vehicle. • Lighting devices or systems of lighting devices which are specially adapted for use at a permanent location for a prolonged period of time (e.g. free-standing floor or table lamps). Relationships with other classification places The borderline between subclasses F21L and F21S is defined by the words "portable" and "fixed", not by "movable" and "non-movable". For example, lighting devices or systems used in the operation of vehicles, e.g. headlights, which are fixed on the vehicle and move together with the vehicle when it is travelling are considered to be non-portable, since they are components of the vehicle and fixed relative to the remainder of the vehicle at a permanent location. Such lighting devices are classified in subclass F21S. Lighting devices transported by a vehicle between locations and used for lighting purposes not related to the operation of the vehicle are classified in F21L. Functional features or details of lighting devices or systems are classified in F21V. Structural combinations of lighting devices with other articles are classified in F21V 33/00, unless specifically provided for in this subclass or elsewhere in the CPC. -
Lighting Accessories Lighting Accessories
5 Lighting accessories Lighting accessories Acorn type lamps LED SGJ01-…S(EV) SGJ01-…INC/SC/Mix/El/ SGJ02-…NA/HA/HG (EW) SGJ04-…NA/HA/HG Els/Al (EV) base E27 base E27 (GSP) base E40 p. 214 p. 219 p. 224 p. 228 Small light fixtures SGM02-…S SGM03-350S Designation Lamp type (CSE-STRECKE-U) (CSC-LEDWIN) INC Incandescent lamp SC LED with base Lighting S LED matrix accessories Direct connection lamp with mixed Mix type of light Fluorescent compact with U-shaped El p. 231 p. 234 tube Els Fluorescent compact with spiral tube Universal light fixtures Al Halogen LED SGU02-…S LED SGU01-…S (VSP4-…U) (CCFE-01-LEDU) NA Sodium lamp HA Metal halide lamp HG Mercury lamp LF Linear fluorescent lamp LS LED linear lamp NEW! LED linear lamp with translucent LSM p. 236 p. 240 tube Linear light fixtures LED SGL01-…S SGL01-…L SGL03-…L (FLFD) (LSP-ExT, AVN, EXEL) NEW! NEW! p. 244 p. 247 p. 250 Floodlight type of light fixtures SGP01-…NA/HA (TIGER) SGP02-…NA/HA/HG/Mix LED floodlights SGP05-…S (RLEE) NEW! p. 253 p. 255 p. 259 Lighting accessories Portable light fixtures SGR01-…INC/SC/El Floor-standing portable SGR02-350S Datasheet Т2 (до 300˚С) Зона 1 (EVGC-P24/EVGC-P36) lamp SGR07-…S (CSC-LEDHAND) Т3 (до 200˚С) Зона 2 Требуемый Зона температурный Т4 (до 135˚С) установки Требуемый вид взрывозащиты: класс Т5 (до 100˚С) Невзрывозащищенное исполнение Т6 (до 85˚С) Группа и подгруппа IIA IIB IIC IIIC РН Химостойкое X1 X2 X3 Нет газовоздушной РВ исполнение смеси IP66 Рабочие условия Защита IP Токр от — ˚С до + ˚С IP67 эксплуатации Климатическое УХЛ1 УХЛ2 УХЛ3 УХЛ4 УХЛ5 -
NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF (Burners F23D)
F21S NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF (burners F23D) Definition statement This subclass/group covers: Devices or systems intended for fixed installation, e.g. vehicle lighting, or for use at a permanent location, e.g. free-standing floor- or table lamps. References relevant to classification in this subclass This subclass/group does not cover: LED lamps F21K Candle holders F21V 35/00 Burners F23D Informative references Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search: Details of lighting devices or systems F21V 33/00 or structural combination of lighting devices with other articles not otherwise provided for Electric light sources per se H01J, H01K, H05B Special rules of classification within this subclass - "Invention information" is identified with ECLA symbols, whereas "additional information" is identified with Indexing Code symbols, e.g. additional information of the kind of light source used in the lighting device is identified with F21Y, e.g. additional information of some applications is identified with F21W - Non-electric lighting devices or systems are classified in groups F21S 11/00-F21S 15/00 only if a special adaptation related to the use of a non-electric light source is of interest Synonyms and Keywords 1 LED Light Emitting Diode F21S 2/00 Systems of lighting devices, not provided for in main groups F21S4/00 to F21S10/00 or F21S19/00, e.g. of modular construction Informative references Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search: Lighting