PARKS The International Journal of Protected Areas and Conservation Developing capacity for a protected planet Issue 20.2: November 2014 2 IUCN PROTECTED AREA DEFINITION, MANAGEMENT CATEGORIES AND GOVERNANCE TYPES IUCN DEFINES A PROTECTED AREA AS: A clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. The definition is expanded by six management categories VI Protected areas with sustainable use of natural (one with a sub-division), summarized below. resources: Areas which conserve ecosystems, together Ia Strict nature reserve: Strictly protected for biodiversity and with associated cultural values and traditional natural also possibly geological/ geomorphological features, resource management systems. Generally large, mainly in where human visitation, use and impacts are controlled a natural condition, with a proportion under sustainable and limited to ensure protection of the conservation natural resource management and where low-level non- values. industrial natural resource use compatible with nature Ib Wilderness area: Usually large unmodified or slightly conservation is seen as one of the main aims. modified areas, retaining their natural character and influence, without permanent or significant human The category should be based around the primary habitation, protected and managed to preserve their management objective(s), which should apply to at least natural condition. three-quarters of the protected area – the 75 per cent rule. II National park: Large natural or near-natural areas protecting large-scale ecological processes with characteristic species and ecosystems, which also have The management categories are applied with a typology of environmentally and culturally compatible spiritual, governance types – a description of who holds authority and scientific, educational, recreational and visitor responsibility for the protected area. opportunities. III Natural monument or feature: Areas set aside to protect a specific natural monument, which can be a landform, sea IUCN defines four governance types. mount, marine cavern, geological feature such as a cave, Governance by government: Federal or national ministry/ or a living feature such as an ancient grove. agency in charge; sub-national ministry/agency in charge; IV Habitat/species management area: Areas to protect government-delegated management (e.g. to NGO) particular species or habitats, where management reflects Shared governance: Collaborative management (various this priority. Many will need regular, active interventions degrees of influence); joint management (pluralist to meet the needs of particular species or habitats, but management board; transboundary management (various this is not a requirement of the category. levels across international borders) V Protected landscape or seascape: Where the interaction of Private governance: By individual owner; by non-profit people and nature over time has produced a distinct organisations (NGOs, universities, cooperatives); by for- character with significant ecological, biological, cultural profit organsations (individuals or corporate) and scenic value: and where safeguarding the integrity of Governance by indigenous peoples and local communities: this interaction is vital to protecting and sustaining the Indigenous peoples’ conserved areas and territories; area and its associated nature conservation and other community conserved areas – declared and run by local values. communities For more information on the IUCN definition, categories and governance type see the 2008 Guidelines for applying protected area management categories which can be downloaded at: www.iucn.org/pa_categories IUCN WCPA’S BEST PRACTICE PROTECTED AREA GUIDELINES SERIES IUCN-WCPA’s Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines are the world’s authoritative resource for protected area managers. Involving collaboration among specialist practitioners dedicated to supporting better implementation in the field, they distil learning and advice drawn from across IUCN. Applied in the field, they are building institutional and individual capacity to manage protected area systems effectively, equitably and sustainably, and to cope with the myriad of challenges faced in practice. They also assist national governments, protected area agencies, nongovernmental organisations, communities and private sector partners to meet their commitments and goals, and especially the Convention on Biological Diversity’s Programme of Work on Protected Areas. A full set of guidelines is available at: www.iucn.org/pa_guidelines Complementary resources are available at: www.cbd.int/protected/tools/ 3 PARKS 2014 Vol 20.2 PARKS: THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROTECTED AREAS AND CONSERVATION Edited by Sue Stolton and Nigel Dudley, Equilibrium Research and IUCN WCPA [email protected], [email protected] Rock House, Derwenlas, Machynlleth, Powys, SY20 8TN, Wales Publishing for the Protected Area Community: A Vision for PARKS from its Editorial Board 7 Thora Amend, Tom Brooks, BC Choudhury, Lauren Coad, Nigel Dudley, Marc Hockings, Cyril Kormos, Nikita (Nik) Lopoukhine, Wayne Lotter, Kathy MacKinnon, Helen Newing, Kent H. Redford, Sue Stolton and Bas Verschuuren The Future Role of National Parks: Introducing the ‘Revisiting Leopold’ Report and 13 Responses Jonathan B. Jarvis Revisiting Leopold: Resource Stewardship in the National Parks 15 Dr. Rita Colwell, Dr. Susan Avery, Dr. Joel Berger, Dr. Gary E. Davis, Dr. Healy Hamilton, Dr. Thomas Lovejoy, Dr. Shirley Malcom, Dr. Ann McMullen, Dr. Michael Novacek, Sir Richard J. Roberts, PhD, Dr. Richard Tapia and Dr. Gary Machlis PARKS Responses Response and Reaction to the Paper ‘Revisiting Leopold’ from the Department of 25 National Parks and Wildlife, Malawi Brighton B. Kumchedwa and William O. Mgoola ‘Revisiting Leopold’ in the Context of Tanzania National Parks and Tanzania as a Country 27 Allan J H Kijazi ‘Revisiting Leopold’: A European Perspective 29 Rauno Väisänen Parks Canada Comments on the ‘Revisiting Leopold’ Report 31 Alan Latourelle Developing a Monitoring Programme for Mammals in Himalayan Protected Areas: A case 35 study from Khangchendzonga National Park and Biosphere Reserve, Sikkim, India Sambandam Sathyakumar, Tapajit Bhattacharya, Tawqir Bashir and Kamal Poudyal Empowering the Next Generation to Connect with Nature: A Global Movement 49 Nikita Lopoukhine, Keith Wheeler, Karen Keenleyside, Cheryl Charles, Rebecca Koss and Robert Nicoll Continued... 4 ... Continued Geoconservation in Protected Areas 61 Roger Crofts and John E. Gordon A Preliminary Assessment of Protected Area Management within the WWF ‘Coastal East 77 Africa’ Priority Place, Eastern Africa Kathryn Knights, Ivon Cuadros, Camilo Zamora, Lauren Coad, Fiona Leverington, Brian O’Connor, Marcelo Gonçalves de Lima, Naomi Kingston, Fiona Danks, Marc Hockings, Isaac Malugu, Peter Scheren, Elizabeth Ngoye, Peter J. Stephenson and Neil D. Burgess Conservation Trust Funds, Protected Area Management Effectiveness and Conservation 89 Outcomes: Lessons from the Global Conservation Fund C. Bonham, M.K. Steininger, M. McGreevey, C. Stone, T. Wright and C. Cano Conserving Biodiversity in the Democratic Republic of Congo: A Brief History, Current 101 Trends and Insights for the Future Bila-Isia Inogwabini New Steps of Change: Looking Beyond Protected Areas to Consider Other Effective Area- 111 Based Conservation Measures Harry D. Jonas, Valentina Barbuto, Holly C. Jonas, Ashish Kothari and Fred Nelson Socio-Economic Impacts of Protected Areas on People Living Close to the Mount 129 Cameroon National Park Eric Djomo Nana and Norbert Ngameni Tchamadeu parksjournal.com www.iucn.org/parks 5 The designation of geographical entities in this journal, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN. IUCN does not take any responsibility for errors or omissions occurring in the translations in this document whose original version is in English. Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland Copyright: © 2014 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: IUCN WCPA (2014). PARKS. The International Journal of Protected Areas and Conservation, Volume 20.2, Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. ISSN: 0960-233X DOI 10.2305/IUCN.CH.2014.PARKS-20-2.en Cover photos: Front cover: Two bear cubs (Ursus arctos) in Katmai National Park, Alaska, United States of America © Kevin Schafer / WWF-Canon Back cover: San peoples from the Kalahari © Harry Jonas Editing and layout by: Sue Stolton and Nigel Dudley, www.equilibriumresearch.com Produced by: Sue Stolton and Nigel Dudley, www.equilibriumresearch.com Available from: IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Global Programme on Protected Areas Rue Mauverney 28 1196 Gland Switzerland Tel +41 22 999 0000 Fax