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The Role of Β-Cyclodextrin in the Textile Industry—Review

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The Role of Β-Cyclodextrin in the Textile Industry—Review molecules Review The Role of β-Cyclodextrin in the Textile Industry—Review Fabricio Maestá Bezerra 1,* , Manuel José Lis 2,* , Helen Beraldo Firmino 3, Joyce Gabriella Dias da Silva 4, Rita de Cassia Siqueira Curto Valle 5, José Alexandre Borges Valle 5, Fabio Alexandre Pereira Scacchetti 1 and André Luiz Tessaro 6 1 Textile Engineering (COENT), Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Apucarana 86812-460, Paraná, Brazil; [email protected] 2 INTEXTER-UPC, Terrassa, 0822 Barcelona, Spain 3 Postgraduate Program in Materials Science & Engineering (PPGCEM), Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Apucarana 86812-460, Paraná, Brazil; helenfi[email protected] 4 Postgraduate Program in Environmental Engineering (PPGEA), Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Apucarana 86812-460, Paraná, Brazil; [email protected] 5 Department of Textile Engineering, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Blumenau 89036-002, Santa Catarina, Brazil; [email protected] (R.d.C.S.C.V.); [email protected] (J.A.B.V.) 6 Chemistry graduation (COLIQ), Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Apucarana 86812-460, Paraná, Brazil; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (F.M.B.); [email protected] (M.J.L.) Academic Editors: Marina Isidori, Margherita Lavorgna and Rosa Iacovino Received: 30 June 2020; Accepted: 8 August 2020; Published: 9 August 2020 Abstract: β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) is an oligosaccharide composed of seven units of D-(+)-glucopyranose joined by α-1,4 bonds, which is obtained from starch. Its singular trunk conical shape organization, with a well-defined cavity, provides an adequate environment for several types of molecules to be included. Complexation changes the properties of the guest molecules and can increase their stability and bioavailability, protecting against degradation, and reducing their volatility. Thanks to its versatility, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, β-CD is widespread in many research and industrial applications. In this review, we summarize the role of β-CD and its derivatives in the textile industry. First, we present some general physicochemical characteristics, followed by its application in the areas of dyeing, finishing, and wastewater treatment. The review covers the role of β-CD as an auxiliary agent in dyeing, and as a matrix for dye adsorption until chemical modifications are applied as a finishing agent. Finally, new perspectives about its use in textiles, such as in smart materials for microbial control, are presented. Keywords: cyclodextrin; dyeing; textile finishing; textile wastewater 1. Introduction Since the first publication on cyclodextrins (CDs) in 1891, and the first patent in 1953, many technological advances have occurred, and the application of CDs has expanded [1]. According to Szejtli [2], over the years, CDs have been used in many diverse areas, and are identified, among all the receptor molecules, as the most important. This scenario is no different in the textile sector, which constantly seeks technological innovation, especially in the dyeing, finishing, and water treatment sectors. With the market and consumers increasingly demanding environmental improvements, the development of new features combined with green processes has become a constant challenge [3]. Among the various materials that can be used for this purpose CDs stand out; they are oligosaccharides made up of glucose units that are Molecules 2020, 25, 3624; doi:10.3390/molecules25163624 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules Molecules 2020, 25, 3624 2 of 28 Molecules 2020, 25, x 2 of 29 organizedthat are organized in a conical in a trunkconical shape, trunk providingshape, providing a well-defined a well-defined cavity forcavity the for formation the formation of host–guest of host– complexesguest complexes with awith series a series of molecules of molecules [4]. [4]. This This versatility versatility allows allows complexation complexation with with drugs,drugs, dyes, insecticides,insecticides, essentialessential oils,oils, cosmetics,cosmetics, andand otherother compoundscompounds [[55––99]],, allowingallowing thisthis classclass ofof moleculesmolecules toto assumeassume aa leadingleading rolerole inin thethe textiletextile industry.industry. ForFor thethe periodperiod fromfrom 19481948 untiluntil today,today, sincesince thethe termterm cyclodextrincyclodextrin startedstarted toto bebe usedused asas aa researchresearch topic,topic, 46,98946,989 research research papers papers have have been been reported reported by SCOPUS, by SCOPUS and this, and number this isnumber continually is continually increasing, asincreasing, shown in as Figure shown1. Thisin Figure growth 1. This became growth significant became in significant 1996, when in the1996, terms when cyclodextrin the terms cyclodextrin and textile wereand textile combined were and combined used as and a research used as topic.a research These topic. data These were downloadeddata were downloaded on 6 June 2020. on 6 June 2020. 1500 180 1346 1200 120 900 60 Number of publications 0 600 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Year 277 number of publications 300 154 67 0 CD+TE CD+TE+DY CD+TE+FI CD+TE+WA FigureFigure 1.1.Number Number of of publications publications available available from from SCOPUS SCOPUS when when cyclodextrin cyclodextrin (CD); textile(CD); (TE);textile dyeing (TE); (DY); textile finishing (FI); and textile wastewater (WA) are selected as keywords. dyeing (DY); textile finishing (FI); and textile wastewater (WA) are selected as keywords. Furthermore, due to the presence of numerous hydroxyl groups either in the interior or exterior, Furthermore, due to the presence of numerous hydroxyl groups either in the interior or exterior, CDs are susceptible to the addition of new functional groups, which may yield new properties and CDs are susceptible to the addition of new functional groups, which may yield new properties and functionalities. Additionally,CDs have a set of outstanding characteristics, such as high biodegradability, functionalities. Additionally, CDs have a set of outstanding characteristics, such as high high biocompatibility, and approval by Food and Drug and Administration (FDA), which makes biodegradability, high biocompatibility, and approval by Food and Drug and Administration (FDA), them human and environmental-friendly [10]. Therefore, this review presents an overview of the use which makes them human and environmental-friendly [10]. Therefore, this review presents an of cyclodextrins, especially beta CD and its derivatives, in the textile field. Although some general overview of the use of cyclodextrins, especially beta CD and its derivatives, in the textile field. physicochemical characteristics are presented, the scope of the work is focused on the application of Although some general physicochemical characteristics are presented, the scope of the work is CDs in the areas of dyeing, finishing, and wastewater treatment. focused on the application of CDs in the areas of dyeing, finishing, and wastewater treatment. 2. General Characteristics of Cyclodextrins 2. General Characteristics of Cyclodextrins Initially known as Schardinger dextrins [11], the widespread use of CDs as hosts in supramolecular chemistryInitially is relatively known recent.as Schardinger Because they dextrins are natural [11],products, the wid CDsespread are biocompatibleuse of CDs andas acceptedhosts in insupramolecular biological applications; chemistry therefore,is relatively there recent. is a growing Because interest they are in themnatural both products, scientifically CDs andare biocompatible and accepted in biological applications; therefore, there is a growing interest in them industrially [12]. The optimization of methods for obtaining and applying CDs is, as a result, constantly both scientifically and industrially [12]. The optimization of methods for obtaining and applying CDs evolving [7]. is, as a result, constantly evolving [7]. CDs are obtained through the enzymatic degradation of potatoes, corn and rice starch, which gives CDs are obtained through the enzymatic degradation of potatoes, corn and rice starch, which a mixture of linear, branched, or cyclic dextrins [13]. Initially, the cyclization reaction of the starch gives a mixture of linear, branched, or cyclic dextrins [13]. Initially, the cyclization reaction of the glucopyranose linear chains occurs by the enzyme cyclomaltodextrin-glucanotransferase (CGTase) [14], starch glucopyranose linear chains occurs by the enzyme cyclomaltodextrin-glucanotransferase produced for example by Bacilus firmus. This step results in a mixture of α-CD, β-CD and γ-CD, (CGTase) [14], produced for example by Bacilus firmus. This step results in a mixture of α-CD, β-CD composed of six, seven and eight units of D-(+)-glucopyranose, respectively, joined by α-1,4 bonds [15]. and γ-CD, composed of six, seven and eight units of D-(+)-glucopyranose, respectively, joined by α- Subsequently, the separation and purification of these three CDs are required [5,16]. Among the 1,4 bonds [15]. methods used for this purpose, the most simple and widely used to isolate α-, β- and γ-CD is selective Subsequently, the separation and purification of these three CDs are required [5,16]. Among the precipitation, forming inclusion complexes with an appropriate guest molecule—for example, α, β methods used for this purpose, the most simple and widely used to isolate α-, β- and γ-CD is selective and γ-CD crystallize with 1-decanol, toluene, and cyclohexadec-8-en-1-one,
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