DOCSLIB.ORG

Radiochemistry of Neptunium

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Radiochemistry of Neptunium NAS-NS-3060 RA OF NEPTWWM’I NUCLEAR SCIENCE SERIES National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council f%blished by Techniml lnforrmation Center, Office of Information !+rvices UNITED STATES ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION COMMITTEE ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE: D.A. Bromtoy,CYreinnm, Ydo UnivorsiW C. It. Rood,Ex.cutiveSucretav, NationalAcwarny of Scimcos Victor P. Bad, 8rookhwen Nstiorul I..aborwcrry GrWXYR. Choppm.FlorickStaWUnivwsity HornwnFedtbuh, M~unttx InstituteofTtinology R-I L.Heath,AoroJotNuclowCo., inc. SorndKahn,NationslEnvwmwnontalf?osasrchContor,EPA + ~, BrooldwwonNational LMnwImry SMdorr Woiff,Uniwrsityof CaliforniaMti(zl Centw tin R. f4uizwtgs.Univaaity of %chestar G.C. Phillips,RicaUniwraii AloxmdorZuckor,OakRdga NJtions\Labowtory Liaison Wmbors JohnMcElhin~, -vat HonDr&ILaboratory WilUomS. Rodnw, NotionolSciencoFound@tIon G- Rw, U. S. Atomic ErwrgyCommmion Subcommittaa on Rulkx4timmistry GrWMVR. Choppin,ChmrrMn,FloridaStsto Univorsitv RaymondDavi&Jr.,BrookhawnNatrorulLdmrstory GlarrE.Cbdom. UnivusiWof MWYland Rdfo Horbor,flutgomUnivwsiW JdhnA. MidtolcLawrottaRadiationLabor.tcw C3.O.O’KoitoV,OakRidw NationalLaborMo w RichordW,Perkins,PacificNorthwwttiti~t~ An&owF. Stohrwy,Ar~ns NationalLsbaaltory KurtWolfsbsr&LrMAlwnosScientificLdtrmtorv NASWS3M0 AECIXstrtitum (htqory UC.4 NO TICC .—~ Thb report w-i prcprd●s m sccmmt W WCUk sponsord by Ihc United Stbms Go wmmcnl. !WKher uu Unitrd SIat- n- I* unit*d >t~lm AtOm~ ~IUWY f CommMioa. nor ●ny of Ihcti rmployti. not any of ttw~ convactom. wxootrwwm, or tiww ●m*yrn, nubs m Y warranty. ●IWOMW ImpI&d. of snumm MY ] w MWIYY a rexpmdbdit) f~ Ih* SCCUX). COm- [ *Ie*9a 0. u=f ul*9 Of -Y iafwmmkn. •PPu~t~. i pmducl or p.omu ducloud. os Icfm9rnls WI*1 its M8C [ would not mfr.- prwatdy owned rtchm. I ——. — —-------—-- —-— A HADIOCHEMISTRY OF NEIPTUNIIUM by G. A. krney and R. M. Harbour Savannah River Laborat cIry E. 1. du Pent de Nemours, G Co. Aiken, South Carolina U3801 Prepared for Subcommittee on Radiochwnktry National Academy of Sciences - Nationa I Research Council IssuancffDate: Dacewnber191~1 Published by Technical Information Center, office of Information Sewices lu~lTE~ STATES ATOMIC ENERGY (:OMMl:~l(JN This paper was prepared in connection with work under Contract No. AT(07-2)-l with the U. S. Atomic Energy Cmaission. By ●cceptance of this paper, the publisher and/or recipient acknowledges the U. S. Government’s ri[~ht to retain a non- exclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyright cover- ing this paper, along with the right to reproduce and to authorize others to reproduce all or part of the copyrighted paper. -.,.-.... .... .—...—~-*~mdM--- ,,———. .- —--- Foreword The S&committee on Hadmchemiswy is one of a number o’f iubcommitmes working under tl~e Committee on Nuclear ‘Sciencewithin the Natmnal Academ} of Sciences-National Research Counci 1. i!s members representgovernment, industrial and (UniversityIaboratories in Ihe areas of rrucfmr chemistrvand analytical chemistry. The Subcommittee has concerned itwlf with th~ are,~ of nuclear science which revolve the chemist. such as the collectmn and distribu$eon ID”radiochemlcal procedures, the rtitochemicai purity of reqpnts. the piace o! radiochmnistry in college and university PfOiFams.and radiochemistrv in environmental soence. Th!mseries of rnmwxyaphs has qown out of the need for cornpilat!ons of radiochemical information, procedures. and techmques. The S@committew has endwvored to present a serws that will b d maximum use to the working scientist. Each monogrwh presents pertinent information rmqwredfor radiochcrnical work with an indivm!ualelement or with a specialized technrque. Exprts in the Particulu radmcfwrnical technique have vvrittm the monographs. The Atomic Eneruv Commission has sponsod the printing of tht sems. TM Sukomrrtittee is confident these publications will te useful not only to radiochemmts but ahio to rtrwarch workers in other fiefds such as phvsic$.b ochemistrv. or nwdlcine who wish tow radiochemicat tswhniques to solve specific problems. Gregory R, Chopp in, Chatrman %bcomm!twe on Radlochemis!rV “l- CONTENTS Paqe I. General Review of the Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry of Neptunium . s 11. General Review of the Radiochem.istry of Neptunium . 7 III. Discovery and Occurrence of Neptunium . 8 Iv. Isotopes and Nuclear Properties of Neptunium . 9 v. Chemistry of Neptunium . 12 A. Uetallic Neptunitm . , . 12 A.l Preparation . 12 A.2 Physical Properties . 12 A.3 Chemical Properties . 14 B. Alloys and Intexwtallic Cmpmds . 14 c. Coqmunds of Neptunim . 16 D. Neptmium Ions in Solution . 20 D.1 Oxidation States . ,.. 20 D.2 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions , . 24 D.3 Dispmportionatim of Neptunitm . 24 D.4 Radiolysis of Neptunium Sslutions . 29 D.5 Hydrolysis of Neptunim . 31 D.6 Ccqlex Ion Fomation . ,.. 33 VI. Preparation of Neptunim Sa@es for Analysis . 39 A. Neptunium Metal and Alloys . 39 B. Neptunim Co~ds . 39 c. Biological and Environmental S.qles . 40 VI1. Separation Methods . 4) A. Coprecipitation and Precipitation. 41 B. Solvent Extraction . 54 c. Ion Exchange . 88 D. Chrowtography . 104 E. Other Methods . 107 VIII. Analytical Methods . 109 A. Source Preparation and Radiow:ric Methods . 109 B. Spectmphotometry . 114 c. Controlled Potential Coulomet~/ . 119 D. Polarogmphy . 121 E. Titration . ...123 -2- PaiJg F. Emission Spectrometry . , . 124 G. Gravimetric Methods . .. 12s H. Spot Tests . “.,.. 127 1. Mass Spectrometry . , . 129 J. X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry . 129 K. Neutron Activation . 130 L. Other Methods . 131 IX. Radioactive Safety Considerations . 132 x. Collection of Procedures . ,... 134 A. Introduction . ., . ..”. 134 B. Listiniz of Contents . ,. 134 Procefiiire 1. Separation of NF1by lTA Extraction . 138 Procedure 2. Separation of P@ by TTA Extracti(nl . , . 141 Procedure 3. Determination of 23’Np j.n Samples (kritaining LIBPu, and Fission Products . , . 14s Procedure 4. Determination of Np . 1so Procedure 5. Determination of Small Amounts ofNpinPuMetal . 1s5 Procedure 6. Determination of Np in Samples Containing Fission Products, U, and Other Actinides . 1S8 Procedure 7. Detensination of Np in Samples of U and Fission Products . 161 Procedure 8. Extraction Chromatographic Separation of 23%p from Fission ami Activation PTO- ducts in the Determination of Micro and !’@-microgram Quantitie:3 ofU . ,, . 163 Procedure 9. Separation of U, Np, Pu, and Am by Reversed Phase Partition Chromatography . 16S Procedure 10. An Analytical Method for .2;7NP. Using Anicm Exchange . 167 Procedure 11. Separation of U, Np, and Pu Using Anion Exchange . 169 Procedure 12. Separation of Zr, Np, and Nb Using Anion Exchange . 171 -3- . * Procedure 13. Separation 0. Np and Pu by Anion F.change . 173 Procedure 14. Separation of Np andl Pu by Cation Exchange . .’. 175 Procedure 15. Separation and RadiQchemicaI Determination of U and Transuranium Elements Using Barium Sulfate . 176 Procedure 16. The Low-Level Radio:hemica~l Determination of 23’Np in Environmental !hmplos . 179 Procedure 17. Radiochemical Procedure for the Separation of T::ace Amounts of 237Np fn)m Reactor Effluent Mater . ,, . 184 Procedure 18. Determination of ~ in Urine . I 86 Procedure 19. Determination of 2’1:’Npby Ganma Ray Spectrometry ., . 189 Procedure 20. Spectrophotometric [letermi- nationofNp . 193 Procedure 21. Microvoltnetric Coqlexometric Method for Np with EDTA . I 97 Procedure 22. Photo~tric Determination of ,h@as the Peroxide Complex . 199 Procedure 23. Separation of Np for Spectrographic Analysis of Impurities . , . 201 Procedure 24. Photometric Determination c)f Np as the Xylenol Orange Complex. ,. 204 Procedure 25. Analysis for Np by ICmtrolled Potential Coulometry . ,“ 206 References. 209 -4- RADIOCHEMWTRY OF ~dEPTUNllUM* by G. A. Bumq’ and R. M. Harbcmlr Savannah River Laboratory E. 1. du Pent de Ncanurs & Co. Aikan, South Carolina 29801 I. GENERALREVIEWOF THE INORGANIC#J’4DANALYTICALCHEMISTRYOF NEPTUNIIB! 1. J. J. Katz and G. T. Seaborg, The Chemh?tw of the Actinide Eh???IQnt8, Chap. VI, p 204-236, Johm Wiley and Sons, Inc. , New York (1957). 7 e. C. F. Hetz and G. R. Waterbu~y, “The Transuranium Actinide Elements,” in 1. M. Kolthoff and F. J. Elving (Ed.), Treati8e on AnaZyticc~l Chemistry of the Eze?TW?Zt8, Volume 9, Uranium and the Ac!iinide8,, p 194-397, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New Ycl~k (1962). 3. “Neptunium, “ in P. Pascal (Et.), Noxveau Trvri:e C& Chimie Minerale, Vol. XV, Trcnaurankns, p 237-324, Masson et Cie, Paris (1962]. 4. “!leptunium,” in P. Pascal (Et.), No:xtwzu Traite de Chinrie Minerakz, Vcl. XV, Trcnauraniee8 f’Supplement), p 1-91, Masson et Cle, Paris (1962). .5. Il. B. Cunningham and J. C. tlindman, “The Chemistry of Neptunium,” in G. T. Seaborg and J. J. Katz [Ed.), The Actinide Elements, p 456-483, Vol. 14A, Chap. 12, McGraw- Hill Book Co., New York (19$4:). %e information=ontained in this axticle was developed during the course of work under Contract A’1(07-2)-1 with the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. -5- 6. J. C. Hindman, L. B. Magnusson, end T. J. LaChapelle, ‘Chemistry of Neptunium. The Oxidation States of Nuptunium in Aqueous Solution,” in C. T. Seeborg, J. J. Katz, and W. M. Manning (Ed.), The !l”mmeurunin Ekmenta, p 1032-1038, Vol. 14B, McGraw-Hill Eook Co. , New York [1949) . 7. J. C. Hintian, L. B. Magnusson, and T. J. LaChapelle, ‘themistry of Neptunium. Absorption Spectrm Sttiies of Aqueous Ions of Nept~ium, ” in G, T. Senborg, J. J. Katz, and W. H. Manning (Ed.), The f’mneumniaun EZenm~, p 1039-1049, NcGraw-Hill Book Co., New York (1949). 8. L. B. Magnussat, J. C. Hindman, and T. J. LaChapelle, “Chemistry of Neptunium. First Prqamtion and Solubi li - ties of Some Neptunium C~mds in Aqueous Solutions, ” in G. T. Seaborg, J. J. Katz, and W. ht. Manning (Ed.), The !l’raetiun EZmente, p 1097-1110, McCrau-Hill Book Co. n New York (1949). 9. S. Fried end N. R. Davidson, ‘me Basic Dry Chaistry of Neptuni~, “ in G. T. Seeborg, J. J. Katz, and W. M. Manning (Ed. ), The ~wn EZ&nants, p 1072-1096, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York (1949). 10. C. Keller, The Chauiatq of the TM MIUWZ{WI?EZanenti, p 253-332, Verlag Chem.ie, Germany [1971). L1. G.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Modeling the Shape of Ions in Pyrite-Type Crystals
    Crystals 2014, 4, 390-403; doi:10.3390/cryst4030390 OPEN ACCESS crystals ISSN 2073-4352 www.mdpi.com/journal/crystals Article Modeling the Shape of Ions in Pyrite-Type Crystals Mario Birkholz IHP, Im Technologiepark 25, 15236 Frankfurt (Oder), Germany; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-335-56250 Received: 13 April 2014; in revised form: 22 August 2014 / Accepted: 26 August 2014 / Published: 3 September 2014 Abstract: The geometrical shape of ions in crystals and the concept of ionic radii are re-considered. The re-investigation is motivated by the fact that a spherical modelling is justified for p valence shell ions on cubic lattice sites only. For the majority of point groups, however, the ionic radius must be assumed to be an anisotropic quantity. An appropriate modelling of p valence ions then has to be performed by ellipsoids. The approach is tested for pyrite-structured dichalcogenides MX2, with chalcogen ions X = O, S, Se and Te. The latter are found to exhibit the shape of ellipsoids being compressed along the <111> symmetry axes, with two radii r|| and describing their spatial extension. Based on this ansatz, accurate interatomic M–X distances can be derived and a consistent geometrical model emerges for pyrite-structured compounds. Remarkably, the volumes of chalcogen ions are found to vary only little in different MX2 compounds, suggesting the ionic volume rather than the ionic radius to behave as a crystal-chemical constant. Keywords: ionic radius; ionic shape; bonding distance; ionic volume; pyrite-type compounds; di-chalcogenides; di-oxides; di-sulfides; di-selenides; di-tellurides 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Calcium Hydride, Grade S
    TECHNICAL DATA SHEET Date of Issue: 2016/09/02 Calcium Hydride, Grade S CAS-No. 7789-78-8 EC-No. 232-189-2 Molecular Formula CaH₂ Product Number 455150 APPLICATION Calcium hydride is used primarily as a source of hydrogen, as a drying agent for liquids and gases, and as a reducing agent for metal oxides. SPECIFICATION Ca total min. 92 % H min. 980 ml/g CaH2 Mg max. 0.8 % N max. 0.2 % Al max. 0.01 % Cl max. 0.5 % Fe max. 0.01 % METHOD OF ANALYSIS Calcium complexometric, impurities by spectral analysis and special analytical procedures. Gas volumetric determination of hydrogen. Produces with water approx. 1,010 ml hydrogen per gram. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Appearance powder Color gray white The information presented herein is believed to be accurate and reliable, but is presented without guarantee or responsibility on the part of Albemarle Corporation and its subsidiaries and affiliates. It is the responsibility of the user to comply with all applicable laws and regulations and to provide for a safe workplace. The user should consider any health or safety hazards or information contained herein only as a guide, and should take those precautions which are necessary or prudent to instruct employees and to develop work practice procedures in order to promote a safe work environment. Further, nothing contained herein shall be taken as an inducement or recommendation to manufacture or use any of the herein materials or processes in violation of existing or future patent. Technical data sheets may change frequently. You can download the latest version from our website www.albemarle-lithium.com.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of the Hydration of the Alkali Metal Ions in Aqueous Solution
    Article pubs.acs.org/IC A Study of the Hydration of the Alkali Metal Ions in Aqueous Solution Johan Mahler̈ and Ingmar Persson* Department of Chemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden *S Supporting Information ABSTRACT: The hydration of the alkali metal ions in aqueous solution has been studied by large angle X-ray scattering (LAXS) and double difference infrared spectroscopy (DDIR). The structures of the dimethyl sulfoxide solvated alkali metal ions in solution have been determined to support the studies in aqueous solution. The results of the LAXS and DDIR mea- surements show that the sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium ions all are weakly hydrated with only a single shell of water molecules. The smaller lithium ion is more strongly hydrated, most probably with a second hydration shell present. The influence of the rubidium and cesium ions on the water structure was found to be very weak, and it was not possible to quantify this effect in a reliable way due to insufficient separation of the O−D stretching bands of partially deuterated water bound to these metal ions and the O−D stretching bands of the bulk water. Aqueous solutions of sodium, potassium and cesium iodide and cesium and lithium hydroxide have been studied by LAXS and M−O bond distances have been determined fairly accurately except for lithium. However, the number of water molecules binding to the alkali metal ions is very difficult to determine from the LAXS measurements as the number of distances and the temperature factor are strongly correlated.
    [Show full text]
  • Atomic and Ionic Radii of Elements 1–96 Martinrahm,*[A] Roald Hoffmann,*[A] and N
    DOI:10.1002/chem.201602949 Full Paper & Elemental Radii Atomic and Ionic Radii of Elements 1–96 MartinRahm,*[a] Roald Hoffmann,*[a] and N. W. Ashcroft[b] Abstract: Atomic and cationic radii have been calculated for tive measureofthe sizes of non-interacting atoms, common- the first 96 elements, together with selected anionicradii. ly invoked in the rationalization of chemicalbonding, struc- The metric adopted is the average distance from the nucleus ture, and different properties. Remarkably,the atomic radii where the electron density falls to 0.001 electrons per bohr3, as defined in this way correlate well with van der Waals radii following earlier work by Boyd. Our radii are derived using derived from crystal structures. Arationalizationfor trends relativistic all-electron density functional theory calculations, and exceptionsinthose correlations is provided. close to the basis set limit. They offer asystematic quantita- Introduction cule,[2] but we prefer to follow through with aconsistent pic- ture, one of gauging the density in the atomic groundstate. What is the size of an atom or an ion?This question has been The attractivenessofdefining radii from the electron density anatural one to ask over the centurythat we have had good is that a) the electron density is, at least in principle, an experi- experimental metricinformation on atoms in every form of mental observable,and b) it is the electron density at the out- matter,and (more recently) reliable theory for thesesame ermost regionsofasystem that determines Pauli/exchange/ atoms. And the momentone asks this question one knows same-spinrepulsions, or attractive bondinginteractions, with that there is no unique answer.Anatom or ion coursing down achemical surrounding.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrogen Storage for Aircraft Applications Overview
    20b L /'57 G~7 NASAl CR-2002-211867 foo736 3 V Hydrogen Storage for Aircraft Applications Overview Anthony J. Colozza Analex Corporation, Brook Park, Ohio September 2002 I The NASA STI Program Office ... in Profile Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated to • CONFERENCE PUBLICATION. Collected the advancement of aeronautics and space papers from scientific and technical science. The NASA Scientific and Technical conferences, symposia, seminars, or other Information (STI) Program Office plays a key part meetings sponsored or cosponsored by in helping NASA maintain this important role. NASA. The NASA STI Program Office is operated by • SPECIAL PUBLICATION. Scientific, Langley Research Center, the Lead Center for technical, or historical information from NASA's scientific and technical information. The NASA programs, projects, and missions, NASA STI Program Office provides access to the often concerned with subjects having NASA STI Database, the largest collection of substantial public interest. aeronautical and space science STI in the world. The Program Office is also NASA's institutional • TECHNICAL TRANSLATION. English­ mechanism for disseminating the results of its language translations of foreign scientific research and development activities. These results and technical material pertinent to NASA's are published by NASA in the NASA STI Report mlSSlOn. Series, which includes the following report types: Specialized services that complement the STI • TECHNICAL PUBLICATION. Reports of Program Office's diverse offerings include completed research or a major significant creating custom thesauri, building customized phase of research that present the results of databases, organizing and publishing research NASA programs and include extensive data results . even providing videos. or theoretical analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • No. It's Livermorium!
    in your element Uuh? No. It’s livermorium! Alpha decay into flerovium? It must be Lv, saysKat Day, as she tells us how little we know about element 116. t the end of last year, the International behaviour in polonium, which we’d expect to Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry have very similar chemistry. The most stable A(IUPAC) announced the verification class of polonium compounds are polonides, of the discoveries of four new chemical for example Na2Po (ref. 8), so in theory elements, 113, 115, 117 and 118, thus Na2Lv and its analogues should be attainable, completing period 7 of the periodic table1. though they are yet to be synthesized. Though now named2 (no doubt after having Experiments carried out in 2011 showed 3 213 212m read the Sceptical Chymist blog post ), that the hydrides BiH3 and PoH2 were 9 we shall wait until the public consultation surprisingly thermally stable . LvH2 would period is over before In Your Element visits be expected to be less stable than the much these ephemeral entities. lighter polonium hydride, but its chemical In the meantime, what do we know of investigation might be possible in the gas their close neighbour, element 116? Well, after phase, if a sufficiently stable isotope can a false start4, the element was first legitimately be found. reported in 2000 by a collaborative team Despite the considerable challenges posed following experiments at the Joint Institute for by the short-lived nature of livermorium, EMMA SOFIA KARLSSON, STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN STOCKHOLM, KARLSSON, EMMA SOFIA Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia.
    [Show full text]
  • Titanium-Based Hydrides for Ammonia Synthesis
    Titanium-based hydrides for ammonia synthesis Yoji Kobayashi,* Naoya Masuda, Ya Tang, Toki Kageyama, Yoshinori Uchida, Hiroki Yamashita, Hiroshi Kageyama Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract: We hereby show that with the presence of hydride, titanium can serve as an active catalytic material. Previously, metals such as Ru, Fe, and Co were thought to be active, and activity for Ti was not demonstrated due to excessively strong Ti-N bonds. In the presence of hydride, titanium compounds such as TiH2 and BaTiO2.5H0.5 show a sustainable catalytic activity for NH3 synthesis under Haber-Bosch conditions, almost on par with supported Ru-based catalysts. We will also present results on TiH2 and BaTiO2.5H0.5 as a catalytic support and discuss the possible roles for hydride in these Ti-based catalytic materials. Keywords: Ammonia synthesis, hydride, Mars van Krevelen. 1. Introduction N2 activation and conversion to NH3 has been studied intensively. With metal complexes, hydride complexes form a distinct class where strong reducing agents such as KC8 or Na/Hg are not necessary to activate N2; among these, numerous Ti complexes require only H2 gas at ambient conditions to form hydrides. One common aspect of catalysis for NH3 synthesis in both homogeneous and heterogeneous states is the importance of multiple metal centers; as for titanium, Shima et al recently demonstrated a polynuclear 1 Ti hydride complex with reactivity for a mixture of N2/H2, yielding an imido-hydride complex cluster. While this is an extraordinary example of imido group formation from N2 and H2 gas, no NH3 is formed.
    [Show full text]
  • Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory· UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA'
    LBL-37435 UC-800 Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory· UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA' To be published as a chapter in Frontiers in Nuclear Chemistry, D.D. Sood, Ed., Indian Association of Nuclear Chemists and Allied Scientists, Bombay, India, 1995 Summary of the Properties of the Lanthanide and Actinide Elements G.T. Seaborg and D.E. Hobart June 1995 --- :0 I'T1 ..(") em'"T1 -,o::c oCDm S::III:Z _. (") QI:ZI'T1 r+~(") CD 0 "'0 CD_. -< c.--- CQ. r­ t:Dr- 1 w...... ~ w U1 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract Number DE-AC03-76SF00098 DISCLAIMER This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. While this document is believed to contain correct information, neither the United .States Government nor any agency thereof, nor The Regents of the University of California, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately ()wned rights. Reference he~ein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by its trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof, or The Regents of the University of California. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof, or The Regents of the University of California.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 7 Periodic Properties of the Elements Learning Outcomes
    Chapter 7 Periodic Properties of the Elements Learning Outcomes: Explain the meaning of effective nuclear charge, Zeff, and how Zeff depends on nuclear charge and electron configuration. Predict the trends in atomic radii, ionic radii, ionization energy, and electron affinity by using the periodic table. Explain how the radius of an atom changes upon losing electrons to form a cation or gaining electrons to form an anion. Write the electron configurations of ions. Explain how the ionization energy changes as we remove successive electrons, and the jump in ionization energy that occurs when the ionization corresponds to removing a core electron. Explain how irregularities in the periodic trends for electron affinity can be related to electron configuration. Explain the differences in chemical and physical properties of metals and nonmetals, including the basicity of metal oxides and the acidity of nonmetal oxides. Correlate atomic properties, such as ionization energy, with electron configuration, and explain how these relate to the chemical reactivity and physical properties of the alkali and alkaline earth metals (groups 1A and 2A). Write balanced equations for the reactions of the group 1A and 2A metals with water, oxygen, hydrogen, and the halogens. List and explain the unique characteristics of hydrogen. Correlate the atomic properties (such as ionization energy, electron configuration, and electron affinity) of group 6A, 7A, and 8A elements with their chemical reactivity and physical properties. Development of Periodic Table •Dmitri Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer (~1869) independently came to the same conclusion about how elements should be grouped in the periodic table. •Henry Moseley (1913) developed the concept of atomic numbers (the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom) 1 Predictions and the Periodic Table Mendeleev, for instance, predicted the discovery of germanium (which he called eka-silicon) as an element with an atomic weight between that of zinc and arsenic, but with chemical properties similar to those of silicon.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 9 Hydrogen
    Chapter 9 Hydrogen Diborane, B2 H6• is the simplest member of a large class of compounds, the electron-deficient boron hydrid Like all boron hydrides, it has a positive standard free energy of formation, and so cannot be prepared direct from boron and hydrogen. The bridge B-H bonds are longer and weaker than the tenninal B-H bonds (13: vs. 1.19 A). 89.1 Reactions of hydrogen compounds? (a) Ca(s) + H2Cg) ~ CaH2Cs). This is the reaction of an active s-me: with hydrogen, which is the way that saline metal hydrides are prepared. (b) NH3(g) + BF)(g) ~ H)N-BF)(g). This is the reaction of a Lewis base and a Lewis acid. The product I Lewis acid-base complex. (c) LiOH(s) + H2(g) ~ NR. Although dihydrogen can behave as an oxidant (e.g., with Li to form LiH) or reductant (e.g., with O2 to form H20), it does not behave as a Br0nsted or Lewis acid or base. It does not r with strong bases, like LiOH, or with strong acids. 89.2 A procedure for making Et3MeSn? A possible procedure is as follows: ~ 2Et)SnH + 2Na 2Na+Et3Sn- + H2 Ja'Et3Sn- + CH3Br ~ Et3MeSn + NaBr 9.1 Where does Hydrogen fit in the periodic chart? (a) Hydrogen in group 1? Hydrogen has one vale electron like the group 1 metals and is stable as W, especially in aqueous media. The other group 1 m have one valence electron and are quite stable as ~ cations in solution and in the solid state as simple 1 salts.
    [Show full text]
  • Actinide Overview
    2 Meet the Presenter… Alena Paulenova Dr. Alena Paulenova is Associate Professor in the Department of Nuclear Engineering and Director of the Laboratory of Transuranic Elements at the OSU Radiation Center. She is also Adjunct Professor at the Department of Chemistry at Oregon State University , a Joint Research faculty with Idaho National Laboratory, Division of Aqueous Separations and Radiochemistry and a member of the INEST Fuel Cycle Core Committee. She received her Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry in 1985 from the Moscow/Kharkov State University. Until 1999, she was a faculty member at the Department of Nuclear Chemistry and Radioecology of Comenius University in Bratislava, then a visiting scientist at Clemson University and Washington State University in Pullman. In 2003 she joined the faculty at OSU as a Coordinator of the Radiochemistry Program at OSU Radiation Center to bring her experience to the task of helping to educate a new generation of radiochemists: http://oregonstate.edu/~paulenoa/. Her research interest has focused on application of radioanalytical and spectroscopic methods to speciation of radionuclides in aqueous and organic solutions and development of separation methods for spent nuclear fuel cycle processing, decontamination and waste minimization. The main efforts of her research group are fundamental studies of the kinetics and thermodynamics of the complexation of metals, primary actinides and fission products, with organic and inorganic ligands and interactions with redox active species, and the effects of radiolysis and hydrolysis in these systems. Contact: (+1) 541-737-7070 E-mail: [email protected]. An Overview of Actinide Chemistry Alena Paulenova National Analytical Management Program (NAMP) U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ionic Radius of No3+
    Journal of Nuclear and Radiochemical Sciences,Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 147–149, 2002 147 The Ionic Radius of No3+ A. Bilewicz∗ Department of Radiochemistry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland Received: November 13, 2001; In Final Form: April 30, 2002 259 248 18 5+ Nobelium ( No, T1/2 = 58 min) was produced in bombardment of Cm target with O ions. Next, it was oxi- dised by H5IO6 and loaded together with lanthanide tracers on a chromatographic column filled with cryptomelane 2+ MnO2. In the HNO3 elution curve two peaks are observed. First one is related to the nonoxidized No and the second corresponds to No3+ close to positions of elution peaks of Ho3+ and Y3+. The ionic radius deduced from the elution position of No3+ is to be 89.4 ± 0.7 pm. 1. Introduction to possess interesting ion exchange properties. The cryptome- lane MnO2 phase has a well-defined 2 × 2 tunnel-framed struc- Studies of the heaviest actinides and comparison with the ture with exchangeable hydrogen, alkali, or alkali earth cations.6 properties of lanthanides are interesting because they help to The presence of exchangeable ions in the tunnels requires that understand the influence of relativistic effects on the chemical some of the manganese atoms must be present in oxidation properties. The relativistic effects influence the contraction of states lower than 4. The formulae could be represented by the 3+ lanthanides and actinides ionic radii by two ways: split- IV III 7 HMn7 Mn O16 as postulated by Tsuji and Tamaura.
    [Show full text]