Maciej Helbig Physiology and Morphology of Σίλφιον in Botanical Works of Theophrastus
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An Antillean Plant of Beauty, a French Botanist, and a German Name: Naming Plants in the Early Modern Atlantic World
Estonian Journal of Ecology, 2012, 61, 1, 37–50 doi: 10.3176/eco.2012.1.05 An Antillean plant of beauty, a French botanist, and a German name: naming plants in the Early Modern Atlantic world Laura Hollsten Faculty of Arts, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Åbo, Finland; [email protected] Received 10 December 2010, revised 7 March 2011, accepted 27 June 2011 Abstract. This paper investigates the naming of plants in the work of the French botanist Charles Plumier (1646–1704). Plumier made three trips to the French Antilles between 1690 and 1697, was appointed royal botanist in 1693, and published his first work, Description des Plantes de l’Amérique, in the same year. Plumier was the first ‘modern’ botanist to describe the flora of the Caribbean in a time when natural history underwent significant qualitative changes as a result of the European expansion and transatlantic contacts. Plumier’s ambition was to replace the confusing multitude of names given to New World plants with a universal taxonomically based nomenclature. His modernity and scientific ethos manifest themselves in his neutral way of organizing the plants according to a taxonomic system and his use of a Latin nomenclature, often naming plants after well-known botanists. Through Plumier’s naming process, I argue, it is possible to highlight the colonial and Atlantic context of his work, his network as part of the scientific elite of his country, and his professionalism resulting from years of botanical studies. Key words: history of botany, early modern natural history, plant nomenclature. INTRODUCTION According to a story entitled ‘The Tree of Riches’, the French botanist Charles Plumier decided that he would like to travel the world and get rich (Pellowski, 1990). -
A History of Birth Control Methods
Report Published by the Katharine Dexter McCormick Library and the Education Division of Planned Parenthood Federation of America 434 West 33rd Street, New York, NY 10001 212-261-4716 www.plannedparenthood.org Current as of January 2012 A History of Birth Control Methods Contemporary studies show that, out of a list of eight somewhat effective — though not always safe or reasons for having sex, having a baby is the least practical (Riddle, 1992). frequent motivator for most people (Hill, 1997). This seems to have been true for all people at all times. Planned Parenthood is very proud of the historical Ever since the dawn of history, women and men role it continues to play in making safe and effective have wanted to be able to decide when and whether family planning available to women and men around to have a child. Contraceptives have been used in the world — from 1916, when Margaret Sanger one form or another for thousands of years opened the first birth control clinic in America; to throughout human history and even prehistory. In 1950, when Planned Parenthood underwrote the fact, family planning has always been widely initial search for a superlative oral contraceptive; to practiced, even in societies dominated by social, 1965, when Planned Parenthood of Connecticut won political, or religious codes that require people to “be the U.S. Supreme Court victory, Griswold v. fruitful and multiply” — from the era of Pericles in Connecticut (1965), that finally and completely rolled ancient Athens to that of Pope Benedict XVI, today back state and local laws that had outlawed the use (Blundell, 1995; Himes, 1963; Pomeroy, 1975; Wills, of contraception by married couples; to today, when 2000). -
A Botanical Survey of Joseph Quer's Flora Española
A botanical survey of Joseph Quer's Flora española Author(s): Carlos Aedo, Marta Fernández-Albert, Patricia Barberá, Antoni Buira, Alejandro Quintanar, Leopoldo Medina & Ramón Morales Source: Willdenowia, 47(3):243-258. Published By: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin (BGBM) https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.47.47308 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3372/wi.47.47308 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Willdenowia Annals of the Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem CARLOS AEDO1*, MARTA FERNÁNDEZ-ALBERT1, PATRICIA BARBERÁ1, ANTONI BUIRA1, ALEJANDRO QUINTANAR1, LEOPOLDO MEDINA1 & RAMÓN MORALES1 A botanical survey of Joseph Quer’s Flora española Version of record first published online on 15 November 2017 ahead of inclusion in December 2017 issue. Abstract: We examine various aspects of Joseph Quer’s Flora española (1762 – 1764, 1784), taking into considera- tion the contributions made by Casimiro Gómez Ortega and proposing that he be credited as a co-author on the last two volumes of the work. -
Queen Anne's Lace
The History of Contraceptives And Connection to Religion Nathaniel Ingraham Department of History State University of New York, College at Oneonta Medieval Birth Control and the Catholic Church As is well known through history the connection with the church and contraceptives is that of a shady past. It has always been the main focus on the longstanding battle of Moral and Ethic high grounds, yet it is well known that many authors that had condemned the use of birth control were also writing herbals and medical texts on how to use them and do so safely. With this historians also look toward the church as they have a longstanding point of view that contraceptives should not be used because the bible tells them that they must be fruitful and produce offspring. The Catholic Church says that sex is purely for reproductive means and anyone who sought to prevent pregnancies were conducting a condemned practice and could be labeled as a heretic. Queen Anne’s Lace Depicted in Medeival Silphium as depicted on ancient coinage. Drawing The History of Contraceptives Silphium is an herb related to the fennel family, and was The history of contraceptives is a history shrouded by fear and disregard of the female body. While not all often grown and harvested for its resin also known as contraceptives were reportedly harmful the strict Laser. This Laser was then processed or used as a food connection with medicine to the church gave the additive, topical salve, and also as a form of appearance that any form of contraceptive could Contraceptive. -
The Birth of Abortion: Ancient Views, Modern Interpretations, and Enduring Debates
The Birth of Abortion: Ancient Views, Modern Interpretations, and Enduring Debates By Cody Kornack Classics, History, Politics Colorado College Bachelor of Arts May 2014 Kornack “Our society may allow women far greater control of their own destiny than the ancient world did, but women are still subject to political, social and personal restrictions, norms and rules that make motherhood not always desirable.” ~Konstantinos Kapparis, Abortion in the Ancient World Kornack Acknowledgements Foremost, I would like to thank the professors of the Classics, History, and Politics departments at Colorado College for creating an environment that cultivated my intellect, encouraged my curiosity, and imbued me with the determination to pursue this thesis topic. In particular, I am especially thankful for the guidance and encouragement of Sanjaya Thakur who helped me throughout the research and writing of this thesis. Likewise, I would like to thank Owen Cramer and Marcia Dobson for their enduring support with regards to teaching me Greek, as well as Dan Leon and Carol Neel for their helpful comments and suggestions in my editing process. I am endlessly thankful for the love, guidance, and support of my parents, Julie and Russ, and both of my brothers, Kyle and Jake. Honor Code Upheld Cody Kornack Kornack Table of Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 Ancient Abortions Terminology ........................................................................................................... -
A Short History of Botany in the United States</Article
would have extended the value of the classes (the chapter on plant ecology book to the layman, the high school to my environmental biology class, for ScienceFilmstrips biology student, and even the elemen- example) in order to give students a tary-school child. fine historical overview of the particu- R. E. Barthelemy lar discipline's development in this BIOLOGY CHEMISTRY University of Minnesota country. Meanwhile I read the book PHYSICS MICROBIOLOGY Minneapolis piecemeal myself for biohistorical ap- ATOMICENERGY preciation and background; it shouldn't at one sit- ATOMICCONCEPT be read from cover to cover HISTORYAND PHILOSOPHY ting! HOWTO STUDY Never before has such a fund of di- on American botani- GENERALSCIENCE A SHORT HISTORY OF BOTANY IN THE UNITED verse information in FIGURE DRAWING STATES, ed. by Joseph Ewan. 1969. cal endeavor been brought together LABORATORYSAFETY Hafner Publishing Co., N.Y. 174 pp. one handy volume. We might hope that American zoologists, undaunted by HEALTHAND SAFETY(Campers) Price not given. Engelmann of St. having been upstaged, can shortly man- SAFETYIN AN ATOMICATTACK In 1846 George Louis, after finally receiving some fi- age to compile a comparable volume SCHOOLBUS SAFETY nancial encouragement for the pursuit for their discipline. BICYCLESAFETY of botany in the American West, opti- Richard G. Beidleman Colorado College mistically wrote that he could "hope a Downloaded from http://online.ucpress.edu/abt/article-pdf/32/3/178/339753/4442993.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 WATERCONSERVATION Springs little more from this country for sci- Colorado ence." Today, Engelmann would be de- CARL LINNAEUS, Alvin and Virginia Ask for free folder and information lighted and amazed by what his adopted by Silverstein. -
Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. 6, Biology and Biological Technology
Reviews Perspectives from Gene Anderson’s bookshelf Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. 6, Biology and Biological Technology. Part IV: Traditional Botany: An Ethnobotanical Approach. By Georges Métailié. Translated by Janet Lloyd. 2015. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom. 748 pp. Eugene N. Anderson1* 1Department of Anthropology, University of California, Riverside, USA. *[email protected] Received November 10, 2016 OPEN ACCESS Accepted December 2, 2016 DOI 10.14237/ebl.8.1.2017.840 Copyright © 2017 by the author(s) licensee Society of Ethnobiology. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0), which permits non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Georges Métailié’s long-awaited monograph on the and use was equaled only by the amazing Shiu-ying history of Chinese plant science is now available at Hu, who recently passed away after a career of more last. I use the words ‘plant science’ because Métailié’s than 80 years (she died in 2012 at the age of 102; see main point of theory herein is that China never had Hu 2005). Most of the book consists of summaries of botanical science—that field has been peculiar to the the herbals, by topic, with their ideas on plant western world since AD 1600, and, through classification, sex, horticulture (as opposed to expansion, the rest of the world since about AD agriculture, covered in Bray 1984), growth, flowering, 1800. -
Biblioqraphy & Natural History
BIBLIOQRAPHY & NATURAL HISTORY Essays presented at a Conference convened in June 1964 by Thomas R. Buckman Lawrence, Kansas 1966 University of Kansas Libraries University of Kansas Publications Library Series, 27 Copyright 1966 by the University of Kansas Libraries Library of Congress Catalog Card number: 66-64215 Printed in Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A., by the University of Kansas Printing Service. Introduction The purpose of this group of essays and formal papers is to focus attention on some aspects of bibliography in the service of natural history, and possibly to stimulate further studies which may be of mutual usefulness to biologists and historians of science, and also to librarians and museum curators. Bibli• ography is interpreted rather broadly to include botanical illustration. Further, the intent and style of the contributions reflects the occasion—a meeting of bookmen, scientists and scholars assembled not only to discuss specific examples of the uses of books and manuscripts in the natural sciences, but also to consider some other related matters in a spirit of wit and congeniality. Thus we hope in this volume, as in the conference itself, both to inform and to please. When Edwin Wolf, 2nd, Librarian of the Library Company of Phila• delphia, and then Chairman of the Rare Books Section of the Association of College and Research Libraries, asked me to plan the Section's program for its session in Lawrence, June 25-27, 1964, we agreed immediately on a theme. With few exceptions, we noted, the bibliography of natural history has received little attention in this country, and yet it is indispensable to many biologists and to historians of the natural sciences. -
Plants and Animals in Antiquity: a Detective Story*
1 PLANTS AND ANIMALS IN ANTIQUITY: * A DETECTIVE STORY Alain Touwaide The Smithsonian Institution The title “Plants and Man in Antiquity” might suggest that I will be talking of such topics as plants in mythology in ancient Greece and Rome, sacred plants, plants and literature, and plants and collective imaginary. This is not the case, however. I will discuss a much less poetic topic, probably much more similar to the science the Academy and its Fellows and Members are interested in: the scientific approach to plants as products for human consumption in the context of the cultures of the Mediterranean World in Antiquity, with a broad spectrum of uses: not only food but also medicine, cosmetics, and poisons. I will present the research I am currently conducting at the Department of Botany of the National Museum of Natural History at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington DC, also mentioning current research by other scholars. It is not my purpose either to verify the exactness of ancient uses of plants, and their alimentary or pharmacological value, including their toxicity, or to claim that all of modern pharmaco-chemistry was already contained in ancient scientific texts, and that the science pretending to be modern just repeats the discoveries of ancient science. My scientific activity proceeds from a rather different viewpoint: it aims at understanding how ancient Mediterranean cultures discovered the properties of plants, how they explained them, how they recorded and preserved the knowledge they produced, if such knowledge was transmitted to other cultures, and, should it be the case, how did this process happen. -
Lamarck: the Birth of Biology Author(S): Frans A
Lamarck: The Birth of Biology Author(s): Frans A. Stafleu Reviewed work(s): Source: Taxon, Vol. 20, No. 4 (Aug., 1971), pp. 397-442 Published by: International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1218244 . Accessed: 24/12/2012 16:29 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Taxon. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded on Mon, 24 Dec 2012 16:29:36 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions TAXON 20(4): 397-442. AUGUST 1971 LAMARCK:THE BIRTH OF BIOLOGY Frans A. Stafleu "A long blind patience, such was his genius of the Universe" (Sainte Beuve) Summary A review of the development of Lamarck'sideas on biological systematibswith special reference to the origin and development of his concept of organic evolution. Lamarck's development towards biological systematics is traced through his early botanical and geological writings and related to the gradual change in his scientific outlook from a static and essentialist view of nature towards a dynamic and positivist concept of the life sciences as a special discipline. -
SILPHION “…Multis Iam Annis in Ea Terra Non Invenitur…”
European Botanic Gardens in a Changing World: Insights into EUROGARD VI ɇȻȿɌȻɃɁ – SILPHION “…multis iam annis in ea terra non invenitur…” Monika Kiehn Department of Ancient History, Papyrology and Epigraphy, University of Vienna, Universitätsring 1, 1010 Vienna, Austria, [email protected] Keywords: historic records, botanical identification, Umbelliferae (Apiaceae), Ferula , Narthex , Thapsia , Cachrys Background “As long as many years you can’t find it at this country anymore … ” (Plin.n.h. XIX 39). This statement of Pliny the Elder (23-79 AD) refers to the ancient Silphion plant. Called laserpicium or laser by the Romans, it was a highly recognized useful plant from the Roman province of Cyrenaica (today part of Libya). It was famous as medicine and very expensive: “ ... being sold as the same rate as silver. ” (Plin.n.h. XIX 39). Pliny also tells us the reason why it is not found anymore: the farmers who hold the land there on lease considered it more profitable to bring in flocks of sheep, and, as a result of that grazing, Silphion disappeared from the Cyrenaica. Pliny also reports “ Within the time of our memory, only one single stalk has been found there, and that was sent to the Emperor Nero ” (Plin.n.h. XIX 39) . Why is this plant still so fascinating – even after 2,000 years? Silphion is the first useful plant species said to have become extinct by men. But many scientists do not want to believe that it really has gone forever and hope it might still grow somewhere hidden in Northern Africa and waits for its rediscovery. -
Nero and the Last Stalk of Silphion: Collecting Extinct Nature in Early Modern Europe
424 Early Science and Medicine 19 (2014) 424-447 Keller www.brill.com/esm Nero and the Last Stalk of Silphion: Collecting Extinct Nature in Early Modern Europe Vera Keller University of Oregon [email protected] Abstract Many studies of early modern natural history focus upon observational, empirical tech- niques. Early moderns also contended with entities which could no longer be observed because they no longer existed. Although it is often assumed that extinction only emerged as a concept in the eighteenth century, the concept of natural loss appeared, often unproblematically, in areas outside natural philosophy. A survey of discussions of the extinct plant silphion across Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries shows that the possibility of natural loss was well aired. Paper technologies for collect- ing extinct nature ran parallel to investigations of newly found nature, and thus can place the latter in a new light. Although ideas of natural mutability often drew on ideas of historical or political change rather than philosophical concepts of natural con- stancy, techniques developed for extinct nature, such as the list of lost things, remained influential for the research agendas of naturalists. Keywords extinction – species – chain of being – desiderata – silphion Paper Technologies for Lost Things Many of the other articles in this issue explore the early modern tools developed to cope with an ever growing abundance of naturalia. How did early moderns * Robert D. Clark Honors College, University of Oregon, 1293 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403–1293, USA. The author would like to thank the editors of this issue, Isabelle Charmantier and Staffan Müller-Wille.