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Moanda, Gabon : Ville Minière Ou Ville Régionale ?

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Moanda, Gabon : Ville Minière Ou Ville Régionale ? Wpartement de géographie et tél6d6tection Faculté des lettres et sciences humaines Université de Sherbrooke Moanda, Gabon :Ville minière ou ville régionale ? Marjolaine Okanga - Guay Mémoire présent8 pour l'obtention du grade de Maître ès sciences (Y. Sc.) en géographie 2 mai 1998 O Ma jolaine Okanga - Guay, 1998 National Library Bibliothèque nationale du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services seMces bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, nie Wellington OItawaON K1AW Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Canada canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, districbute or sell reproduire, prêter, distri'buer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or eiectronic formats. la forme de microfiche/nlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othekse de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Directeur de recherche : Romain Paquette Membres du jury : Marcel Pouliot (Département de geographie et tMdétecîion, Université de Sherbrooke) Jacques Bernier (Mpartement de ghgraphie, Université Laval) Résumé La ville de Moanda au Gabon est une ville à fondions minière et industrielfe à cause de t'implication de la COMILOG des sa création et durant son développement. L'intensification de l'extraction minière et la nouvelle venue ci'own'ers y ont rendu necessaire I'extm-ondes installations existantes et la création des infiastructures manquantes tant au niveau de I'extradion qu'a celui des sfrudures économiques et sociales. Selon le stéréotype de la ville minière, l'épuisement du gisement de manganèse initial ou la relocalisation de la compagnie qui en fait I'extracEion devrait signer l'arrêt de mort de Moanda. Cependant, au murs des années, des activités diversifiées se sont développées pour desservir cette nouvelle population, mais il n'est pas acquis que cette diversification puisse assurer la permanence et la survie de la ville si la compagnie devait disparaître. De plus, en zone d'exploitation minière, il y a lieu de s'intermger sur l'intégration des villes qui s'y trouvent à des réseaux urbains faiblement constitués. Este que la ville de Moanda fait partie du réseau urbain gabonais ou s'agit4 plutôt d'une viIle4solat? Bref, a-t-elle atteint un niveau de maturité suffisant pour pouvoir survivre si la COMILOG devait un jour cesser ses activités? L'objectif de œ mémoire est detablir le degré de diversificatÎonfondionnelle de la petite ville minière de Moanda et la replacer dans le réseau urbain du Gabon. La méthodologie est divisée en quatre grandes parties : la revue de fa littérature, I'observation sur le tmin, la cartographie de la ville et de ses fonctions puis i'analyse. Ainsi, nous avons démontré que le réseau urbain auquel Moanda appartient est incomplet au niveau national, il présente un aspect tri-polaire mai hiérarchisé et extraverti. Tout de mgme, la ville joue un r6le positff dans ce réseau urbain. Par contre, la ville n'a pas atteint un stade de diversification fonctionnelle souhaitable pour assurer sa durabilite sans équivoque à l'intérieur du réseau. Mais, la ville continue de connaitre un développement géographique, hnomique et social qui augmente ses chances de durabilite. Nous pouvons tout de meme suggérer que la stabilité de Moanda peut être renforcée si nous acceptons Ffanceville - Moanda comme conurbation. Abstract The city of Moanda in Gabon is a rnining and industrial aty because of the implication of the COMILOG in its creation and its development. The intensification of extraction and the amval of workers forced the extension of exisüng installations and the cteation of rnissing extradion, economic and social iriffastnidures. According to the mining city stereotype, the exhaustion of the manganese ore or the relocation of the Company would sign the death sentence of Moanda. But, through the years, there was a diversification of activities. However, it is not yet established that this diversification will ensure the sumival of the city if the company disappears. Also, we have to ask ourselves about the integration of mining cities in weak national urban systerns. Is the crty of Moanda a part of the gabonese urban system or is it isolated from it? Has the city reached a sufficient level of maturity to ensure suMval if the COMILOG must stop its adMties? The objective of this paper is to establish the functional diversification level of the mining city of Moanda and to replace it in the gabonese urban system. The methodology employed is divised in four parts : review of Merature, observation, cartography of the &y and its fondions and analysis. Thus, we have demonstratecl that the gatxxiese urban system is incomplete. At a national level, the system presents a polaized aspect, is non-hierarcbised and extraverted. But we can say that Moanda plays a positive role in this system. However, the city has not yet reached a satiçfadory state of fundional diversification to ensure its durability wiaiout doubt Adually, aie city to develop beif geographically, econornically and socially and thus increases its chan- of durability. We can still suggest that the stability of Moanda can be reinforcd if we accept Moanda and Franwville as a conurbation. crEn effet, qu'est-ce qui n'apparaît pas merveilleux quand se présente une connaissance pour la première fois ? Combien de choses, aussi, apparaissent impossibles tant qu'elles ne sont pas véritablement exécutées ?s Gaius Plinius Secundus AD. 23 - 79, Natural History, Mc VII, sec. 6 Table des matières Liste des figures ...................................................................................................... 111 Liste des tableaux ..................................................................................................... V Liste des annexes ....................................................................................................VI Remerciements ....................................................................................................... VII Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 Cadre théorique ................................................................................................... 3 2.1. Problématique ................... .. ................................................................. 3 2.2. Buts et objectifs ........................................................................................ 5 2.3. Hypothèses scientifiques .......................................................................... 5 24. Classification fonctionnelle ........................................................................ 6 .. 2.5. Définition de ville miniere ..................................................................... 25 ... 2.6. Exemples de villes minieres.................................................................. 17 2.7. Réseaux urbains.............. .... .............................................................. 21 Présentation de la ville de Moanda ................................................................... 27 3.1. Histoire ................................................................................................... 27 3.2. Site et situation ....................................................................................... 30 3.3. Plan ........................................................................................................ 36 3.4. Structure administrative ........ ... ......................................................... 44 3.5. Comilog .................................................................................................. 45 RMthodologie...................................................................................................... 50 4.1 . Période à l'étude et sources documentaires ........................................... 50 4.2. Identification des variables à l'étude ................... ... ............................ 51 4.3. Organigramme méthodologique ............................................................ 53 4.4. Problèmes rencontrés............................................................................. 56 Réseau urbain ................................................................................................ 58 5.1 . Réseaux africains ................................... .. ..................................*....... 58 5.2. Particularités du réseau gabonais............................. .. ............................ 60 5.3. Rôle et stabilité de Moanda dans le réseau urbain gabonais .................. 75 6. Stabilité de la ville de Moanda..........................................................................m 82 6.1 . Stabilité fonctionnelle : diversification et répartition géographique ......... -82 6.1 .1. En relation avec la Cornilog .............................................................. 82 6.1 .2. Sans la Comilog .......... ...... ....................................................... 88 . 6.2. Stabilité au niveau sucial ......................... .. .........................................
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