Tracking Changes in South Australia's Environment

Tracking changes in South Australia’s environment 41 trend and condition report cards | 2018 2 | Minister’s foreword

South Australia’s natural environment is precious, expansive and diverse.

As stewards of our state’s environment, we are faced with complex challenges and changing conditions that require leadership and policy-making based on good information and strong understanding.

In this report, you’ll find simple and accessible evidence-based trend and condition assessments, which have vastly improved the way we are able to understand and communicate environmental trends.

The report cards reveal some encouraging trends that show efforts to sustain and protect are seeing tangible benefits.

We have seen improvements in soil erosion protection, an increase in the percentage of mangrove vegetation cover and general improvement of our precious River Murray thanks to good rainfall and flows including the delivery of hundreds of gigalitres of water each year under the Murray-Darling Basin Plan.

There are also areas where we are facing complex challenges. A statewide decline in biodiversity, worsening climate measures including rainfall, temperature and sea level, and an increase in the prevalence of invasive plants and animals are just some of the challenges outlined in this report.

This report represents a significant step towards better understanding our environment and how we can work together to meet the complex challenges we face.

I am confident these report cards will assist all of us to deliver practical, on-the-ground measures to sustain and protect our precious natural environment.

David Speirs MP Minister for Environment and Water

SA’s environmental trend and condition report cards 2018 | ii Contents Your guide to statewide report cards...... 2 Land: protected areas Landscapes that are adequately protected...... 35 Climate theme...... 3 Agricultural land Days protected from soil erosion...... 36 Climate Rainfall...... 5 Agricultural land Climate Projected rainfall...... 6 Soil acidity...... 37 Climate Temperature...... 7 Land: native fauna Climate Projected temperature...... 8 Population trends and percentage threatened...... 38 Climate Sea level rise...... 9 Land: native flora Population trends and percentage threatened...... 39 Inland waters theme...... 11 Land: invasive species Wetlands Abundance and distribution of established invasive Percentage cover...... 13 species...... 40 Aquatic ecosystem condition Coastal and marine theme...... 41 EPA condition assessments...... 14 Mangrove vegetation Water management Percentage cover...... 43 Water allocation planning...... 15 Coastal saltmarsh Surface water Percentage cover...... 44 Quantity and quality...... 16 Marine protected areas Groundwater Marine parks network...... 45 Water level and salinity...... 17 Seagrass Inland waters: native fauna Cover within sampling sites...... 46 Population trends and percentage threatened...... 18 Subtitdal reefs Inland waters: native flora Reef condition...... 47 Population trends and percentage threatened...... 19 Coastal and marine: native fauna Inland waters: invasive fish Population trends and percentage threatened...... 48 Established invasive fish abundance and distribution...... 20 Coastal and marine: native flora Inland waters: biosecurity Population trends and percentage threatened...... 49 New incursions of invasive species...... 21 Fish stocks River Murray theme...... 23 Proportion of stocks sustainable...... 50 River Murray: water Coastal and marine: biosecurity Quantity and quality...... 25 Number of incursions...... 51 The Murray Mouth Air quality theme...... 53 Days open...... 26 Air quality River Murray: fish passage Particles (PM10)...... 55 Permanently wet area accessible...... 27 Air quality River Murray: floodplain trees Lead (Pb)...... 56 Tree condition index...... 28 Air quality River Murray: high value wetlands Sulfur dioxide (SO2)...... 57 Achievement of ecological targets...... 29 Air quality Coorong and Lower Lakes vegetation Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)...... 58 Vegetation target success...... 30 Land theme...... 31 Woody native vegetation Percentage cover...... 33 Low native vegetation Percentage cover...... 34

1 | Your guide to statewide report cards

1. The focus of the report card, which could be an environmental asset, a pressure, or a 1 management activity. 2

2. The ‘indicator’ is what we 3 measured to assess trend and condition. 4 5 6

3. The banner colour indicates the statewide trend of this report card (see Icon index, below).

4. The ‘trend’ is the statewide change over time.

5. The ‘condition’ is the current state of the indicator (see 2). 7 8 6. Rating out of five for the reliability of the information based on; collection methods, age of the information, and how applicable the information is.

7. A map, which is on most report cards, shows regional trends. 9 8. The key message that sums up the report card.

9. Background information.

10. A hyperlink to access more technical information or to search Enviro Data SA.

Icon Statewide trend Condition Information reliability index Getting better Very good Excellent Stable Good Very good

Getting worse Fair Good

Unknown Poor Fair

Not applicable Poor

Unknown

SA’s environmental trend and condition report cards 2018 | 2 Climate theme

3 | Barratt Paul © Summary

Climate Climate Climate Rainfall Projected rainfall Temperature

Trend Condition Reliability Trend Condition Reliability Trend Condition Reliability Getting Fair Very Getting Not Fair Getting Fair Very worse good worse applicable worse good

Climate Climate Projected Sea level temperature

Trend Condition Reliability Trend Condition Reliability Getting Not Fair Getting Fair Very worse applicable worse good

SA’s environmental trend and condition report cards 2018 | 4

Climate

Rainfall South Australia's EnvironmentalClimate trend Rainfall and condition report card 2018

Trend Condition Significant regional variation in The condition is rated as fair because seasonal rainfall trends have been rainfall changes across South Australia observed across South Australia since have been manageable. 1990. Winter rainfall has decreased in Persistent drying trends in the southern the state's south, while summer rainfall agricultural areas may reduce water has increased in the north. security and agricultural yields, impact This assessment uses the latest Bureau of ecosystems and increase fire risk in the Meteorology (BoM) observed rainfall data future. in the Australian climate change and In wetlands and water-dependent variability tracker. ecosystems, particularly in the south-east Significant drying trends were evident of the state, the duration of surface water across much of the southern agricultural inundation has fallen during the drier areas from April to October (top figure). months of the year, leading to The observed decrease in rainfall during encroachment of dryland terrestrial these months of 10–40 mm per decade vegetation. are significant since the typical average rainfall ranges from 300 to 500 mm across Since 1990, April to the region. Such winter drying is consistent with climate change predictions October rainfall in the and has occurred in other mid-latitude areas of Australia, such as south-west south has decreased Western Australia and Victoria. and November to Pastoral areas in northern South Australia had increased tropically influenced March rainfall in the summer rainfall of up to 40–60 mm per decade (bottom figure), with some north has increased increase in extreme rainfall events.

Why is climate important? What are the pressures? What is being done? Climate affects almost every part of our According to the Australian Academy of BoM and other science agencies use a lives. Communities, industries, landscapes Science, ‘Earth's climate has changed over range of atmospheric, terrestrial and and ecosystems all develop with a the past century. The atmosphere and marine sensors to track climatic trends tolerance for a range of climate variation. oceans have warmed, sea levels have across Australia. Trends in rainfall are If the climate changes beyond that range risen, and glaciers and ice sheets have assessed using a high-resolution gridded of tolerance, they must either adapt, decreased in size. The best available dataset developed for CSIRO's Australian migrate, transform or decline. evidence indicates that greenhouse gas Water Availability Project (AWAP). emissions from human activities are the The BoM’s biennial State of the Climate main cause. Continuing increases in report draws on the latest monitoring, greenhouse gases will produce further science and projection information to warming and other changes in Earth's describe variability and changes in physical environment and ecosystems.’ Australia's climate (including rainfall), and how it is likely to change in the future.

For further information see: technical information

This report is a work in progress. As resource monitoring improves, so too will our ability to describe trends in condition. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. © Crown in right of the State of South Australia.

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Climate

Projected rainfall South Australia's EnvironmentalClimate trend Projected and condition report rainfall card 2018

Trend Condition Average annual rainfall across South A condition rating is not applicable Australia is projected to decrease by because this assessment is of projected between 5% and 15% by 2050 under rainfall under likely climate scenarios. plausible emissions scenarios. This assessment draws from the SA Under intermediate emissions, average Climate Ready rainfall projections for the annual rainfall is projected to decrease by state. The projected changes are relative between 3% and 9% by 2030 and by to the baseline period 1986–2005. between 5% and 11% by 2050. Changes The projections are from a range of global are greater under high emissions, climate models under two scenarios of particularly later in the century, with global atmospheric greenhouse gas projected decreases in rainfall of between concentrations (representing intermediate 4% and 8% by 2030 and between 7% and and high emissions scenarios). Note that 15% by 2050 (top figure). each model projects some variability In all regions across the state, the around the averages shown. projected decrease in spring rainfall is greater than the projected decrease in the Annual and spring annual average. Under intermediate emissions, average spring rainfall is rainfall across South projected to decrease by between 13% and 19% by 2030 and by between 14% Australia are projected and 21% by 2050. Changes are greater under high emissions, particularly later in to decrease the century, with projected decreases of significantly by 2050 between 8% and 17% by 2030 and between 18% and 28% by 2050 (bottom figure).

Why is climate important? What are the pressures? What is being done? Climate affects almost every part of our According to the Australian Academy of The Bureau of Meteorology and other lives. Communities, industries, landscapes Science, ‘Earth's climate has changed over science agencies use a range of and ecosystems all develop with a the past century. The atmosphere and atmospheric, terrestrial and marine tolerance for a range of climate variation. oceans have warmed, sea levels have sensors to track climatic trends across If the climate changes beyond that range risen, and glaciers and ice sheets have Australia. Trends in rainfall are assessed of tolerance, they must either adapt, decreased in size. The best available using a high-resolution gridded dataset migrate, transform or decline. evidence indicates that greenhouse gas developed for CSIRO's Australian Water emissions from human activities are the Availability Project (AWAP). Climate main cause. Continuing increases in change projections, including rainfall greenhouse gases will produce further projections, are periodically improved and warming and other changes in Earth's updated in line with advancements in physical environment and ecosystems.’ climate modelling.

For further information see: technical information

SA’s environmental trend and condition report cards 2018 | 6

Climate

Temperature South Australia's EnvironmentalClimate trend Temperature and condition report card 2018

Trend Condition Average annual temperatures across The condition is rated as fair. Overall South Australia have been increasing changes in temperature across South since the 1970s, with the highest rates Australia since the 1970s have been of increase in the north of the state. manageable. This assessment uses Bureau of Communities and industries, particularly Meteorology (BoM) variability and change in the hot and arid north-east, now trend maps. These are based on observed experience a higher frequency of very hot temperature data from BoM monitoring daytime and night-time temperatures stations across Australia. during summer. The average annual temperature across In Adelaide, the frequency of days over the state is now approximately 0.8 40 °C in the past 10 years has more than degrees Celsius (°C) warmer than in the doubled compared with the period 1977–

1970s. 2007. Since 1992, South Australia has The increase in annual average experienced only one year with a mean temperature has been variable, such that temperature below the mean annual the coolest parts of the state in the South temperature of 1961–1990 (bottom East Natural Resources Management figure). (NRM) Region have seen the lowest increases (top figure). Average annual The highest rate of increase in temperatures have temperature is observed in the South Australian Arid Lands (SAAL) NRM Region, increased across the adding up to 1.5 °C to mean annual temperatures over the past 47 years in state in the past 40 what was already the warmest part of

South Australia. years, especially in the arid north-east Why is climate important? What are the pressures? What is being done? Climate affects almost every part of our According to the Australian Academy of BoM and other science agencies use a lives. Communities, industries, landscapes Science, ‘Earth's climate has changed over range of air, land and marine sensors to and ecosystems all develop with a the past century. The atmosphere and track climatic trends across Australia. tolerance for a range of climate variation. oceans have warmed, sea levels have BoM’s Australian Climate Observations If the climate changes beyond that range risen, and glaciers and ice sheets have Reference Network – Surface Air of tolerance, they must either adapt, decreased in size. The best available Temperature dataset is based on a migrate, transform or decline. evidence indicates that greenhouse gas network of more than 100 stations. emissions from human activities are the The BoM’s biennial State of the Climate main cause. Continuing increases in report draws on the latest monitoring, greenhouse gases will produce further science and projection information to warming and other changes in Earth's describe variability and changes in physical environment and ecosystems.’ Australia's climate (including temperature), and how it is likely to change in the future.

For further information see: technical information

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Climate

Projected temperature South Australia's EnvironmentalClimate trend Projected and condition report temperature card 2018

Trend Condition Average daily maximum temperatures A condition rating is not applicable across South Australia are projected to because this assessment is of projected increase by between 1.0 and 2.1 temperatures under climate scenarios. degrees Celsius (°C) by 2050 under The top figure shows the average plausible emissions scenarios. projected changes in temperature This assessment draws from the SA between 2030 and 2050 for seven natural Climate Ready temperature projections. resources management regions. The temperature projections are relative The projections are from a range of global to the baseline period 1986–2005. climate models under two scenarios of Under intermediate emissions, average global atmospheric greenhouse gas maximum temperatures could increase by concentrations (representing intermediate between 0.7 and 1.0 °C by 2030 and by and high emissions scenarios). Note that between 1.0 and 1.4 °C by 2050. each model projects some variability Changes are even greater under high around the averages shown. emissions, with projected increases of between 0.8 and 1.3 °C by 2030 and Higher maximum between 1.4 and 2.1°C by 2050 (top figure). temperatures and more The average annual number of days days above 40°C are reaching 40 °C or more in Adelaide in the 30 years from 2016 to 2045 is projected to projected for South be 5.9 days per year, compared with 2.9 days per year during the 1986–2005 Australia period (bottom figure).

Why is climate important? What are the pressures? What is being done? Climate affects almost every part of our According to the Australian Academy of The Bureau of Meteorology and other lives. Communities, industries, landscapes Science, ‘Earth’s climate has changed over science agencies employ a range of air, and ecosystems all develop with a the past century. The atmosphere and land and marine sensors to track climatic tolerance for a range of climate variation. oceans have warmed, sea levels have trends across Australia. The bureau’s If the climate changes beyond that range risen, and glaciers and ice sheets have Australian Climate Observations Reference of tolerance, they must either adapt, decreased in size. The best available Network – Surface Air Temperature migrate, transform or decline. evidence indicates that greenhouse gas dataset is based on a network of more emissions from human activities are the than 100 stations. main cause. Continuing increases in Climate change projections, including greenhouse gases will produce further temperature projections, are periodically warming and other changes in Earth’s improved and updated in line with physical environment and ecosystems.’ advancements in climate modelling.

For further information see: technical information

SA’s environmental trend and condition report cards 2018 | 8

Climate

Sea level South Australia's EnvironmentalClimate trend Sea and condition level report rise card 2018

Trend Condition Sea levels along South Australia’s coast The condition of sea level is rated as rose by 1.5–4 mm/year between 1965 fair because levels currently meet most and 2016, and the rate of rise is social, economic and environmental projected to increase in the future. requirements. Trends of gradual rise in sea level are Most of the rise observed is due to apparent in observations at all sea level thermal expansion of oceans due to a rise gauges in South Australia (top figure). in water temperature and the melting of Sea level rose 17 cm in the 20th century. continental ice. However, since 1992, global sea levels Measurements are stated relative to a have risen 8 cm. Further rises in sea level local fixed reference height, which in some are projected, with the rate of rise to cases may change over time because of increase through the 21st century. slow changes in the elevation of the land

The amount of sea level rise projected to level at the location. This means that in occur by 2050 is approximately 22–25 cm some locations the movement of the local compared with the average level during reference point is a component of the 1986–2005 (bottom figure). observed rise. CSIRO and Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) projections for sea level rise indicate that Sea levels along South the rate of rise will increase through the Australia's coast are century. The rate of rise is affected by the future greenhouse gas emissions scenario. rising, and the rate of rise is projected to increase in the future

Why is climate important? What are the pressures? What is being done? Climate affects almost every part of our According to the Australian Academy of BoM maintains an array of monitoring lives. Communities, industries, landscapes Science, ‘Earth's climate has changed over stations that measure sea level very and ecosystems all develop with a the past century. The atmosphere and accurately. BoM's Australian Baseline Sea tolerance for a range of climate variation. oceans have warmed, sea levels have Level Monitoring Project monitors sea If the climate changes beyond that range risen, and glaciers and ice sheets have level around the coastline of Australia to of tolerance, they must either adapt, decreased in size. The best available identify long-term changes. migrate, transform or decline. evidence indicates that greenhouse gas High-resolution land surface elevation Rising air and water temperatures result in emissions from human activities are the mapping of the South Australian coastline a global rise in sea levels due to thermal main cause. Continuing increases in is maintained by the Department for expansion of oceans and melting of greenhouse gases will produce further Environment and Water to enable risks of continental ice, placing some low-lying warming and other changes in Earth's rising sea level to coastal communities coastal assets at an increased risk of sea physical environment and ecosystems.’ and infrastructure to be assessed. water inundation.

For further information see: technical information

9 | SA’s environmental trend and condition report cards 2018 | 10 Inland waters theme

11 | Summary

Wetlands Aquatic ecosystem Water management Percentage condition Water cover EPA condition allocation assessments planning

Trend Condition Reliability Trend Condition Reliability Trend Condition Reliability Stable Fair Excellent Getting Fair Very Getting Good Excellent better good better

Surface water Groundwater Inland waters: Quantity and Water level native fauna quality and salinity Population trends and percentage threatened

Trend Condition Reliability Trend Condition Reliability Trend Condition Reliability Getting Fair Very Stable Good Very Getting Fair Fair worse good good worse

Inland waters: Inland waters: Inland waters: native flora invasive fish biosecurity Population trends Established invasive New incursions and percentage fish abundance of invasive threatened and distribution species

Trend Condition Reliability Trend Condition Reliability Trend Condition Reliability Getting Fair Fair Getting Poor Fair Unknown Fair Poor worse worse

SA’s environmental trend and condition report cards 2018 | 12

Wetlands

Percentage cover South Australia's EnvironmentalWetlands trend and condition report card 2018 Percentage cover

Trend Condition Statewide, the percentage cover of Compared with worldwide changes wetlands is stable; however, it is since 1990, the statewide change in getting worse in three natural cover of wetlands is considered fair. resources management (NRM) regions. The regional percentage cover of This assessment uses data on wetlands wetlands is shown in the bottom figure. (e.g. inland water bodies and associated The statewide change in cover of wetlands vegetation) from the South Australian since 1990 is estimated as 0.72% (fair). At land cover layers 1990-2015. the regional level, estimates are a loss of The trend in percentage cover of wetlands 16.27% in AMLR (fair), a loss of 22.27% in is stable in five NRM regions (Alinytjara AW (fair), a gain of 5.09% in EP (fair), a Wilurara [AW], Eyre Peninsula [EP], loss of 13.67% in KI (fair), a gain of 0.63% Northern and Yorke [NY], South Australian in NY (fair), a gain of 2.83% in SAAL (fair),

Arid Lands [SAAL] and South Australian a loss of 3.41% in SAMDB (fair) and a loss Murray-Darling Basin [SAMDB]) and of 27.45% in SE (poor). getting worse in three regions (Adelaide Losses of an estimated 888,400 hectares and Mt Lofty Ranges [AMLR], Kangaroo from the three high-rainfall NRM regions Island [KI] and South East [SE]) (top are attributed to less rainfall and figure). intensified land and water use. Prior to 1990 the reduction in extent of wetlands in South Australia was even Wetland cover is stable more extensive. For example, in the south east of the state, more than 1.6 million in South Australia, but hectares of wetlands were converted to agricultural land by various drainage has declined in the schemes. wetter regions

Why are wetlands important? What are the pressures? What is being done? Wetlands play important roles in a range Wetlands are impacted by a range of Legislation protects native vegetation of environmental, social, cultural and factors, including changes in water regime from clearance and guides the sustainable economic services, such as protecting lake due to dams, weirs, consumptive use and management of water resources. and river shorelines from wave action, changes in rainfall and land use; excessive Other actions that are being implemented reducing the impacts of floods, absorbing nutrients, sediments and pollutants from to manage wetlands include community pollutants, improving water quality, and agricultural run-off and wastewater engagement; controlling pest animals and providing habitat for animals and plants. discharges; weeds and pest animals; and weeds; fencing; reducing nutrient and Wetlands contain a wide diversity of life, grazing and trampling of vegetation. sediment run-off; and, where possible, supporting plants and animals that are restoring more desirable patterns of flow found nowhere else. They are also one of and water levels. the most productive and biodiverse ecosystems.

For further information see: technical information

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Aquatic ecosystem condition

EPA condition assessments South Australia's EnvironmentalAquatic trend ecosystem and condition report card condition 2018 EPA condition assessments

Trend Condition The condition of aquatic ecosystems Overall, aquatic ecosystems are in fair has been improving since the end of condition. the millennium drought (2001–2009). The overall condition of the state's aquatic This assessment analyses data gathered ecosystems is fair, although the condition by the Environment Protection Authority varies among regions (bottom figure). (EPA) between 2008 and 2016 on water- Improvements in condition are related to dependent plants and macroinvertebrates improvements in rainfall and water (waterbugs), water quality and sediments availability in the state's rivers, streams in rivers, streams and lakes across South and lakes since the end of the millennium Australia (excluding the River Murray). drought. Aquatic condition is getting better in one The condition of aquatic ecosystems is natural resources management region unlikely to continue to improve in a (Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges meaningful way without additional [AMLR]), is stable in five regions (Eyre management of the pressures on Peninsula [EP], Kangaroo Island [KI], ecosystem condition. Northern and Yorke [NY], South Australian Murray–Darling Basin [SAMDB] and South The condition of South East [SE]) and is unknown in two regions (Alinytjara Wiluṟara [AW] and South Australia's aquatic Australian Arid Lands [SAAL]). Although most of the regions were classed as ecosystems is fair and stable, all but the SAMDB show signs of improvement, contributing to the overall improving state trend of getting better (top figure).

Why is aquatic ecosystem What are the pressures? What is being done? condition important? Aquatic ecosystems are impacted by a Water quantity is managed through water range of factors, including changes in allocation plans under environment Inland aquatic ecosystems are important water regime due to dams, weirs, legislation. Water quality is addressed for environmental, social, cultural and consumptive use and changes in rainfall through managing point source and economic reasons, including supporting and land use; changes in water quality diffuse pollution, and activities such as ecological food webs, improving water due to excessive nutrients, sediments and fencing out livestock and revegetation quality, absorbing pollutants, and nutrients from agricultural run-off and projects. providing habitat for animals and plants. wastewater discharges; weeds and pest Native vegetation legislation protects Aquatic ecosystems help people connect animals; and grazing and trampling of riverine and wetland habitat from further with nature, and provide mental and vegetation. clearance. physical health benefits. Programs are in place to manage existing weeds and pest animals, and prevent new ones from establishing.

For further information see: technical information

SA’s environmental trend and condition report cards 2018 | 14

Water management

Water allocation planning South Australia's EnvironmentalWater tmanagementrend and condition report card 2018 Water allocation planning

Trend Condition The statewide trend in water allocation In 2017, the percentage of prescribed planning is getting better, with an water resources with completed WAPs increase in the number of water is considered good. allocation plans (WAPs) since 2007. Condition is rated as good because 79% This assessment is of the percentage of (30 out of 38) of South Australia's actively actively managed water resource areas managed water resources have WAPs in with WAPs. Currently, 38 areas are actively place. managed (top figure). The bottom figure WAPs set sustainable-use limits to balance shows how these actively managed areas the water needs of the community, align with the eight existing natural industry and the environment. resources management regions. The percentage of actively managed water Water allocation resources with WAPs has increased over the past 10 years to 79% in 2017. planning in South Water planning and management Australia is in good continues to improve across the state, with WAPs building on an improved condition and getting understanding of water resources and risks to social, economic and better environmental values.

Why is water management What are the pressures? What is being done? important? Water planning responds to changes in In South Australia, all water resources are the climate, the way water is used, managed through regional natural Water resources in South Australia are increases in the demand for water and resources management plans, developed fundamental for our industries, new knowledge of environmental water under natural resources management environment, health and way of life. needs. legislation. If a water resource is South Australia is the driest state in the The needs of the community, industry and considered vulnerable or at risk, and driest continent, and our water resources the environment must be balanced so that further management is required, a WAP is are important and limited. Sustainable we can continue to develop the state developed to ensure that the water use water management and planning, in terms without impacting our environment into needs of the community, industry and the of both quality and quantity, is vital to the future. environment is sustainable. South Australia's long-term water security, WAPs include review processes to the environment and our economy. incorporate new science and address pressures to the resource, such as climate variability.

For further information see: technical information

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Surface water

Quantity and quality South Australia's EnvironmentalSurface trend water and condition report card 2018 Quantity and quality

Trend Condition Annual streamflows (quantity) in the The condition of surface water quality state's prescribed surface water and quantity is considered to be fair. resource areas over the past 30 years While the long-term streamflow trend is indicate a declining trend. Water declining, the overall condition of surface salinity (quality) varies with water resources is fair. Management by streamflow, but trends are considered water allocation plans (WAPs) seeks to to be within natural ranges. ensure that the condition of our surface This assessment is of the quality and water resources is sustainable. quantity of surface water in actively Because of variable rainfall, surface water managed surface water areas (top figure). does not always meet the full The River Murray is excluded and reported consumptive demand and may be on in a separate assessment. supplemented by other water sources, Over the past 30 years, declining trends in such as groundwater, in dry periods. streamflow have been observed throughout the prescribed surface water Although streamflows areas of South Australia. In 12 of the past 15 years, streamflows across the state are declining across were less than the 30-year average (bottom figure). most of South Salinity typically varies annually with Australia, water quality streamflow, and is influenced by rainfall and evaporation. The salinity trends across is generally stable the prescribed areas are considered to be within the natural range.

Why is surface water What are the pressures? What is being done? important? Surface water quantity is affected by Key surface water resources in South climate as well as water-use demands Australia are managed through WAPs Surface water resources are fundamental from industry, irrigated agriculture, stock under natural resources management for our industries, environment, health, and communities. legislation. and way of life. The main uses of surface water across the state are for domestic Climate impacts rainfall patterns and can The quality and quantity of water consumption, agriculture and industries. lead to a reduction in surface water run- resources across the state are regularly off to rivers and streams. Reduced monitored and annually assessed. Science Surface water is a limited resource in availability of surface water can also have supporting WAPs is reviewed and updated South Australia. Sustainable water adverse impacts on water quality. as required. management and planning, in terms of both quality and quantity, is vital to our Surface water quality is affected by use, Regional programs aim to reduce the long-term water security, the environment stock access, sediment and run-off. impacts of land management activities on and the economy of the state. surface water quality while supporting economic productivity.

For further information see: technical information

SA’s environmental trend and condition report cards 2018 | 16

Groundwater

Water level and salinity South Australia's EnvironmentalGroundwater trend and condition report card 2018 Water level and salinity

Trend Condition The statewide trends in groundwater The condition of most groundwater levels and salinity are generally stable, resources is good. for the period 2013–2017. This assessment of condition is based on Rainfall patterns can be highly variable observations of long-term groundwater and localised. They have a strong levels, salinity and metered use. influence on the groundwater levels and Water allocation is adjusted over time so salinity of most of South Australia's that in the future water use will reach groundwater resources. targetted management levels. In some Across the state, the average annual years, while these adjustments are made rainfall during 2013 to 2017 was above groundwater use can be above these the long-term average (1900–2016). As a target levels in some areas. result, 12 of the 17 actively managed Across the state in 2016-17 the metered groundwater resources showed stable or use was 35% of the allocated volume rising trends in water levels, and/or stable (bottom figure). In individual regions or decreasing groundwater salinity (top metered use ranged from 14% to 71% of figure, blue areas). This followed a period the allocated volume. when many resources experienced declines to historical low levels due to The quality and reduced winter rainfall recharge. Declining water levels and/or increasing quantity of South salinity at some groundwater management areas are believed to be Australian groundwater associated with lower aquifer recharge

and / or more intense use (extraction) of is generally stable groundwater (top figure, red areas).

Why is groundwater What are the pressures? What is being done? important? The state's groundwater resources are Key groundwater resources in South impacted by water-use patterns and Australia are managed through water Groundwater resources are fundamental weather changes, particularly short-term allocation plans under natural resources for our industries, environment, health rainfall changes, climate variability (e.g. management legislation. and way of life. The main uses of drought) and the long-term influence of groundwater across the state are for The quality and quantity of water climate change. domestic consumption, agriculture and resources across the state are regularly industries. Areas of localised declines in water levels monitored and annually assessed. or increases in salinity due to excessive Groundwater is a limited resource in Science supporting water allocation plans extractions risk making the groundwater South Australia. Sustainable water is reviewed and updated as required. unsuitable for existing purposes, with management and planning, in terms of economic, social and environmental loss. both quality and quantity, is vital to our long term water security, the environment and the economy of the state.

For further information see: technical information

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Inland waters: native fauna

Population trends and percentage threatened South Australia's EnvironmentalInland trendwaters: and condition native report card 2018 fauna Population trends and percentage threatened

Trend Condition TThe statewide trend in populations of The percentage of inland water native inland water native fauna is getting fauna considered to be threatened worse. statewide is fair when compared with a This report card is based on expert worldwide benchmark. assessments of abundance and Species with a conservation rating of distribution of 171 taxa, across seven regionally extinct, critically endangered, groups, that are considered to be inland endangered or vulnerable are considered water native fauna. Notable taxa include threatened. An estimated 18% of inland black swan, water rat, Murray cod, water native fauna are threatened in southern bell frog and long-necked South Australia. At the regional level, tortoise. estimates are 25% in AMLR (fair), 7% in Population trends are stable in five natural AW (fair), 27% in EP (fair), 21% in KI (fair), resources management regions (Adelaide 22% in NY (fair), 4% in SAAL (good), 22% and Mt Lofty Ranges [AMLR], Alinytjara in SAMDB (fair) and 19% in SE (fair) Wiluṟara [AW], Eyre Peninsula [EP], (bottom figure). Kangaroo Island [KI]) and South Australian Arid Lands [SAAL]) and getting worse in The statewide trend in three regions (Northern and Yorke [NY], South Australian Murray–Darling Basin populations of inland [SAMDB] and South East [SE]) (top figure). water native fauna is The fair reliability score for this assessment is due to the data being getting worse because relatively aged, limited in scope and availability, and largely based on expert of a range of ongoing opinion. pressures

Why is inland water native What are the pressures? What is being done? fauna important? Inland water native fauna is particularly Legislation protects habitat for inland threatened by changes to water flows and water native fauna by protecting native Inland water native fauna is an important quality. It is also threatened by land vegetation and guiding the sustainable part of South Australia's natural heritage. clearance, habitat degradation and management of water resources. Species such as black swan and Murray fragmentation, the introduction of weeds cod are iconic, while many species are Inland water native fauna is also and pest animals, inappropriate fishing found nowhere else on Earth. The inland supported by activities such as: and farming practices, and pollution. A water native fauna improves ecosystem community engagement, restoring more changing climate adds to these pressures. health through predation and support of natural patterns of flow and water level, ecological food webs and provides reducing nutrient and sediment run-off, economic value to fishing industries. controlling feral animals and weeds, and fencing stream edges. Native fauna is an integral element of how people connect with nature. Landscapes with high species diversity also provide mental and physical health benefits.

For further information see: technical information

SA’s environmental trend and condition report cards 2018 | 18

Inland waters: native flora

Population trends and percentage threatened South Australia's EnvironmentalInland trendwaters: and condition native report card 2018 flora Population trends and percentage threatened

Trend Condition The statewide trend in populations of The percentage of inland water native inland water native flora is getting flora considered to be threatened worse. statewide is fair when compared with a This report card is based on expert worldwide benchmark. assessments of abundance and Species with a conservation rating of distribution of 501 taxa, across three regionally extinct, critically endangered, groups, that are considered to be inland endangered or vulnerable are considered water native flora. Notable taxa include threatened. An estimated 19% of inland river red gum, coolibah, lignum, water water native flora is threatened in South ribbons, and many reed, rush and sedge Australia. At the regional level, estimates species. are 25% in AMLR (fair), 2% in AW (good), Population trends are stable in two 19% in EP (fair), 22% in KI (fair), 23% in NY

natural resources management regions (fair), 8% in SAAL (good), 24% in SAMDB (Alinytjara Wiluṟara [AW] and South (fair) and 28% in SE (fair) (bottom figure). Australian Arid Lands [SAAL]), getting worse in four regions (Eyre Peninsula [EP], The statewide trend in Northern and Yorke [NY], South Australian Murray–Darling Basin [SAMDB] and South populations of inland East [SE]) and unknown in two regions water native flora is (Adelaide and Mt Lofty Ranges [AMLR] and Kangaroo Island [KI]) (top figure). getting worse because The fair reliability score for this assessment is due to the data being of a range of ongoing relatively aged, limited in scope and

availability and largely based on expert pressures opinion.

Why is inland water native flora What are the pressures? What is being done? important? Inland water native flora is particularly Inland water native flora in South Australia threatened by changes to water flows and is protected by national and state Inland water native flora is an important quality. Land clearance, habitat legislation. It is also supported by part of South Australia's natural heritage. degradation and fragmentation, the activities such as community engagement, Native flora provides animals with food, introduction of weeds and pest animals, restoring more natural patterns of flow shelter and protection from predators. inappropriate fishing and farming and water level, reducing nutrient and The inland water native flora also practices, and pollution are also threats. A sediment run-off, controlling feral animals improves ecosystem health by reducing changing climate adds to these pressures. and weeds, and fencing stream edges. the impacts of floods, absorbing pollutants and improving water quality. Native flora is an integral element of how people connect with nature. Landscapes with high species diversity also provide mental and physical health benefits.

For further information see: technical information

19 |

Inland waters: invasive fish

Established invasive fish abundance and distribution South Australia's EnvironmentalInland trendwaters: and condition invasive report card 2018 fish Established invasive fish abundance and

distribution

Trend Condition The abundance and distribution of The current condition of established established invasive fish in South invasive fish abundance and Australia is getting worse. distribution is poor because their range This assessment is of the abundance and is large and continues to expand. distribution of established invasive fish in Invasive fish are found in many of South the state’s inland waters (lakes, rivers and Australia's waterways. New range streams) since 2013. expansions of a number of populations Trends are getting worse in four natural have been recorded. resources management (NRM) regions (South Australian Murray–Darling Basin Invasive fish have [SAMDB], Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges [AMLR], Kangaroo Island [KI] and increased in abundance

South East [SE]) (top figure). Common and distribution across carp numbers have increased significantly in the Murray–Darling Basin catchments, South Australia since oriental weatherloach (bottom figure) has spread along the full extent of the River 2013 Murray in South Australia, and eastern gambusia has increased in many regions. In the South Australian Arid Lands (SAAL) NRM Region, sleepy cod is spreading through the Cooper Creek catchment after first being detected in 2009. Trends are unknown in the Eyre Peninsula (EP), Northern and Yorke (NY), and Alinytjara and Wiluṟara (AW) NRM regions because of insufficient information.

Why are inland waters invasive What are the pressures? What is being done? fish a problem? Invasive fish can disperse beyond their The primary focus of invasive species natural range and become established management is community education to Invasive fish have environmental, social naturally or by human activity, such as prevent human-assisted dispersal. and economic impacts on our waterways. translocation of fishing species. With They can alter the structure and function Once an invasive fish is established in a increasing trade, transport and of aquatic ecosystems, compete with natural waterway, it is difficult to development, the risk of new incursions is native species, reduce water quality, eradicate. high. spread disease, and affect recreation and At a local scale, control options may tourism. For example, common carp is Invasive fish distribution and abundance include removal, smothering and chemical estimated to cost the recreational fisheries can change in response to climate, and treatment. changes in water flows and availability. sector $44 million annually in the Murray– Invasive aquatic species are managed Darling Basin. Some invasive species are not easily seen through environment and fisheries and may be hard to identify, meaning that legislation, and biosecurity policies. they are more likely to establish and spread without detection.

For further information see: technical information

SA’s environmental trend and condition report cards 2018 | 20

Inland waters: biosecurity

New incursions of invasive species South Australia's EnvironmentalInland trendwaters: and condition biosecurity report card 2018 New incursions of invasive species

Trend Condition Insufficient information is available to Condition is fair, with five new determine a trend in the number of incursions of invasive species in 2017. new incursions of invasive species. In 2017, there were five incursions of This assessment is of new incursions of declared freshwater pest species across aquatic invasive plants and animals that South Australia. This included stowaway have been reported by landholders and cane toads that were eradicated, and natural resources management officers in salvinia, water hyacinth and horsetails that 2016 and 2017. In these years, six different were reported for sale or growing in invasive plants and three different invasive garden ponds. No new incursions of animals were detected. Of these, two- aquatic plants were reported in the wild. thirds were detected in backyard gardens. There was also a re-incursion of speckled The trend is unknown (top figure) and the livebearer (bottom figure) in Willunga

information reliability score is poor Creek catchment; this species was thought because the data are limited. to have been eradicated after an earlier incursion. There were five new incursions of aquatic invasive species in SA in 2017, but there is insufficient information to determine a trend

Why is inland waters What are the pressures? What is being done? biosecurity important? Pest animals, plants and diseases can The primary focus of invasive species disperse beyond their natural range and management is community education to Aquatic biosecurity is important to become established naturally or by prevent human-assisted dispersal. prevent the introduction and spread of human activity, either deliberate or new pest animals, plants and diseases. Once an invasive species is established in accidental. With increasing development, a natural waterway, it is difficult to Aquatic invasive species can affect transport and trade, the risk of new eradicate. biodiversity, compete with native flora and incursions is high. Some invasive species At a local scale, control options may fauna for food and habitat, modify and are not easily seen and may be hard to include removal, smothering and chemical damage aquatic environments, foul identify, meaning that they are more likely treatment. industrial infrastructure, and pose health to establish and spread. risks. Invasive aquatic species are managed Changes in climate can also alter the through environment and fisheries distribution and abundance of pests and legislation, and biosecurity policies. diseases, and the severity and frequency of incursions.

For further information see: technical information

21 | SA’s environmental trend and condition report cards 2018 | 22 River Murray theme

23 | Summary

River Murray: water The Murray Mouth River Murray: fish Quantity and Days open passage quality Permanently wet area accessible

Trend Condition Reliability Trend Condition Reliability Trend Condition Reliability Stable Very Excellent Getting Poor Excellent Getting Very Excellent good better better good

River Murray: River Murray: high Coorong and Lower floodplain trees value wetlands Lakes vegetation Tree condition Achievement of Vegetation index ecological target success targets

Trend Condition Reliability Trend Condition Reliability Trend Condition Reliability Stable Fair Very Stable Poor Very Stable Poor Excellent good good

SA’s environmental trend and condition report cards 2018 | 24

River Murray: water

Quantity and quality South Australia's EnvironmentalRiver Murray: trend and condition water report card 2018 Quantity and quality

Trend Condition Over the past 40 years, the average The condition of River Murray water quantity of River Murray flow to South quantity and quality is very good. Australia has been stable because of River Murray flows to South Australia for the contribution of environmental 2016–17, including environmental water, water, whereas the average salinity of were in the top 25% of flows for the past River Murray water in South Australia 40 years, with approximately 9,238 has decreased. gigalitres (GL) coming across the border. While River Murray flows to South For reference, 1 GL = 1 billion litres, which Australia during the millennium drought is equivalent to the volume in around 400 (2001–2009) were the lowest on record, Olympic swimming pools. three good flow years after 2010, plus the The high flows, in conjunction with salinity delivery of additional environmental management actions, helped to maintain

water, has meant the long-term average salinity levels below Basin Plan targets for flow has remained stable (top figure). the South Australian River Murray in Without the additional environmental 2016–17. water, the long-term trend in flow would be decreasing. The flows of 2016–17 River Murray salinity at Morgan and Murray Bridge shows a strong, decreasing were in the top 25% of trend (bottom figure). This improvement can be attributed to salinity management flows for the past 40 actions, such as salt interception schemes and the adoption of more efficient years and helped irrigation practices. maintain healthy The Basin Plan will restore flows to the River Murray and provide more salinity levels environmental water and reduced salinity.

Why is River Murray water What are the pressures? What is being done? important? Regulation of the River Murray, combined The Basin Plan provides for a coordinated with river operations arrangements to approach to the management of water The River Murray is one of South support irrigation, public water supply and resources in the Murray–Darling Basin. Australia's most important natural navigation, has reduced the volume of resources. It provides water for most of The implementation of the Basin Plan is water flowing to South Australia and the people in the state, as well as for a already having a positive effect on the altered the patterns of flow in the river, as large proportion of the state's agriculture South Australian River Murray by well as the connections between the river and industry. The River Murray also demonstrably boosting flows and helping and its wetlands and floodplains. supports diverse ecosystems, and social to reduce salinity levels in the river. and cultural values. All of these are River regulation and increased water dependent on good water quantity and extraction, in conjunction with the quality. clearance of native vegetation and the development of agriculture across the Basin, has also increased salinity levels in the River Murray.

For further information see: technical information

25 |

The Murray Mouth

Days open South Australia's EnvironmentalThe Murray trend and condition Mouth report card 2018 Days open

Trend Condition The number of days the Murray Mouth The condition of the Murray Mouth is open has been increasing, but this is was classed as poor because the target mostly due to dredging, not natural of the Mouth being open for 95% of flows and flushing. the time has not been met since before The overarching trend in the percentage the millennium drought. of days where the Murray Mouth was The openness of the Murray Mouth is considered 'functionally open' is assessed by a measure of diurnal tide increasing (top figure). Functionally open ratio (DTR), which ranges from 0.0 (closed) means that the Murray Mouth is open to 0.3 (functionally open) to 1.0 (fully often enough to maintain connectivity open). When the DTR falls below 0.2, between the river, the Coorong and the dredging is required to keep the Murray Southern Ocean. Mouth open (bottom figure). Significant dredging efforts, especially In 2016, the Mouth was open for only 76% during the millennium drought (2001– of the year (top figure). Without the 2009), have been required to keep the operation of dredges, the Mouth would Murray Mouth open. have been closed for most of that year. During 2010–2013, and again in 2016, higher natural flows flushed some The number of days the accumulated sand from the Mouth. Murray Mouth is open While the trend in the number of days that the Mouth is open is getting better, is increasing, but the condition score will not improve until dredging stops. remains heavily reliant on dredging

Why is the Murray Mouth What are the pressures? What is being done? important? Without sufficient flow through the The Murray–Darling Basin Plan seeks to Murray Mouth, sand deposition from the ensure that the Murray Mouth remains An open Murray Mouth provides ocean results in the Murray Mouth silting open without the need for dredging in at connection between the river, the up and closing. least 95% of years, with flows every year Coorong and the ocean. Water resource development throughout through the Murray Mouth barrages. This connection is important for flushing the Murray–Darling Basin has heavily excess salts (targeted at 2 million tonnes reduced the flow that reaches the Murray per year) and nutrients from the river Mouth, leading to increased sand system, as well as maintaining the quality deposition and a reliance on dredging. of water in the Coorong. It also allows for the passage of recreational and Without dredging, the Murray Mouth will commercial vessels, and native fauna that close more often and the benefits of needs to move between the Coorong and connection between the Coorong and the ocean. ocean will be lost.

For further information see: technical information

SA’s environmental trend and condition report cards 2018 | 26

River Murray: fish passage

Permanently wet area accessible South Australia's EnvironmentalRiver Murray: trend and condition fish report cardpassage 2018 Permanently wet area accessible

Trend Condition The permanently wet areas of the River The condition of fish passages and the Murray that are connected and areas of the River Murray that are accessible to fish are getting better. accessible to fish are rated as very good The areas of the River Murray main (top figure). channel, from the South Australian border More than 98%, about 124,277 km², of the to the Southern Ocean, that are permanently wet areas of the River connected and accessible to fish have Murray is now accessible to fish because increased significantly since the early of the presence of fishways and fish 2000s. ladders. The areas with the greatest The increase was possible because connectivity are in the Coorong, Lower fishways and fish ladders were established Lakes and Murray Mouth, and upstream at former migration barriers, such as weirs, from Lock 4 (bottom figure). and at the barrages in Lake Alexandrina. Further increases in the area accessible to Overall, the abundance of native fish in fish, such as in the area between Locks 1 the River Murray is improving. Although and 3, are anticipated from works to form this cannot be solely attributed to the better connections between the main river increase in fish passages, the ability for channel and its wetlands, anabranches fish to migrate for feeding and breeding is and floodplains. known to be important. Fish can now move freely throughout most of the permanently wet areas of the River

Murray

Why is River Murray fish What are the pressures? What is being done? passage important? A series of weirs were constructed along South Australia and the Australian the River Murray to facilitate navigation Government are investing in engineering Native freshwater fish are known to move for river vessels and to provide a more works to support continued great distances in search of optimal stable supply of water for towns and improvements in fish passage, especially habitat for feeding, breeding, shelter and irrigators. between the main river channel and its to avoid predators, with some needing wetlands, anabranches and floodplains. connection to the ocean to complete their It is now evident that flow-regulating life cycle. structures such as weirs and dams create The works currently fall under the Riverine barriers to fish movement, have had a Recovery Program and the South detrimental effect on the health of native Australian Riverland Floodplains fish populations and have promoted pest Integrated Infrastructure Program. species such as common carp.

For further information see: technical information

27 |

River Murray: floodplain trees

Tree condition index South Australia's EnvironmentalRiver tMurray:rend and condition floodplain report card 2018 trees Tree condition index

Trend Condition The condition of River Murray River Murray floodplain trees are in fair floodplain trees is stable. condition or better. River red gum, black box and river cooba The health of floodplain trees across the are three iconic species of floodplain tree South Australian River Murray floodplain along the River Murray in South Australia. was determined using a standardised tree With reduced flows onto the river condition index (TCI). floodplain, and permanent flooding in A TCI above 10 suggests a tree is in good other areas, the health of floodplain trees health. A TCI of 4–9 suggests a tree is in has been severely affected. Since 2006, fair condition and likely to respond to the trend in condition of floodplain trees environmental water. has been stable, but there are signs of The condition of individual trees varies, continued decline (top figure). ranging from poor condition to good In general, overbank flows and condition (bottom figure). On average environmental water are beneficial to tree condition is considered fair or better. floodplain trees. The future health of trees along the full The condition of river extent of the River Murray in South Australia is dependent on improving the red gum and black box volume, timing and frequency of is generally stable, but environmental watering. river cooba shows signs of declining condition

Why are River Murray What are the pressures? What is being done? floodplain trees important? Regulation of the River Murray, combined Managed overbank flows, using water for with river operations arrangements to the environment, are being implemented River red gum, black box and river cooba support irrigation, town water supply and under the Murray–Darling Basin Plan to are important because they support navigation, have significantly altered the support the health of floodplain trees. ecological food webs and provide patterns of flow in the river and the important habitat for diverse species of Engineering works, such as regulators and connections between the river and its birds, reptiles, bats, insects and pumps on wetlands and the floodplain, wetlands and floodplains. amphibians. are also being used to deliver more water Some areas of the floodplain are now to floodplain trees. Floodplain trees are also an important permanently wet, while others do not get part of the aesthetic and cultural The recovery of floodplain trees is wet as often as they used to. This change landscape. supported by the Basin Plan and the River has severely affected the ecology and Murray Act 2003. health of River Murray floodplain trees.

For further information see: technical information

SA’s environmental trend and condition report cards 2018 | 28

River Murray: high-value wetlands

Achievement of ecological targets South Australia's EnvironmentalRiver Murray: trend and condition high report card value 2018 wetlands Achievement of ecological targets

Trend Condition The achievement of ecological targets The condition of River Murray high- in River Murray high-value wetlands is value wetlands is poor because less generally stable, but is getting better in than 50% of ecological targets have the Lower Lakes, Coorong and Murray been met since 2006. Mouth region. While there have been reported This assessment focuses on the improvements in wetland condition since achievement of ecological targets for the the millennium drought (2001–2009), the Chowilla floodplain, and the Lower Lakes, rate of achievement of ecological targets Coorong and Murray Mouth (LLCMM) remains below 50% cent (bottom figure). icon sites since 2006. Although other high-value wetlands exist The achievement of along the River Murray in South Australia,

reporting is focused on these key sites. ecological targets in The overall trend in the achievement of River Murray high- ecological targets across the two icon sites is stable. The improvement in the value wetlands is achievement of targets in the LLCMM region have coincided with higher natural generally stable, but is flows and the delivery of environmental water (top figure). getting better in the River flows and water levels for fish, birds, Lower Lakes, Coorong invertebrates, floodplain trees (black box and river red gum) and aquatic vegetation and Murray Mouth (Ruppia in the LLCMM) have improved. region

Why are River Murray high- What are the pressures? What is being done? value wetlands important? Regulation of the River Murray, combined Managed river flows, using water for the with river operations arrangements to environment, are being implemented Healthy wetlands support healthy river support irrigation and navigation, have under the Murray–Darling Basin Plan to systems by filtering sediments and significantly altered the patterns of flow in support and improve wetland condition. recycling nutrients to improve water the river and the connections between the quality. They also provide feeding and Engineering works, such as regulators and river and its wetlands and floodplains. breeding habitat, and replenish food webs pumps on wetlands, are also being used that sustain diverse populations of plants, Some wetlands are now permanently wet, to reinstate more natural patterns of birds, fish and other animals. while others do not get wet as often as wetting and drying. they used to. This change has severely affected the ecology and health of River Murray wetlands.

For further information see: technical information

29 |

Coorong & Lower Lakes vegetation

Vegetation target success South Australia's CoorongEnvironmental trend andand condition Lower report card Lakes 2018 vegetation Vegetation target success

Trend Condition The achievement of vegetation targets The condition was assessed as poor in the Coorong and Lower Lakes is because less than 50% of the generally stable, but is getting better in vegetation targets are being met. some areas. Insufficient flows, water level variability Vegetation targets are used to track the and time since the drought mean that the condition, and inform management, of vegetation in the Coorong and Lower aquatic vegetation in the Coorong and Lakes region is yet to respond in ways that Lower Lakes. allow more vegetation targets to be met Higher flows and increased water levels (bottom figure). since the end of the millennium drought (2001–2009) have led to slight More vegetation improvements in the achievement of vegetation targets in the Coorong and targets in the Goolwa Lower Lakes region, particularly in Channel and temporary temporary wetlands and the Goolwa Channel (top figure). However, the overall wetlands are being trend in the achievement of vegetation targets is stable. met, but the overall In the Coorong, Ruppia tuberosa is a critical plant for ensuring that the trend is stable ecosystem is in good condition. Recently, the extent and abundance of Ruppia has increased. However, some dense mats of algae have prevented strong flowering and seed set of Ruppia.

Why is Coorong & Lower Lakes What are the pressures? What is being done? vegetation important? Regulation of the River Murray, combined Additional environmental water for the with river operations arrangements to Coorong and Lower Lakes is being Diverse aquatic and shoreline vegetation support irrigation, town water supply and sourced from the South East Flows communities are important because they navigation, have stabilised water levels in Restoration Program and the Murray– support ecological food webs; provide the river and Lower Lakes, and reduced Darling Basin Plan. This additional water habitat for diverse species of small water delivery to the Coorong. This has seeks to support diverse vegetation animals, including insects, fish and reduced the variability in water level that a communities through more desirable invertebrates; act as shelter from diverse aquatic and shoreline vegetation water levels and improved water quality. predatory fish and birds; help to minimise community requires. shoreline erosion; help resist invasion by The Coorong and Lower Lakes region is of opportunistic weeds; and cycle nutrients The health of aquatic and shoreline international ecological importance, and is and improve water quality. vegetation is also affected by changes in protected under state, federal and water quality, which can limit the ability of international laws and agreements. plants to respond to positive changes in water levels.

For further information see: technical information

SA’s environmental trend and condition report cards 2018 | 30 Land theme

31 | Summary

Woody native Low native Land: protected areas vegetation vegetation Landscapes that are Percentage cover Percentage adequately protected cover

Trend Condition Reliability Trend Condition Reliability Trend Condition Reliability Stable Unknown Excellent Getting Unknown Excellent Getting Fair Very worse better good

Agricultural land Agricultural land Land: native fauna Days protected from Soil acidity Population trends soil erosion and percentage threatened

Trend Condition Reliability Trend Condition Reliability Trend Condition Reliability Stable Good Excellent Getting Fair Very Getting Fair Fair worse good worse

Land: native flora Land: invasive species Population trends Abundance and distribution and percentage of established threatened invasive species

Trend Condition Reliability Trend Condition Reliability Getting Good Fair Getting Poor Poor worse worse

SA’s environmental trend and condition report cards 2018 | 32

Woody native vegetation

Percentage cover South Australia's EnvironmentalWoody trend native and condition vegetation report card 2018 Percentage cover

Trend Condition The statewide trend in the percentage The condition of woody native cover of woody native vegetation is vegetation percentage cover is rated as stable; however, an increase in cover unknown because there are no agreed was seen in some natural resources statewide benchmarks. management (NRM) regions. Statewide, woody native vegetation was This assessment uses data on woody estimated to be 10,675,990 hectares. At native vegetation (e.g. woodlands and the regional level, estimates are 177,750 shrublands) from the South Australian ha in AMLR, 3,706,130 ha in AW, 1,537,830 land cover layers 1990-2015. ha in EP, 235,630 ha in KI, 333,710 ha in The trend in percentage cover of woody NY, 2,430,740 ha in SAAL, 1,796,270 ha in native vegetation is getting better in three SAMDB and 457,930 ha in SE (bottom NRM regions (Eyre Peninsula [EP], figure).

Northern and Yorke [NY] and South Australian Murray–Darling Basin [SAMDB]) Woody native shrubs and is stable in five regions (Adelaide and Mt Lofty Ranges [AMLR], Alinytjara are replacing low native Wiluṟara [AW], Kangaroo Island [KI], South vegetation in some Australian Arid Lands [SAAL] and South East [SE]) (top figure). The increase is areas across South estimated at 520,000 hectares of woody native vegetation. Most of this increase is Australia due to gradual replacement of low native vegetation with woody native shrubs. Prior to 1990 the reduction in extent of woody native vegetation was extensive. For example, more than 60% of all native vegetation in the Mount Lofty Ranges has been removed. Why is woody native What are the pressures? What is being done? vegetation important? Woody native vegetation is being lost to Native vegetation in South Australia is clearances for urban and agricultural protected under native vegetation, Woody native vegetation provides habitat development, old age and lack of protected areas and pastoral legislation. for South Australia's plants and animals, regeneration. Approval to clear native vegetation can be including those that are threatened. coupled with conditions to provide an Woody native vegetation protects soils, environmental gain over and above the coastlines and waterways from erosion clearing activity. and salinity. It supports agricultural production through windbreaks, shelter Native vegetation is also maintained by for stock, and habitat for pollinators and activities such as revegetation, fencing, predators of agricultural pests. Woody managing grazing and fire regimes, and native vegetation helps connect people controlling pest plants and animals. with nature.

For further information see: technical information

33 |

Low native vegetation

Percentage cover South Australia's EnvironmentalLow native trend and condition vegetation report card 2018 Percentage cover

The statewide percentage cover of low The condition of low native vegetation native vegetation is getting worse. percentage cover is unknown because there are no agreed statewide benchmark. ṟ

–

– –

For further information see: technical information

SA’s environmental trend and condition report cards 2018 | 34

Land: protected areas

Landscapes that are adequately protected South Australia's EnvironmentalLand: protected trend and condition report areas card 2018 Landscapes that are adequately protected

Trend Condition The statewide trend in landscapes that The number of landscapes that are are adequately protected is getting adequately protected is considered fair. better. Across South Australia, 30% of landscapes The protected area system in Australia are adequately protected. At the regional aims to include more than 10% of all level, results are 30% in AMLR (fair), 81% landscapes and ecosystems. In this in AW (very good), 41% in EP (fair), 50% in assessment, the following definitions are KI (good), 8% in NY (poor), 25% in SAAL used: 'landscapes' are areas of thousands (fair), 18% in SAMDB (poor) and 24% in SE of square kilometres containing groups of (poor) (bottom figure). interacting ecosystems (e.g. scrub, Recent additions to the protected area farmland, houses, creeks), 'protected system include parts of Adelaide areas' are all areas protected by legislation International Bird Sanctuary National Park and Indigenous Protected Areas, and – Winaityinaityi Pangkara; Flinders Chase 'adequate' means that more than 10% of and Malkumba-Coongie Lakes national a landscape is protected. parks; Kanku-Breakaways, Nicolas Baudin The level of protection for 382 landscapes Island, Ediacara and Lawari conservation across South Australia was assessed. parks; Nullarbor Wilderness Protection Regional trends in landscapes that are Area; and Sturt Gorge Recreation Park. adequately protected is getting better in four natural resources management In 2017, 30% of regions (Adelaide and Mt Lofty Ranges [AMLR], Alinytjara Wiluṟara [AW], South landscapes in South Australian Arid Lands [SAAL] and South Australian Murray–Darling Basin [SAMDB]) Australia were and stable in four regions (Eyre Peninsula adequately protected [EP], Kangaroo Island [KI], Northern and Yorke [NY] and South East [SE]) (top figure). Why are land protected areas What are the pressures? What is being done? important? The expectations placed on protected Legislation requires most government- areas are increasing. While expectations owned land protected areas to be South Australia's land protected areas are were originally to conserve landscapes managed as specified in park highly valued by the community. They and provide habitat for wildlife, protected management plans. The addition of new support the conservation of the state's areas are now also expected to contribute land protected areas is guided by the natural heritage, including native flora and to local economies, supply ecosystem Conserving Nature 2012–2020 strategy. fauna, and indigenous cultural landscapes. services (such as clean water and Land protected areas also provide broader In South Australia, recent investment in opportunities for tourism and recreation) social, economic and environmental land protected areas has focused on and contribute to the alleviation of global outcomes beyond their boundaries, such nature-based tourism (e.g. expanded concerns such as climate change. as tourism opportunities, food and water mountain biking and walking Although increased expectations have security, health and well-being benefits, opportunities), additional ranger positions played a role in the expansion of disaster risk reduction and amenity values. and improved capacity to prepare for protected areas, meeting all expectations bushfires. requires adequate planning and investment.

For further information see: technical information

35 |

Agricultural land

Days protected from soil erosion South Australia's EnvironmentalAgricultural trend and condition land report card 2018 Days protected from soil erosion

Trend Condition The protection of agricultural land The level of protection of agricultural from soil erosion has stabilised at land from soil erosion is good. around 342 days each year. The level of erosion protection averages The number of days that agricultural land around 340–345 days each year across the was protected from soil erosion improved agricultural regions. Localised erosion is between 2002 and 2013 in all four natural still occasionally triggered by very strong resources management (NRM) regions winds or intense rainfall and run-off. that are monitored (South East [SE], South Ongoing erosion protection requires Australian Murray–Darling Basin [SAMDB], continuous implementation of sustainable Northern and Yorke [NY] and Eyre land management practices. Peninsula [EP]) (bottom figure). Since 2013, the improving trend has South Australian stabilised (top figure). Improvements over time relate to the agricultural soils are adoption of 'no-till' cropping methods, protected from erosion where surveys indicate that the proportion of crop area sown using no-till increased on around 342 days from 16% in 1999 to 83% in 2016. Protection from erosion has been each year consistently high in the South East NRM region (bottom figure) because the main land use there is grazed pastures rather than annual cropping. Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges and Kangaroo Island NRM regions are not monitored because they are not part of the main broadacre cropping areas.

Why is agricultural land What are the pressures? What is being done? important? About 60% of South Australia's Field surveys of agricultural soils are agricultural soils are susceptible to wind regularly conducted to estimate the Agricultural land that is protected from erosion and 32% are susceptible to water number of days each year that they are erosion supports food and fibre erosion. protected from erosion. production through crops and livestock, with South Australian agriculture valued at Soils can be exposed to erosion in very The state government also works with dry seasons when there is not enough agribusiness, advisers, industry and farmer $4.5 billion annually. Protected plant growth to cover the soil. Tilling, groups to improve soil management and agricultural land also minimises dust bushfires and managed burns (for pest help farmers to adopt practices that storms and the amount of sediments and and weed management) also remove protect the soil from erosion. nutrients that reach our waterways. plant cover, increasing the risk of erosion. Future climate predictions forecast warmer temperatures and reduced rainfall across most agricultural areas in South Australia.

For further information see: technical information

SA’s environmental trend and condition report cards 2018 | 36

Agricultural land

Soil acidity South Australia's EnvironmentalAgricultural trend and condition land report card 2018 Soil acidity

Trend Condition Since 2005, the trend in agricultural soil Soil acidity is fair, with two-thirds of acidity has been getting worse. acid-prone soils in the agricultural A soil is acidic if its pH is below 5.5. areas of the state being acidic. Increasing soil acidity can be counteracted The condition rating for soil acidity by adding lime to the soil. If not enough depends on the amount (proportion) of lime is applied over time, the soil will acid-prone soils that are currently acidic. become more acidic. The amount of lime Statewide, 67% of acid-prone agricultural used each year to manage acidic soils is soils are currently acidic, giving a fair monitored to help estimate the trend in condition rating. Most of the agricultural soil acidity. regions have a fair condition rating for soil Since 2005, soil acidity has continued to acidity (bottom figure). increase (worsen) in each of the six key Adequate application of lime is required agricultural regions (Eyre Peninsula [EP], to overcome increasing acidity and Northern and Yorke [NY], Adelaide and maintain the productivity of important Mount Lofty Ranges [AMLR], South agricultural land in South Australia. Australian Murray–Darling Basin [SAMDB] and South East [SE]) (top figure). Soil acidity is getting The area of land with acidic soils is also increasing. worse across South Australia. Lime is needed to help maintain agricultural productivity

Why is agricultural land What are the pressures? What is being done? important? About 20% of the state's agricultural land Soil mapping information and soil test has soils that are prone to acidity. data are used to estimate the extent and Agricultural land supports food and fibre severity of soil acidity. production through crops and livestock, Agricultural production accelerates soil with South Australian agriculture valued at acidification. Acidification rates are The state government works with industry $4.5 billion annually. increasing because of higher agricultural to increase awareness, detection and productivity and greater use of nitrogen treatment of soil acidity. Soil acidity reduces the growth and fertilisers. production of most agricultural plants. The Managing Soil Acidification Action The annual loss of agricultural production Soil acidification is a complex chemical Plan guides activities to improve in South Australia due to soil acidity is process, and its effects are not always management of soil acidity. estimated at $88 million. recognised or understood. Technology is now available to map pH Treatment of acidic soils relies on the variation within paddocks, so that lime availability of good-quality and affordable can be applied where it is needed. lime, which varies at times and between regions.

For further information see: technical information

37 |

Land: native fauna

Population trends and percentage threatened South Australia's EnvironmentalLand: native trend and condition fauna report card 2018 Population trends and percentage threatened

Trend Condition The statewide trend in populations of The percentage of land native fauna land native fauna is getting worse. considered to be threatened statewide This report card is based on expert is fair when compared with a assessments of the abundance and worldwide benchmark. distribution for 779 taxa, across four Species with a conservation rating of groups, that are considered to be land regionally extinct, critically endangered, native fauna. Notable taxa include waru endangered or vulnerable are considered (black-footed rock-wallaby), malleefowl, threatened. An estimated 12% of land pygmy copperhead, burrowing frog and native fauna is threatened in South glossy black cockatoo. Australia. At the regional level, estimates Across the natural resources management are 23% in AMLR (fair), 4% in AW (good), regions, population trends are stable in 10% in EP (fair), 14% in KI (fair), 16% in NY three regions (Alinytjara Wiluṟara [AW], (fair), 4% in SAAL (good), 8% in SAMDB Kangaroo Island [KI] and South Australian (fair) and 14% in SE (fair) (bottom figure). Arid Lands [SAAL]) and getting worse in five regions (Adelaide and Mt Lofty The statewide trend in Ranges [AMLR], Eyre Peninsula [EP], Northern and Yorke [NY], South Australian populations of land Murray-Darling Basin [SAMDB] and South native fauna is getting East SE]) (top figure). The fair reliability score for this worse due to a range of assessment is due to the data being relatively aged, limited in scope and ongoing pressures availability, and largely based on expert opinion.

Why is land native fauna What are the pressures? What is being done? important? Land native fauna is threatened by land Land native fauna in South Australia is clearance that leads to habitat loss, protected by national and state Land native fauna is an important part of degradation and fragmentation. legislation. Approval to clear the habitat South Australia's natural heritage. Species of land native fauna can be coupled with such as Australian magpie, red kangaroo Land clearance is usually accompanied by conditions to provide an environmental and sleepy lizard are iconic, while many a suite of other pressures such as gain over and above the clearing activity. species are found nowhere else on Earth. changing grazing and fire regimes; The state's land native fauna improves changing communities of insects, Land native fauna is also cared for by ecosystem and agricultural health through diseases, pest plants and pest animals; activities such as reintroduction, pollination, predation, herbivory and soil and increasing salinity. Climate change revegetation, fencing, managing grazing turnover. Native fauna is an integral adds a further pressure to native species, and fire regimes, and controlling pest element of how people connect with particularly native fauna that cannot plants and animals. nature. Landscapes with high species disperse or adapt. diversity also provide mental and physical health benefits.

For further information see: technical information

SA’s environmental trend and condition report cards 2018 | 38

Land: native flora

Population trends and percentage threatened South Australia's EnvironmentalLand: native trend and condition flora report card 2018 Population trends and percentage threatened

Trend Condition The statewide trend in populations of The percentage of land native flora land native flora is getting worse. considered to be threatened statewide This report card is based on expert is good when compared with a assessments of the abundance and worldwide benchmark. distribution for 3171 taxa, across four Species with a conservation rating of groups, that are considered to be land regionally extinct, critically endangered, native flora. Notable taxa include endangered or vulnerable are considered bluebush, mulga, Sturt pea, spiny threatened. An estimated 12% of land everlasting, apple-bush and blue mallee. native flora is threatened in South Population trends are stable in two Australia. At the regional level, estimates natural resources management regions are 19% in AMLR (fair), 1% in AW (good), (Alinytjara Wiluṟara [AW] and South 10% in EP (good), 19% in KI (fair), 14% in

Australian Arid Lands [SAAL]), getting NY (fair), 4% in SAAL (good), 15% in worse in five regions (Adelaide and Mt SAMDB (fair) and 25% in SE (fair) (bottom Lofty Ranges [AMLR]), Eyre Peninsula [EP], figure). Northern and Yorke [NY], South Australian Murray-Darling Basin [SAMDB] and South The statewide trend in East [SE]) and unknown in one region (Kangaroo Island [KI]) (top figure). populations of land The fair reliability score for this native flora is getting assessment is due to the data being relatively aged, limited in scope and worse due to a range of availability, and largely based on expert opinion. ongoing pressures

Why is land native flora What are the pressures? What is being done? important? Land native flora is threatened by land Land native flora in South Australia is clearance that leads to habitat loss, protected by national and state Land native flora is an important part of degradation and fragmentation. legislation. Approval to clear land native South Australia's natural heritage. Native flora can be coupled with conditions to flora provides animals with food, shelter Land clearance is usually accompanied by provide an environmental gain over and and protection from predators. The state's a suite of other pressures such as above the clearing activity. land native flora also supports agricultural changing grazing and fire regimes; and pastoral production, protects soils, changing communities of insects, Land native flora is also cared for by coasts and wetlands, and helps mitigate diseases, pest plants and pest animals; activities such as revegetation, fencing, the effects of a changing climate. Native rising water tables; and increasing salinity. managing grazing and fire regimes, and flora is an integral element of how people Climate change adds a further pressure to controlling pest plants and animals. connect with nature. Landscapes with high native species, particularly native flora that species diversity also provide mental and cannot disperse or adapt. physical health benefits.

For further information see: technical information

39 |

Land: invasive species

Abundance and distribution of established invasive species South Australia's EnvironmentalLand: invasive trend and condition species report card 2018 Abundance and distribution of established

invasive species

Trend Condition Overall, the trend in the abundance and Condition is poor because many distribution of established invasive established invasive species continue to plants and animals is getting worse. increase in abundance and distribution This report card assesses the abundance across the state. and distribution, between 2013 and 2017, Condition is poor due to the ongoing of 23 nationally important invasive plants spread of established invasive species. and animals that are established in SA. Although the abundance and distribution Trends are getting worse in the Northern of invasive species is generally getting and Yorke (NY), Adelaide and Mount Lofty worse, education, community awareness Ranges (AMLR), and South East (SE) and management programs have led to natural resources management (NRM) some reduction in feral rabbits and gorse. regions (top figure). In these regions, the Ongoing efforts are needed to prevent abundance and distribution of feral goats, further increases in the abundance, pigs and deer; wild dogs; mice; and distribution and impact of other invasive asparagus weeds have increased (bottom species. figure). In the Alinytjara Wiluṟara (AW), South The trend in the Australian Arid Lands (SAAL), South Australian Murray–Darling Basin (SAMDB), abundance and Eyre Peninsula (EP) and Kangaroo Island (KI) NRM regions, no changes were distribution of recorded in the distribution and abundance of foxes and athel pine. established invasive Feral rabbits have decreased in the AW, EP species is getting worse and SAMDB NRM regions, and gorse (a major agricultural weed) has decreased in South Australia across the EP, KI, NY and SE NRM regions.

Why are land invasive species a What are the pressures? What is being done? problem? Pest animals and weeds can disperse Regional programs seek to manage beyond their natural range and become established invasive pest animals and Invasive species kill and compete with established naturally or by human activity, weeds, and prevent new ones from crops, pasture, livestock and native flora either deliberate or accidental. With establishing. and fauna; carry and spread diseases; increasing trade, transport and reduce the value of our natural and built Control methods are tailored for each development, the risk of new incursions is areas, including areas of cultural species in line with current threats and high. significance; and impact the structure and opportunities, and may include function of ecosystems and native Invasive species distribution and community education, support for on- biodiversity. Some weeds also increase the abundance can change in response to ground works, coordinated shooting or intensity and heat of bushfires. climate, fire, land clearance, and land removal of pest animals, and chemical management and farming practices. treatment of weeds. Each year, weeds cost the Australian economy $4 billion, and pest animals cost $720 million in control measures and lost production.

For further information see: technical information

SA’s environmental trend and condition report cards 2018 | 40 Coastal and marine theme

41 | Summary

Mangrove Coastal Marine vegetation saltmarsh protected areas Percentage Percentage Marine parks cover cover network

Trend Condition Reliability Trend Condition Reliability Trend Condition Reliability Getting Unknown Excellent Stable Unknown Very Stable Good Excellent better good

Seagrass Subtidal reefs Coastal and marine: Cover within Reef condition native fauna sampling Population trends sites and percentage threatened

Trend Condition Reliability Trend Condition Reliability Trend Condition Reliability Getting Fair Excellent Unknown Unknown Good Getting Fair Fair better worse

Coastal and Fish stocks Coastal and marine: marine: plants Proportion of stocks biosecurity Population trends sustainable Number of and percentage incursions threatened

Trend Condition Reliability Trend Condition Reliability Trend Condition Reliability Getting Good Good Stable Good Excellent Stable Good Very worse good

SA’s environmental trend and condition report cards 2018 | 42

Mangrove vegetation

Percentage cover South Australia's EnvironmentalMangrove trend and vegetationcondition report card 2018 Percentage cover

Trend Condition The statewide percentage cover of Because there are no agreed mangrove vegetation is getting better. benchmarks for the percentage cover This assessment uses data, for the three of mangrove vegetation in South natural resources management regions Australia, it is not possible to assign a with mangrove vegetation, from the South condition rating. Australian land cover layers 1990-2015. Across South Australia, the estimated The trend in percentage cover of extent of mangrove vegetation is 16,960 mangrove vegetation is getting better in hectares. two regions (Eyre Peninsula [EP] and At the regional level, estimates are 3,270 Northern and Yorke [NY]) and stable in hectares in AMLR (0.49% of the region), one region (Adelaide and Mt Lofty Ranges 5,820 hectares in EP (0.11% of the region) [AMLR]) (top figure). The increase is and 7,870 hectares in NY (0.23% of the

estimated as 770 hectares. region) (bottom figure). While mangrove vegetation experienced some loss in cover before 1990 due to Mangrove cover along clearing for urban developments and pollution from nutrient run-off and oil South Australia's spills, the current increase in coverage is coastline has increased positive. since 1990

Why is mangrove vegetation What are the pressures? What is being done? important? Mangroves are under pressure from land- Implementation of the Adelaide Water based inputs such as stormwater, Quality Improvement Plan is improving Mangroves trap sediment and prevent pollutants, nutrients and sediments. water quality for mangrove vegetation by coastal erosion. They also maintain coastal reducing nutrient and sediment inputs to water quality, cycle nutrients, store carbon Coastal development, construction of tidal Adelaide coastal waters. and provide food and shelter for a barriers and drains, and climate change diversity of marine animals, including also threaten mangroves. Marine parks, national parks and native commercial fish in their juvenile stages. vegetation legislation protect mangrove vegetation from inappropriate development and clearing.

For further information see: technical information

43 |

Coastal saltmarsh

Percentage cover South Australia's EnvironmentalCoastal trend saltmarsh and condition report card 2018 Percentage cover

Trend Condition The statewide trend for coastal Because there are no agreed saltmarsh percentage cover is stable, benchmarks for the percentage cover but it is getting better in two natural of coastal saltmarsh in South Australia, resources management (NRM) regions. it is not possible to assign a condition This report card uses data, for six NRM rating. regions with coastal saltmarsh, from the Across South Australia, the extent of South Australian land cover layers 1990- coastal saltmarsh is estimated as 21,120 2015. hectares. At the regional level, estimates The trend in percentage cover of coastal are 2,000 hectares in AMLR (0.3% of the saltmarsh is getting better in two regions region), 6,270 hectares in EP (0.12% of the (Adelaide and Mt Lofty Ranges [AMLR] region), 440 hectares in KI (0.1% of the and South East [SE]) and stable in four region), 10,790 hectares in NY (0.31% of regions (Eyre Peninsula [EP], Kangaroo the region), 480 hectares in SAMDB Island [KI], Northern and Yorke [NY] and (0.01% of the region) and 1,140 hectares South Australian Murray–Darling Basin in SE (0.04% of the region) (bottom [SAMDB]) (top figure). The overall increase figure). is estimated at up to 1,550 hectares. Loss of coastal saltmarsh cover before The areas covered by 1990 was mainly due to coastal coastal saltmarsh is developments. generally stable but has increased in two regions since 1990

Why is coastal saltmarsh What are the pressures? What is being done? important? Coastal saltmarsh is under pressure from State and national legislation protects clearance and fragmentation, coastal coastal saltmarsh from inappropriate Saltmarshes trap sediment and prevent development, construction of tidal development and clearing. coastal erosion. They also help to maintain barriers and drains, off-road vehicles, coastal water quality, cycle nutrients, store decreased water quality, pollution, carbon, and provide food and habitat for grazing, invasive species and climate coastal and marine animals in South change. An emerging pressure on coastal Australia, such as the critically endangered saltmarsh is sea level rise, particularly orange-bellied parrot and the vulnerable where barriers prevent movement to slender-billed thornbill. higher ground.

For further information see: technical information

SA’s environmental trend and condition report cards 2018 | 44

Marine protected areas

Marine parks network South Australia's EnvironmentalMarine trend protected and condition report areas card 2018 Marine parks network

Trend Condition The status of protection of the marine The protection of the marine environment is stable. No changes to environment by marine parks is protection have occurred since marine considered good. parks were fully implemented in 2014. Marine parks are implemented in line with In November 2012, 19 marine parks were the 19 management plans. Monitoring of established along South Australia's a range of sea life, including fish, coastline to protect 26,670 square invertebrates, seagrass and macroalgae in kilometres (44%) of the state's waters, and marine parks is under way. Over time, this 267 square kilometres of coastal land and monitoring will track changes in the islands (map right). abundance, diversity, biomass and

The marine parks network is made up of population structure of important species multiple-use zones, including general-use within and outside marine parks. zones (13.6% of state waters), habitat Recent findings from South Australia's protection zones (24.7% of state waters), marine park five-year status report sanctuary zones (4.9% of state waters) and indicate that the marine park network is restricted access zones (1% of state on track to protect and conserve marine waters). This zoning structure aims to life. conserve South Australia's marine biodiversity; and provide environmental, South Australia's economic, recreational and cultural benefits for local communities. marine park protection is stable, with 44% of our waters protected, including 6% highly protected Why are marine protected What are the pressures? What is being done? areas important? The marine parks network protects marine Restrictions on activities in 83 marine park ecosystems from a range of pressures, sanctuary zones have been in place since South Australia's marine parks network is including population growth, coastal October 2014. Monitoring for ecological important for the protection and pollution and development, overfishing, changes is under way, with data inside conservation of our marine life and habitat modification, mining exploration, and outside marine parks being collected. ecosystems. Marine parks allow for pest species, and climate change. sustainable development and the use of Marine parks are patrolled to educate the marine resources, and provides community and ensure compliance, which opportunities for public appreciation, is critical to the future success of marine understanding and enjoyment of the parks. In 2016–17, 4,565 patrols were marine environment. undertaken in marine park sanctuary zones through a combination of shore, boat, aerial and camera patrols.

For further information see: technical information

45 |

Seagrass

Cover within sampling sites South Australia's EnvironmentalSeagrass trend and condition report card 2018 Cover within sampling sites

Trend Condition The statewide trend for seagrass cover The statewide condition of seagrass within sampling sites is getting cover within sampling sites is fair. better. Across South Australia, seagrass cover In this assessment 'seagrass' refers to the within sampling sites is estimated at 45%. cover of two seagrass species within sites At the regional level, estimates are 38% in measured periodically by the Environment AMLR (fair), 51% in EP (good), 30% in KI Protection Authority. (fair) and 44% in NY (fair) (bottom figure). The statewide trend in seagrass cover The past cover of seagrass in many natural within sampling sites was getting better resources management regions is largely between 2009 and 2016. Regional trends unknown. were getting better in one natural resources management region (Eyre Seagrass cover across Peninsula [EP]), were stable in three regions (Adelaide and Mt Lofty Ranges South Australia's coast [AMLR], Kangaroo Island [KI], and is improving after Northern and Yorke [NY]) and were unknown in one region (South East [SE]) historical losses (top figure). Loss of seagrass on populated coasts before 2007 was mainly caused by decreased water quality. Large-scale seagrass loss due to low tides and extreme temperatures has also been recorded on western Yorke Peninsula since 1987.

Why is seagrass important? What are the pressures? What is being done? Seagrass traps sediment, reduces wave Seagrass is primarily threatened by poor Marine parks and native vegetation energy and prevents coastal erosion, water quality, including increased legislation protect seagrass from thereby protecting coastal infrastructure nutrients, sediment loads and turbidity. inappropriate development, clearing and and saving millions of dollars in coastal Poor water quality is caused by damage. protection strategies. Seagrass also cycles stormwater, treated sewage, and Implementation of the Adelaide Water nutrients, stores carbon, and provides agricultural run-off, as well as industrial Quality Improvement Plan is improving food and shelter for marine animals. discharges and aquaculture. water quality for seagrass by reducing Disturbance by trawling, boat moorings nutrient and sediment inputs to Adelaide and dredging can also affect seagrass. coastal waters.

For further information see: technical information

SA’s environmental trend and condition report cards 2018 | 46

Subtidal reefs

Reef condition South Australia's EnvironmentalSubtitdal trend andreefs condition report card 2018 Reef condition

Trend Condition Trends in the condition of subtidal The condition of subtidal reefs in most reefs in most natural resources NRM regions is unknown because there management (NRM) regions are are no agreed condition benchmarks unknown. for statewide reporting. Subtidal reefs in the waters off the In the Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges (AMLR) NRM Region, subtidal reefs are generally NRM Region have been assessed using a in good condition; however, reefs near benchmark of condition. Surveys between metropolitan Adelaide show a north– 2005 and 2013 in this region indicated south condition gradient of poorer some improvement in condition. condition due to urban development and The condition of reefs in the Northern and increased pollution levels (bottom figure). Yorke (NY) NRM Region were assessed Subtidal reefs in the Northern and Yorke

with the same benchmark in 2005 and NRM Region were in good condition 2006, but have not been assessed since when assessed in 2006 but have not been and have not been allocated a trend. assessed since (bottom figure). The condition benchmark used in the Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges and The condition of reefs Northern and Yorke NRM regions is being reviewed. Reefs have been surveyed in the in South Australia is Alinytjara Wiluṟara (AW), Eyre Peninsula largely unknown but is (EP), Kangaroo Island (KI), South Australian Murray–Darling Basin (SAMDB) recorded as good in and South East (SE) NRM regions but will not be assessed for condition until a new some areas set of statewide condition benchmarks have been agreed. Trends in these regions are therefore unknown (top figure).

Why are subtidal reefs What are the pressures? What is being done? important? Reefs are threatened by declining water Implementation of the Adelaide Water quality due to nutrient inputs, pollutants, Quality Improvement Plan is improving Subtidal reefs provide important structural sediment loads and turbidity from water quality for reefs by reducing habitats that support diverse plant and stormwater, treated sewage, seepage, nutrient and sediment inputs. algal communities and productive food agricultural run-off, industrial discharges webs. Reefs also provide shelter and Approximately 1700 square kilometres of and aquaculture. protection from predators. Maintaining reef is protected by the marine parks reef condition is important because reefs Physical disturbance (i.e. anchor damage), network. support regional economies through dredging, introduced marine pests, illegal Benchmarks for reef condition are being tourism, and commercial and recreational harvesting and fishing are also threats. redefined to better meet statewide fishing. reporting requirements. Future report cards will assess reef condition for all regions when the new benchmarks are implemented.

For further information see: technical information

47 |

Coastal and marine: native fauna

Population trends and percentage threatened South Australia's EnvironmentalCoastal trend and and condition marine: report card native2018 fauna Population trends and percentage threatened

Trend Condition The statewide trend in populations of The percentage of coastal and marine coastal and marine native fauna is native fauna considered to be getting worse. threatened statewide is fair when compared with a worldwide This report card is based on expert benchmark. assessments of the abundance and distribution for 174 taxa, across six Species with a conservation rating of groups, that are considered to be coastal regionally extinct, critically endangered, and marine native fauna. Marine fishes are endangered or vulnerable are considered not included in this assessment. Notable threatened. An estimated 23% of coastal taxa include southern right whale, and marine native fauna is threatened in bottlenose dolphin, little penguin and South Australia. At the regional level, Australian sea lion. estimates are 33% in AMLR (fair), 14% in AW (fair), 18% in EP (fair), 25% in KI (fair), Population trends are stable in five natural 21% in NY (fair), 7% in SAAL (fair), 21% in resources management regions (Alinytjara SAMDB (fair) and 17% in SE (fair) (bottom Wiluṟara [AW], Eyre Peninsula [EP], figure). Kangaroo Island [KI], South Australian Arid Lands [SAAL] and South East [SE]) and getting worse in three regions (Adelaide Populations of coastal and Mt Lofty Ranges [AMLR], Northern and marine native and Yorke [NY] and South Australian Murray–Darling Basin [SAMDB]) (top fauna are getting worse figure). The fair reliability score for this in parts of the state assessment is due to the data being relatively aged, limited in scope and with the highest availability, and largely based on expert population and opinion.

development Why are coastal and marine What are the pressures? What is being done? native fauna important? Pressures on coastal and marine native State and national legislation protects fauna include inappropriate development, coastal and marine native fauna and their South Australia's coastal and marine pollution, invasive species, habitat loss habitats from inappropriate development, native fauna, including southern right and fragmentation, fishing, interaction damage and clearing. whale and Australian sea lion, are iconic. with commercial fisheries and climate Their conservation is central to the Implementation of the Adelaide Water change. maintenance of natural heritage. Quality Improvement Plan is improving habitat for coastal and marine native Collectively, coastal and marine native fauna by reducing nutrient and sediment fauna help people connect with nature, inputs to Adelaide coastal waters. providing mental and physical health benefits, as well as attracting people to The commercial fishing industry works visit South Australia. with government to minimise impacts on coastal and marine native fauna.

For further information see: technical information

SA’s environmental trend and condition report cards 2018 | 48

Coastal and marine: native flora

Population trends and percentage threatened South Australia's EnvironmentalCoastal trend and and condition marine: report card native2018 flora Population trends and percentage threatened

Trend Condition The statewide trend in populations of The percentage of coastal and marine coastal and marine native flora is native flora considered to be getting worse. threatened statewide is good when This report card is based on expert compared with a worldwide assessments of the abundance and benchmark. distribution for 138 taxa, across three Species with a conservation rating of groups, that are considered to be coastal regionally extinct, critically endangered, and marine native flora. Notable taxa endangered or vulnerable are considered include seagrasses, mangroves, coastal threatened. An estimated 11% of coastal samphire and coastal dune vegetation. and marine native flora is threatened in Population trends are stable in seven SA. At the regional level, estimates are natural resources management regions 14% in AMLR (fair), 1% in AW (good), 6%

(Adelaide and Mt Lofty Ranges [AMLR], in EP (good), 3% in KI (good), 16% in NY Alinytjara Wiluṟara [AW], Eyre Peninsula (fair), 5% in SAAL (good), 9% in SAMDB [EP], Kangaroo Island [KI], South (good) and 9% in SE (good) (bottom Australian Arid Lands [SAAL], South figure). Australian Murray–Darling Basin [SAMDB] and South East [SE]) and getting worse in Populations of coastal one region (Northern and Yorke [NY]) (top figure). Although the trend in most and marine native flora regions is stable, analysis of combined are getting worse in regional data confirms the statewide trend of getting worse. parts of the state with the highest population and development

Why are coastal and marine What are the pressures? What is being done? native flora important? Pressures on coastal and marine native State and national legislation protects flora include inappropriate development, coastal and marine native flora and their South Australia's coastal and marine pollution, invasive species, habitat loss habitats from inappropriate development native flora, including mangroves and and fragmentation, over-harvesting of and clearing. seagrass, is iconic. Conservation of this species, interaction with commercial flora is central to the maintenance of Implementation of the Adelaide Water fisheries and climate change. natural heritage. Collectively, coastal and Quality Improvement Plan is improving marine native flora helps people connect water quality for coastal and marine native with nature, providing mental and flora by reducing nutrient and sediment physical health benefits, as well as inputs to Adelaide coastal waters. attracting people to visit South Australia. Other activities that help protect coastal and marine native flora include fencing (including beach access), weed control, signage and revegetation.

For further information see: technical information

49 |

Fish stocks

Proportion of stocks sustainable South Australia's EnvironmentalFish stocks trend and condition report card 2018 Proportion of stocks sustainable

Trend Condition The proportion of fish stocks that are Condition of fish stocks in 2018 is classified as sustainable has remained good. stable at about 76% since 2012. The latest stock assessments indicate that This report compares fish stocks between 37 out of 49 fishery stocks are currently 2012 and 2018. The proportion of fish sustainable. stocks classified as sustainable in this There are seven depleting stocks. Two period has remained stable (76%, top finfish stocks and one mollusc stock are figure). Three stocks were classified as currently overfished. Garfish in the overfished in 2012 and 2018 (Port River northern Spencer Gulf is assessed as mud cockle and southern garfish in recovering following previously being northern Spencer and St Vincent gulfs in overfished. Flounder in the Coorong is 2012; Port River mud cockle, northern Gulf classified as environmentally limited, St Vincent southern garfish and Coorong where environmental conditions are black bream in 2018). Depleting stocks limiting stock recovery. increased from two stocks in 2012 to seven stocks in 2018. The additional stocks considered to be depleting include In South Australia, southern rock lobster, blacklip and 76% of fishery stocks greenlip abalone and King George whiting (bottom figure). Depleting stocks are not are classified as overfished, but this status provides a trigger for management action to prevent sustainable; three overfishing and these stocks becoming overfished. The status for all South stocks are overfished Australian fish stocks will be updated in December 2018 as part of the Status of Australian Fish Stocks Reports. This will include a revised classification framework.

Why are fish stocks important? What are the pressures? What is being done? Maintaining healthy fisheries is an Natural variations in recruitment, The seven fish stocks classified as important part of maintaining healthy environmental conditions and fishing depleting are being managed to promote marine ecosystems and supporting local pressure all affect the status of fish stocks. their recovery. For example, commercial industries and communities. Improvements in technology are licence reductions, gear controls, spatial South Australia's fisheries support increasing the catch potential for and temporal fishing closures, and regional economies, tourism, and recreational and commercial fishers. reduced recreational limits have been commercial and recreational fishers. Other pressures include climate change, used to improve southern garfish stocks, About one in five South Australians go coastal development and pollution. These and an annual spatial spawning closure fishing each year, and in 2014–15, pressures can directly impact habitats, for King George whiting was implemented commercial fishers caught 45,000 tonnes such as mangroves and seagrass, that in May 2017. Western Zone Abalone of seafood, valued at $245 million. support fish stocks. fishery licence holders have voluntarily cut their blacklip abalone harvest since 2015.

For further information see: technical information

SA’s environmental trend and condition report cards 2018 | 50

Coastal and marine: biosecurity

Number of incursions South Australia's EnvironmentalCoastal trend and and condition marine: report card biosecurity2018 Number of incursions

Trend Condition The trend in the number of incursions The condition is rated as good because of marine diseases and invasive species there were no new incursions of marine detected is stable across South diseases and invasive species in 2017. Australia. Two naturally occurring shellfish diseases Between 1997 and 2017, up to two finfish were detected in 2017, with limited or shellfish diseases have been detected impacts to South Australia’s aquaculture each year across the marine waters of the industry. Alinytjara Wiluṟara (AW), Eyre Peninsula Ongoing efforts are needed to prevent (EP), Northern and Yorke (NY), Adelaide new incursions and manage existing and Mount Lofty Ranges (AMLR), South diseases and invasive species in our Australian Murray–Darling Basin (SAMDB), coastal and marine environments. Kangaroo Island (KI) and South East (SE) natural resources management regions Biosecurity in South (bottom figure). There are low detections of new diseases Australia's coastal and found in marine mammals, with the most recent reports from 2013 associated with marine environment is mortalities of dolphins and Australian sea lion pups. stable, with no new The extent of the invasive algal species, diseases or invasive Caulerpa taxifolia, continues to increase despite management and education species detected in efforts. 2017 Other marine invasive species have been detected, but there is insufficient information to determine trends.

Why is coastal and marine What are the pressures? What is being done? biosecurity important? Pest animals, pest plants and diseases can Marine biosecurity is managed in several disperse beyond their natural range and ways, including industry and community Biosecurity is important to prevent the become established naturally or by education, monitoring, regulating fisheries introduction and spread of pest animals, human activity, either deliberate or translocations and the discharge of ballast plants and diseases. accidental. The primary means of water, enforcing quarantine measures, Marine invasive species can affect introduction is through ballast water and and developing response plans to biodiversity, modify and damage aquatic on vessel hulls. With increasing trade, mitigate the impacts of diseases and environments, compete with native flora shipping transport and development, the invasive species. and fauna for food and habitat, and risk of new incursions is high. devastate seafood and aquaculture Changes in climate can also alter the industries. For example, in 1995 and 1998, distribution and abundance of pests and an introduced virus killed about 70% of diseases, and the severity and frequency the sardines in South Australia. of outbreaks.

For further information see: technical information

51 | SA’s environmental trend and condition report cards 2018 | 52 Air quality theme

53 | @ Matt Crombie Summary

Air quality Air quality Air quality Sulfur Particles (PM10) Lead (Pb) dioxide (SO2)

Trend Condition Reliability Trend Condition Reliability Trend Condition Reliability Getting Good Very Stable Very Very Stable Very Very better good good good good good

Air quality Nitrogen

dioxide (NO2)

Trend Condition Reliability Stable Very Very good good

SA’s environmental trend and condition report cards 2018 | 54

Air quality

Particles (PM₁₀) South Australia's Environmental trend and condition report card 2018 Air quality Particles (PM10)

Trend Condition Annual average levels of ambient The condition of ambient PM₁₀ levels in particles (PM₁₀) have declined at key South Australia is rated as good. monitoring regions in South Australia In 2017, the annual average level of PM₁₀ since 2005. averaged 16.4 micrograms per cubic PM₁₀ are solid or liquid matter smaller metre (µg/m³) in metropolitan Adelaide, than 10 micrometres (0.01 mm) in 14.8 µg/m³ in Whyalla, 16.2 µg/m³ in Port diameter suspended in Earth's Pirie and 16.6 µg/m³ in Port Augusta. atmosphere. This assessment is of the These are all below the national standard annual average level of PM₁₀ at 10 air of 25 µg/m³ (bottom figure). quality montoring stations across Note that monitoring in Port Augusta only metropolitan Adelaide, Port Pirie and started in March 2017 in response to Whyalla (top figure). local dust events. Also, past monitoring Between 2005 and 2011, the annual suggests that winter air quality in Mount average level of ambient PM₁₀ in each Gambier may have been poor at times, region reduced. Since 2011, the annual primarily due to domestic wood smoke. average level in each region has stabilised (bottom figure). Annual average PM₁₀ The decline in PM₁₀ is linked to wetter conditions after the millennium drought concentrations have (2001–2009) due to overall reductions in airborne dust. decreased since 2005 Recent declines in manufacturing, and remain below the investments in modern technology and management practices (such as at the national standard Whyalla steelworks) have also led to reductions in PM₁₀ particle emissions.

Why is air quality important? What are the pressures? What is being done? Ambient particles are the greatest air Levels of ambient particles are influenced All levels of government are collaborating quality–related risk to human health, by emissions from a range of sources, with organisations and different sectors to especially in urban areas. including transport; domestic, industrial, better understand and reduce the risks PM₁₀ are small enough to be inhaled into commercial, agricultural, forestry and from air pollution. The South Australian the lungs, and finer ones can even enter mining activities; and the use of energy Government maintains a network of the bloodstream. Both short-term and and resources. Increasing population monitoring stations to measure and track long-term exposure to particles can have numbers and higher-density living are pollutant levels. Other programs include health impacts, which may include placing increased pressure on our ability the National Clean Air Agreement, premature death, aggravation of to manage ambient particle levels and regulation of industry, vehicle fuel quality cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, reduce community exposure. standards, engine emissions standards, and cancer. Climate change is another pressure, with product standards for wood heaters and small engines, modernising transport Particle pollution can also affect predictions of more frequent extreme infrastructure, and investments in modern ecosystems, agriculture and visibility. events likely to result in further exposure to particles in dust and smoke. technology and renewable energy.

For further information see: technical information

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Air quality

Lead (Pb) South Australia's EnvironmentalAir quality trend and conditionLead report(Pb) card 2018

Trend Condition Airborne lead is not an issue in South The condition of airborne lead is rated Australia, except in Port Pirie where as very good across most of the state annual average levels have been and fair in Port Pirie. variable and below the national In 2017, annual average levels of airborne standard. lead across most of South Australia were Airborne lead is generally not a concern in assumed to be very low. In Port Pirie, the South Australia because of the banning of concentration of airborne lead was 0.37 lead in petrol in 2002, with levels assumed micrograms per cubic metre (µg/m³) at to be very low and stable across most of Oliver Street and 0.44 µg/m³ at Pirie West. the state. These are less than the national standard An exception is Port Pirie, where emissions of 0.50 µg/m³ (bottom figure). from the local smelter contribute to Blood lead levels of Port Pirie children elevated levels. aged under five years tested in 2017 This assessment is of the annual average averaged around 4.5 micrograms per level of airborne lead at two monitoring decilitre (µg/dL). More than half of the sites in Port Pirie (top figure). tested population had blood lead levels of 5 µg/dL or below, which is a significant Annual average levels have been variable improvement on the results from 2008. since 2011 and have largely remained below the national standard (bottom figure). Levels of airborne lead In Port Pirie, the long-term trend in in Port Pirie are below airborne lead is expected to improve significantly as a result of new technology the national standard being installed at the local smelter as part of the Port Pirie Smelter Transformation. and are expected to

reduce in the future

Why is air quality important? What are the pressures? What is being done? Exposure to lead can have harmful effects Port Pirie has an advanced metals A range of actions over decades to reduce on people, and there is no safe level of recovery and refining facility, following an lead exposure and emissions have exposure. This applies to people of any upgrade of the existing primary lead achieved a sustained reduction in age, but health risks are highest for smelter. The smelter has been in children's blood lead levels in Port Pirie. unborn babies, infants and children under continuous operation since 1889. It is an Elevated emissions, technology five years of age because their brains are important contributor to the state constraints and the need to further reduce still developing, and they absorb and economy and is a major employer in the community lead exposure, resulted in an retain more lead in their bodies. region. agreement between the owners of the Children's blood lead levels are indicators Over time, lead dust produced during smelter and government to upgrade the of community lead exposure. The National smelter operations has deposited in the facility. The Port Pirie Smelter Health and Medical Research Council has local environment. Together with ongoing Transformation is expected to significantly a recommended exposure investigation emissions, this is a persistent source of reduce airborne lead over the coming level of 5 µg/dL. lead exposure for the Port Pirie years, with subsequent reductions in community community blood lead levels

For further information see: technical information

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Air quality

Sulfur dioxide (SO₂) South Australia's Environmental trend and condition report card 2018 Air quality Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

Trend Condition In South Australia, annual average The condition of ambient SO₂ levels is levels of SO₂ remain below the national rated as very good across most of standard, but they have increased in South Australia, and good in Port Pirie. Port Pirie since 2005. In 2017, the annual average levels of SO₂ is generally not a concern in most of ambient SO₂ in metropolitan Adelaide South Australia. An exception is Port Pirie, were very good and remained well below where the local smelter is contributing to the national standard. The annual average elevated levels. For this reason, SO₂ is concentration of SO₂ in Port Pirie was monitored at one site in Port Pirie (Oliver good and was less than the national Street), and at two sites in metropolitan standard (bottom figure). However, on Adelaide (Northfield and Le Fevre 2) (top numerous occasions, levels were elevated figure). This report card is based on data for short periods. Note that air quality from these three monitoring sites. impacts from the smelter are managed

Since 2005, the annual average level of using state-based legislation. ambient SO₂ measured at Northfield has remained stable and low. A similar trend is SO₂ levels in Adelaide observed at Le Fevre 2 since 2014 (bottom figure). are stable and well In Port Pirie, the trend in the annual below the national average concentration of ambient SO₂ is getting worse (bottom figure), but is standard; levels in Port expected to improve in the future as a result of new technology installed as part Pirie are increasing but of the Port Pirie Smelter Transformation Project. below the national standard

Why is air quality important? What are the pressures? What is being done? SO₂ is an air pollutant that can be harmful Industries that process sulfur-containing Australian Government legislation has to human health and the environment. compounds or burn fuels containing been an important driver in reducing SO₂ Effects on human health include irritation sulfur are the main sources of ambient emissions through the management of of the respiratory system. People with SO₂. These include smelters, oil refineries, fuel quality, vehicle emissions and asthma and other respiratory conditions power-generating activities and shipping. shipping. A review of the national are most at risk. SO₂ also forms secondary Vehicle emissions used to be another standard is under way as part of the particles, contributing to fine particle source of SO₂ from fuel combustion. National Clean Air Agreement. In Port levels, which have health impacts. However, fuel quality standards have Pirie, the Smelter Transformation Project is expected to significantly reduce emissions Environmental effects can include damage reduced the level of sulfur allowed in in the future. Closure of the Port Stanvac to trees and plants by damaging foliage fuels, reducing emissions. Oil Refinery (2003) and the Port Augusta and decreasing growth. Power Station (2016) have reduced ambient concentrations in those areas.

For further information see: technical information

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Air quality

Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) South Australia's Environmental trend and condition report card 2018 Air quality Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

Trend Condition Ambient levels of NO₂ in South The condition of ambient NO₂ levels Australia have been stable since 2005. across South Australia is rated as very This assessment is of annual average good because the annual average levels levels of ambient NO₂ measured at six air are below the national standard. quality monitoring stations around In 2017, the annual average levels of metropolitan Adelaide (top figure). ambient NO₂ ranged from 0.004 to 0.008 Monitoring is not conducted elsewhere in parts per million (ppm), which is below the South Australia because there are national standard of 0.03 ppm (bottom potentially low community risks from figure). exposure to NO₂. This has been confirmed in past short-term air quality monitoring Annual average levels campaigns in Gawler, Mount Gambier, of NO₂ in South Port Pirie and Whyalla. Source of nitrogen oxides in these regions are managed by Australia are low and state-based legislation. In metropolitan Adelaide, NO₂ levels have below the national been below the national standard and stable since 2005. standard

Why is air quality important? What are the pressures? What is being done? NO₂ is an air pollutant that can affect Combustion of fossil fuels in air produces Australia has national standards for NO₂, human health. Effects include increased NO₂ and nitric oxide (collectively called which are currently being reviewed as part risk of respiratory infections in children, nitrogen oxides or oxides of nitrogen). of the National Clean Air Agreement. increased mortality and hospital NO₂ may also result from the combustion Vehicle emission limits in the Australian admissions for respiratory diseases, and of nitrogen compounds in some fuels. Design Rules continue to play a role in aggravation of asthma. The combustion of fuel in vehicle engines reducing emissions from vehicles. The Nitrogen oxides are precursors in the is a significant source of NO₂ in urban South Australian Government is also formation of ozone and photochemical areas. Burning of fuels in industrial boilers promoting alternative modes of transport, smog, and can form secondary particles and for power generation are another such as cycling, public transport and low that also cause cardio-respiratory source of emissions. Domestic activities emission vehicles. The Environment problems. (such as wood burning), controlled burns Protection Authority regulates industry and provides advice as part of the state Environmental effects of NO₂ include and bushfires also contribute to ambient planning assessment process. toxicity for some plants and reduced plant levels of NO₂. growth.

For further information see: technical information

SA’s environmental trend and condition report cards 2018 | 58 © Matt Crombie 59 | | 59 SA’s environmental trend and condition report cards 2018 | 60 With the exception of the Piping Shrike emblem, images on pages 3 and 57, and other material or devices protected by Aboriginal rights or a trademark, and subject to review by the Government of South Australia at all times, the content of this document is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Licence. All other rights are reserved.