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LE Urix DU CANADA Direction régionale du Saguenay—Lac-Saint-Jean Direction régionale de Montréal* Service de l'aménagement et de l'exploitation de la faune Service du marketing et des communications* LE urix DU CANADA par Norman W.S. Quinn et Gerry Parker Traduction: Pierre G. Vaillancourt, biologiste Révision: Jacques F. Bergeron*, biologiste Yves Jarretie, Service de l'éducation Ministère du Loisir, de la Chasse et de la Pêche Jonquière, mai 1993 ii Source: Quinn, N.W.S. and G. Parker. 1987. Lynx. Chapter 51 in Wildfurbearer Management and Conservation in North America. Edited by M. Novak, J.A. Baker, M.E. Obbard, B. Mallock. Ministry of Natural Resources, Ontario. pp. 683-694. iii Ce document est une traduction intégrale du chapitre 51 «Lynx» du manuel ontarien «Wildfurbearer Management and Conservation in North America». Cette traduction a été faite pour répondre avant tout aux besoins des membres de l'équipe de traduction. Cette équipe sera heureuse d'accepter dans ses rangs tout biologiste qui souhaiterait volontairement participer à la traduction de ce manuel, soit en traduisant un autre chapitre, soit en révisant et en corrigeant le texte d'un chapitre déjà traduit. Pour s'entendre sur la question, il s'agit tout simplement de contacter l'un des auteurs de la présente. L'équipe de traduction tient à remercier le Service de l'aménagement et de l'exploitation de la faune de la région du Saguenay—Lac-Saint-Jean pour avoir réalisé la mise en forme finale de cette traduction et en avoir assuré la diffusion; l'équipe désire remercier de façon plus particulière madame Élaine D. Carrier pour avoir dactylographié les tableaux, corrigé le texte et l'avoir mis en page ainsi que monsieur Guy Biron pour avoir dessiné les figures. AVERTISSEMENT La présente traduction ne peut être utilisée qu'à des fins personnelles puisqu'aucun droit de publication n'a encore été accordé par l'auteur ou par l'éditeur. iv AVANT-PROPOS Le Lynx du Canada* (Felis lynx) et son proche parent le Lynx roux (F. rufus) sont les félidés sauvages les plus communs du Canada et des États-Unis. Le Lynx du Canada, animal à fourrure d'une beauté remarquable, est une composante importante dans l'industrie de la fourrure sauvage et contribue, de façon significative, au revenu des trappeurs du Grand Nord. Le fameux cycle de dix ans de la population du lynx a longtemps fasciné les naturalistes et les chercheurs de la faune. Le Lynx, généralement considéré comme un animal rare de par sa nature discrète, est présentement assez commun dans l'ensemble de son aire de répartition en Amérique du Nord, laquelle englobe les vastes forêts boréales du Canada et de l'Alaska. L'arrivée de la motoneige, qui a ouvert l'accès à des régions jusqu'alors demeurées inaccessibles au piégeage, combinée à une augmentation sans précédent du prix de la fourrure vers la fin des années '70, a grandement augmenté la pression de piégeage sur le lynx. Cette augmentation de la pression de piégeage a inquiété les gestionnaires de la faune et a stimulé la recherche dans l'établissement de bases biologiques fermes pour sa gestion. * connu aussi sous le nom de loup-cervier TABLE DES MATIÈRES Page AVANT-PROPOS iv TABLE DES MATIÈRES LISTE DES TABLEAUX ... .... .......... vi LISTE DES FIGURES vii 1. DESCRIPTION 1 2. RÉPARTITION GÉOGRAPHIQUE 5 .............. 0 . 4 7 3. CYCLE VITAL . 4 . 0 0 . ........ e 0 0 4 0 e 7 3.1 Reproduction . 0 .... 3.2 Mortalité 11 4. HABITUDES ALIMENTAIRES 13 5. COMPORTEMENT 17 6. ÉCOLOGIE 19 6.1 Habitat 19 6.2 Domaine vital . ............. 6 . a .. ... 19 6.3 Densité de la population 20 6.4 Dynamique de population 22 7. GESTION 29 7.1 Techniques de détermination de l'âge et du sexe 29 7.2 Recensement et estimation des populations 31 7.3 Estimation de la croissance de la population . 34 7.4 Régularisation de la récolte 36 7.5 Méthodes de capture à l'état vivant 44 7.6 Gestion de l'habitat ..... ...... .. ... 45 7.6.1 Introductions 46 7.7 Importance économique . ..... 6 ..... 0 . e 0 0 46 8. CONCLUSION 49 BIBLIOGRAPHIE ........... 00•00•Oe • • 600 52 LISTE DE DIFFUSION 53 vi LISTE DES TABLEAUX Page Tableau 1 Poids moyens (kg) et longueurs moyennes (cm) du Lynx du Canada dans différentes régions de l'Amérique du Nord (g ± SD) 3 Tableau 2 Études réalisées sur les habitudes alimentaires du Lynx du Canada . ............ 14 Tableau 3 Densités de population de lynx estimées dans différentes études 21 Tableau 4 Taux annuels de la mortalité naturelle et de la mortalité due au piégeage évalués parmi les populations de lynx en Alberta durant la période de 1964-1965 à 1974-1975 24 Tableau 5 Taux de mortalité naturelle évalués chez les jeunes lynx d'âge 0+ et chez les adultes, en Alberta, de 1972 à 1974 . ...•• • . .•.• • . • . 25 Tableau 6 Structure d'âge et de sexe du lynx à cinq endroits de l'Amérique du Nord 38 Tableau 7 Qualité et valeur des fourrures de lynx par classe d'âge et de sexe provenant du Nord-Est de l'Ontario, de 1979 à 1982 . • . ........ 42 vii LISTE DES FIGURES Page Figure 1 Répartition géographique et densité de la récolte du Lynx (Felis lynx) au Canada et aux États-Unis pour la saison de chasse et de piégeage 1983-1984 (basées sur un relevé effectué par M. Novak et A.J. Satterthwaite, du Ministère des Ressources Naturelles de l'Ontario) . 6 Figure 2 Coupe histologique d'un ovaire présentant un gros corps jaune (corpus luteum: CL) qui occupe la presque totalité de l'ovaire 8 Figure 3 Un utérus de lynx adulte présentant des cicatrices placentaires, avec une pigmentation foncée, caractéris- tiques de la dernière période de gestation 9 Figure 4 La diète alimentaire du lynx se compose principalement de lièvres d'Amérique ........... 15 Figure 5 Ventes de fourrures de lynx au Canada et aux États-Unis et prix moyen indexé de la fourrure ...... 26 Figure 6 Nature cyclique des récoltes de lynx telle que démontrée par les quantités de fourrures exportées de l'Alaska de 1909-1910 à 1983-1984 (Stephenson 1984) et par la quantité de fourrures récoltées en Ontario et au Québec de 1919-1920 à 1950-1951 (Obbard et al. 1987) 28 viii Pane Figure 7 Une section longitudinale colorée d'une canine de lynx présentant des anneaux de croissance annuelle opaques dans le cément de la dent . ....... 30 Figure 8 Changements mensuels dans la structure d'âges des lynx récoltés sur l'Ile du Cap-Breton de 1977-1978 à 1979-1980 (tiré de Parker et al. 1983) 40 1 I. DESCRIPTION Le Lynx du Canada (loup-cervier) et le Lynx roux proviennent d'un ancêtre commun bien que les paléontologistes ne soient pas certains de son identité (R.L. Peterson, comm. pers.). Les deux espèces seraient possiblement le résultat d'invasions discontinues du Lynx d'Asie (F. lynx lynx) par le Détroit de Bering durant les périodes interglaciaires du Pléistocène (le Lynx d'Asie est aujourd'hui deux fois plus gros que Felis lynx et ressemble davantage au Lynx roux). Selon cette intrigante théorie, la première popula- tion immigrante du Lynx d'Asie aurait évolué de façon indépendante durant une longue période d'isolement géographique (pendant 20 000 années peut-être) et se serait éventuellement établie loin au sud, donnant un chat qui serait devenu le Lynx roux; au cours de sa seconde invasion, le Lynx d'Asie aurait occupé la niche laissée par le retrait du glacier et aurait connu à son tour une spéciation comme Lynx du Canada. La classification du Lynx est encore contestée. Certains taxonomistes considèrent que le Lynx du Canada et le Lynx roux ne sont pas suffisamment différents des chats du genre Felis pour être classifiés dans un genre différent (Van Gelder 1977). Cette question n'a pas encore été résolue et demeure constestée parmi les taxonomistes. Le Lynx du Canada est une espèce remarquablement homogène malgré la très grande étendue de sa répartition en Amérique du Nord. Il n'y a que deux sous-espèces reconnues et l'une est confinée sur l'île de Terre-Neuve (McCord et Cardoza 1982). Il existe plusieurs sous-espèces en Eurasie en incluant celle qui est isolée en Espagne et qui est considérée comme une espèce menacée de disparition (McCord et Cardoza 1982). On ne connaît aucun cas d'hybridation naturelle résultant d'un croisement entre le Lynx du Canada et le Lynx roux; ce phénomène, s'il existe, doit être rare (R.L. Peterson, comm. pers.). Le lynx est un chat de taille moyenne, de couleur variant du rougeâtre au gris-brunâtre, avec de longues pattes arrière qui lui donnent une posture 2 inclinée vers l'avant. Le lynx est moins gros qu'il ne le paraît; ses longues pattes et sa fourrure dense amplifient sa taille, et le mâle adulte ne pèse qu'environ 10 kg (22 livres) (tableau 1). La femelle adulte est un peu plus petite et pèse environ 8,5 kg (19 livres). La longueur totale mesurée de l'extrémité du museau jusqu'à l'extrémité de la queue est d'environ 85 cm (33,5 pouces) chez le mâle adulte et de 82 cm (32 pouces) chez la femelle. Presque complètement de couleur grisâtre à son deuxième hiver, le lynx n'atteint complètement le poids de l'adulte qu'à son troisième hiver. Les bébés (ou les jeunes de l'année) grandissent rapidement, mais leur longueur est de 15 cm (6 pouces) inférieures à celle des adultes à leur premier hiver (Quinn et Gardner 1984).
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