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Cryptography's Role in Securing the Information Society

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Cryptography's Role in Securing the Information Society ;-_=_Scrolldown to the Underground_=_-; C R I S I S http://kickme.to/tiger/ Cryptography's Role In Securing The Information Society Computer Science and Telecommunications Board National Research Council ASCII VERSION Contents of the Report ● Front Matter ● Table of Contents ● Executive Summary ● PART I-FRAMING THE POLICY ISSUES ❍ 1 GROWING VULNERABILITY IN THE INFORMATION AGE ❍ 2 CRYPTOGRAPHY: ROLES, MARKET, AND INFRASTRUCTURE ❍ 3 NEEDS FOR ACCESS TO ENCRYPTED INFORMATION ● PART II-POLICY INSTRUMENTS ❍ 4 EXPORT CONTROLS ❍ 5 ESCROWED ENCRYPTION AND RELATED ISSUES ❍ 6 OTHER DIMENSIONS OF NATIONAL CRYPTOGRAPHY POLICY ● PART III-POLICY OPTIONS, FINDINGS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS ❍ 7 POLICY OPTIONS FOR THE FUTURE ❍ 8 SYNTHESIS, FINDINGS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS ● APPENDIXES ❍ A CONTRIBUTORS TO THE NRC PROJECT ON NATIONAL CRYPTOGRAPHY POLICY ❍ B GLOSSARY ❍ C A BRIEF PRIMER ON CRYPTOGRAPHY ❍ D AN OVERVIEW OF ELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCE: HISTORY AND CURRENT STATUS ❍ E A BRIEF HISTORY OF CRYPTOGRAPHY POLICY ❍ F A BRIEF PRIMER ON INTELLIGENCE ❍ G THE INTERNATIONAL SCOPE OF CRYPTOGRAPHY POLICY ❍ H SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT REQUIREMENTS FOR A PUBLIC-KEY INFRASTRUCTURE ❍ I INDUSTRY-SPECIFIC DIMENSIONS OF SECURITY ❍ J EXAMPLES OF RISKS POSED BY UNPROTECTED INFORMATION ❍ K CRYPTOGRAPHIC APPLICATIONS PROGRAMMING INTERFACES ❍ L OTHER LOOMING ISSUES RELATED TO CRYPTOGRAPHY POLICY ❍ M FEDERAL INFORMATION PROCESSING STANDARDS ❍ N LAWS, REGULATIONS, AND DOCUMENTS RELEVANT TO CRYPTOGRAPHY ● INDEX Kenneth W. Dam and Herbert S. Lin, Editors Committee to Study National Cryptography Policy Computer Science and Telecommunications Board Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications National Research Council National Academy Press Washington, D.C. 1996 National Academy Press 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20418 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. Support for this project was provided by the Department of Defense (under contract number DASW01-94-C-0178) and the Department of Commerce (under contract number 50SBNB4C8089). Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 96-68943 International Standard Book Number 0-309-05475-3 The Computer Science and Telecommunications Board (CSTB) will be glad to receive comments on this report. Please send them via Internet e-mail to [email protected], or via regular mail to CSTB, National Research Council, 2101 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20418. Copyright 1996 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America COMMITTEE TO STUDY NATIONAL CRYPTOGRAPHY POLICY KENNETH W. DAM, University of Chicago Law School, Chair W.Y. SMITH, Institute for Defense Analyses (retired), Vice Chair LEE BOLLINGER, Dartmouth College ANN CARACRISTI, National Security Agency (retired) BENJAMIN R. CIVILETTI, Venable, Baetjer, Howard and Civiletti COLIN CROOK, Citicorp SAMUEL H. FULLER, Digital Equipment Corporation LESLIE H. GELB, Council on Foreign Relations RONALD GRAHAM, AT&T Bell Laboratories MARTIN HELLMAN, Stanford University JULIUS L. KATZ, Hills & Company PETER G. NEUMANN, SRI International RAYMOND OZZIE, Iris Associates EDWARD C. SCHMULTS, General Telephone and Electronics (retired) ELLIOT M. STONE, Massachusetts Health Data Consortium WILLIS H. WARE, RAND Corporation Staff MARJORY S. BLUMENTHAL, Director HERBERT S. LIN, Study Director and Senior Staff Officer JOHN M. GODFREY, Research Associate FRANK PITTELLI, Consultant to CSTB GAIL E. PRITCHARD, Project Assistant COMPUTER SCIENCE AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS BOARD WILLIAM A. WULF, University of Virginia, Chair FRANCES E. ALLEN, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center DAVID D. CLARK, Massachusetts Institute of Technology JEFF DOZIER, University of California at Santa Barbara HENRY FUCHS, University of North Carolina CHARLES GESCHKE, Adobe Systems Incorporated JAMES GRAY, Microsoft Corporation BARBARA GROSZ, Harvard University JURIS HARTMANIS, Cornell University DEBORAH A. JOSEPH, University of Wisconsin BUTLER W. LAMPSON, Microsoft Corporation BARBARA LISKOV, Massachusetts Institute of Technology JOHN MAJOR, Motorola ROBERT L. MARTIN, AT&T Network Systems DAVID G. MESSERSCHMITT, University of California at Berkeley WILLIAM PRESS, Harvard University CHARLES L. SEITZ, Myricom Incorporated EDWARD SHORTLIFFE, Stanford University School of Medicine CASIMIR S. SKRZYPCZAK, NYNEX Corporation LESLIE L. VADASZ, Intel Corporation MARJORY S. BLUMENTHAL, Director HERBERT S. LIN, Senior Staff Officer PAUL D. SEMENZA, Staff Officer JERRY R. SHEEHAN, Staff Officer JEAN E. SMITH, Program Associate JOHN M. GODFREY, Research Associate LESLIE M. WADE, Research Assistant GLORIA P. BEMAH, Administrative Assistant GAIL E. PRITCHARD, Project Assistant COMMISSION ON PHYSICAL SCIENCES, MATHEMATICS, AND APPLICATIONS ROBERT J. HERMANN, United Technologies Corporation, Chair PETER M. BANKS, Environmental Research Institute of Michigan SYLVIA T. CEYER, Massachusetts Institute of Technology L. LOUIS HEGEDUS, Elf Atochem North America Inc. JOHN E. HOPCROFT, Cornell University RHONDA J. HUGHES, Bryn Mawr College SHIRLEY A. JACKSON, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission KENNETH I. KELLERMANN, National Radio Astronomy Observatory KEN KENNEDY, Rice University THOMAS A. PRINCE, California Institute of Technology JEROME SACKS, National Institute of Statistical Sciences L.E. SCRIVEN, University of Minnesota LEON T. SILVER, California Institute of Technology CHARLES P. SLICHTER, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign ALVIN W. TRIVELPIECE, Oak Ridge National Laboratory SHMUEL WINOGRAD, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center CHARLES A. ZRAKET, MITRE Corporation (retired) NORMAN METZGER, Executive Director The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is interim president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and interim vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council. Preface INTRODUCTION For most of history, cryptography--the art and science of secret writing--has belonged to governments concerned about protecting their own secrets and about asserting their prerogatives for access to information relevant to national security and public safety. In the United States, cryptography policy has reflected the U.S. government’s needs for effective cryptographic protection of classified and other sensitive communications as well as its needs to gather intelligence for national security purposes, needs that would be damaged by the widespread use of cryptography. National security concerns have motivated such actions as development of cryptographic technologies, development of countermeasures
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