DOCSLIB.ORG

Licensing, Multi-Licensing

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Licensing, Multi-Licensing Software Licenses, Free and Open Non-Free Software Source Software ● Non-free software is any software that is not free. Péter Jeszenszky – Its use, redistribution or modification is prohibited or Faculty of Informatics, University of Debrecen restricted, or requires permission. [email protected] – It is also called as closed source software or proprietary software. Last modified: May 1, 2021 – Non-free software is the complementary set of free software. 3 Terminology Free Software ● Non-Free Software, Closed-Source Software, Proprietary Software ● The four essential freedoms: ● Free Software – ● Open-Source Software The freedom to run the program for any purpose. ● Free and Open-Source Software (FOSS) – The freedom to study how the program works. ● Commercial Software – The freedom to redistribute copies of the program. ● Freeware, Shareware – ● Software License The freedom to modify the program. ● End-User License Agreement (EULA) ● Access to the source code is a precondition for the ● License Compatibility second and the fourth freedom. ● Copyleft, Copyleft License ● ● Public Domain See: The Free Software Definition ● Dual Licensing, Multi-Licensing https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html.en 2 4 Open Source Software (1) Open Source Software (3) ● The terms “free software” and “open source software” ● Open Source Initiative (OSI) refer to almost the same range of software. However, https://opensource.org/ they represent two different approaches. – A non-profit organization founded 1998 to promote – Definition: The Open Source Definition and support open source software. https://opensource.org/docs/osd – Eric S. Raymond, a leading advocate of the open ● The term “open source” is more suitable for marketing source movement, was its president until 2005. purposes than the “term free” software. – Free is an ambiguous word. One meaning of the word is “at no cost”. ● See, for example, “free speech” vs “free beer”. 5 7 Open Source Software (2) Open Source Software (4) ● The free software movement emphasizes the ● See also: ethical aspects of freedom. – Richard Stallman. Why Open Source misses the ● By contrast, the open source movement point of Free Software. emphasizes the practical advantages of https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/open-source-misse s-the-point.html openness. – Eric S. Raymond. The Cathedral and the Bazaar. ● Despite the ideological differences between the February 18, 2010. two camps, the terms free software and open http://www.catb.org/esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/ source software practically have the same meaning. 6 8 Alternative Name Freeware, shareware ● Free and Open-Source Software (FOSS) ● Freeware: – The term “freeware” has no clear accepted definition. – A category that includes both free software and – It is commonly used for packages which permit redistribution but not modification open source software. (and their source code is not available). – Freeware is not free software. – Also known as: Free/Libre and Open-Source – See: Categories of Free and Nonfree Software – Freeware Software (FLOSS). https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/categories.html#freeware ● Shareware: ● See also: Richard Stallman. FLOSS and FOSS. – Shareware is software which comes with permission for people to redistribute copies, but says that anyone who continues to use a copy is required to pay a license fee. https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/floss-and-foss.h – Shareware is not free software. tml – See: Categories of Free and Nonfree Software – Shareware https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/categories.html#shareware 9 11 Commercial Software Software License ● Commercial software is software developed by ● A software license is a legal instrument that a business as part of its business. regulates the distribution and use of software. ● Most commercial software is proprietary, but – In the case of proprietary software, the term end- there is commercial free software. user license agreement (EULA) is used. ● See: Categories of Free and Nonfree Software – Commercial software https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/categories.html #commercialSoftware 10 12 License Compatibility FOSS Licenses (2) ● We say that several licenses are compatible if ● The lists of FOSS licenses approved by the FSF there is a way to merge code under those and the OSI include all widely used software various licenses while complying with all of licenses. them. – For example, the NASA Open Source Agreement v1.3 – is an OSI-approved open source license, however, the See: Richard Stallman. License Compatibility and FSF does not consider it to be a free software license. Relicensing. https://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-compatibility.ht ● See: ml – https://opensource.org/licenses/NASA-1.3 – Various Licenses and Comments about Them – NASA Open Source Agreement https://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html#NASA 13 15 FOSS Licenses (1) Permissive Software Licenses (1) ● Numerous FOSS licenses exist. ● Permissive licenses constitute a subset of FOSS – For example, the OSI maintains of list of approved licenses. open source licenses: Licenses & Standards ● These licenses permit almost any use of the code. https://opensource.org/licenses – See: Categories of Free and Nonfree Software – Lax – Another useful source: Various Licenses and Permissive Licensed Software Comments about Them https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/categories.html#LaxPe https://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html rmissiveLicensedSoftware ● Also known as: non-copyleft licenses. – See: Open Source Initiative – Frequently Answered Questions https://opensource.org/faq#permissive 14 16 Permissive Software Licenses (2) Permissive Software Licenses (4) ● Examples: ● Examples of uses: – Apache Maven (license: Apache License 2.0) – Apache License 2.0 https://www.apache.org/licenses/ https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 – FreeBSD (license: FreeBSD License) – BSD license: https://www.freebsd.org/copyright/freebsd-license.html – Gradle (license: Apache License 2.0) https://gradle.org/license/ ● 3-Clause BSD License/New BSD License/Modified BSD – HSQLDB (license: 3-clause BSD license) License https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause http://hsqldb.org/web/hsqlLicense.html ● 2-Clause BSD License (Simplified BSD License/FreeBSD – Node.js (license: MIT License) License) https://www.freebsd.org/copyright/freebsd-license.html https://github.com/nodejs/node/blob/master/LICENSE – X11 License (MIT License) – PostgreSQL (license: PostgreSQL License) https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT https://www.postgresql.org/about/licence/ – … 17 19 Permissive Software Licenses (3) Copyleft (1) ● Each license mentioned here permits software ● The term copyleft is a twist on the term distributed under it to be used for closed source copyright. software projects. ● Copyleft is a legal instrument whose goal is the – Including modification of the source code and exact opposite of that of the copyright. incorporating the original or the modified source code into proprietary software. ● The idea was invented by Richard Stallman in 1985. ● Definition: What is Copyleft https://www.gnu.org/copyleft/ 18 20 Copyleft (2) Copyleft Licenses (1) ● Symbol: ● Software licenses using the copyleft – Source: Wikimedia Commons / Public Domain mechanism are called copyleft licenses. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Copyleft.sv – They are also called as viral licenses, pejoratively. g ● Copyleft licenses represent a subset of FOSS licenses that is disjoint with the set of permissive licenses. ● Copyleft licenses are further divided into strong and weak copyleft licenses. 21 23 Copyleft (3) Copyleft Licenses (2) ● The copyleft ensures that the protected work and any ● Strong copyleft license: the copyleft applies with full force, derivative works remain free forever. that excludes the use of the software covered by the license for developing closed source software. – When the copyleft is in effect, then all derivative works – Example: GNU General Public License (GNU GPL) inherit the license of the original work. https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html ● It was first used in the Emacs General Public ● Weak copyleft license: they permit the limited use of the License. software covered by the license such that derivative works do not fall under the copyleft. – See: https://www.free-soft.org/gpl_history/emacs_gpl.html – Examples: ● Not all free software licenses incorporate the copyleft ● GNU Lesser General Public License (GNU LGPL) mechanism. https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.html ● Mozilla Public License (MPL) https://www.mozilla.org/MPL/ 22 24 GNU General Public License Using GPL-Covered Software (2) (GNU GPL) ● The latest version is version 3. ● In general, the GPL does not apply to the output of a GPL- https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.html covered program, unless it include source code of the program. ● Examples of uses: – This means that, for example, a graphical application can be used – GIMP (license: GPLv3) https://www.gimp.org/about/COPYING without any limitations for any purpose, however, the Autoconf program could not be, if it would not fall under an exception. – Linux Kernel (license: GPLv2) https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/COPYING – Thus, for example, the GPL may apply to the “output” of a computer – Notepad++ (license: GPLv2) game when a screenshot is taken or a video is captured. https://github.com/notepad-plus-plus/notepad-plus-plus/blob/master/LICENS ● See: Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses E – – R (license: GPLv2 or GPLv3) https://www.r-project.org/Licenses/ Is there some way that I can GPL the output people
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Free Software Foundation, Inc
    Comment Regarding a Proposed Exemption Under 17 U.S.C. 1201 Item 1. Commenter Information Donald Robertson, III Free Software Foundation, Inc. 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor Boston, MA 02110-1335 [email protected] This comment is filed by the Free Software Foundation, a charitable corporation founded in 1985. The Foundation is the largest single contributor to the GNU operating system (used widely today in its GNU/Linux variant). The Foundation's GNU General Public License is the most widely used free software license, covering major components of the GNU operating system and tens of thousands of other computer programs used on hundreds of millions of computers around the world. Item 2. Proposed Class Addressed Class 7: 7(a) Motion Pictures—Text and Data Mining 7(b) Literary Works—Text and Data Mining Item 3. Statement Regarding Proposed Exemption The GNU/Linux operating system has become one of the most widely used operating systems on the planet. The GNU System and the kernel Linux are called free software because users are free to study, share, and improve the software. Those who promote free software believe that controlling one’s own computing should be a universal right. Digital restrictions interfere with the ability to enjoy these freedoms. Circumventing such restrictions for any use should not come with the threat of legal sanction. The process of continually applying for exemptions under 17 U.S.C. 1201 is onerous and instead any circumvention for a non-infringing purpose should be permitted. However, where exemptions are used to safeguard the public from these laws, it must be the case that exemptions should cover the sharing and distribution of software and instructions for circumventing access control technologies.
    [Show full text]
  • Annex I Definitions
    Annex I Definitions Free and Open Source Software (FOSS): Software whose source code is published and made available to the public, enabling anyone to copy, modify and redistribute the source code without paying royalties or fees. Open source code evolves through community cooperation. These communities are composed of individual programmers and users as well as very large companies. Some examples of open source initiatives are GNU/Linux, Eclipse, Apache, Mozilla, and various projects hosted on SourceForge1 and Savannah2 Web sites. Proprietary software -- Software that is distributed under commercial licence agreements, usually for a fee. The main difference between the proprietary software licence and the open source licence is that the recipient does not normally receive the right to copy, modify, redistribute the software without fees or royalty obligations. Something proprietary is something exclusively owned by someone, often with connotations that it is exclusive and cannot be used by other parties without negotiations. It may specifically mean that the item is covered by one or more patents, as in proprietary technology. Proprietary software means that some individual or company holds the exclusive copyrights on a piece of software, at the same time denying others access to the software’s source code and the right to copy, modify and study the software. Open standards -- Software interfaces, protocols, or electronic formats that are openly documented and have been accepted in the industry through either formal or de facto processes, which are freely available for adoption by the industry. The open source community has been a leader in promoting and adopting open standards. Some of the success of open source software is due to the availability of worldwide standards for exchanging information, standards that have been implemented in browsers, email systems, file sharing applications and many other tools.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulletin Issue 25
    Issue 25 Bulletin November 2014 Contents Free software needs your vote Free software needs your 1 by John Sullivan vote Executive Director What would a free 3 t the Free Software Foundation, software world look like? Awe want to empower all computer GNU Guix and GNU’s 4 users everywhere to do everything they 31st Birthday might need or want to do on any com- Appropriate legal 5 puter, using only free software, with- notices out having to ask permission. Free tools for the FSF 6 By definition, proprietary software Common misconceptions 7 does not empower users in this way. in licensing It places limits on what they can do, Volunteer opportunities 9 such as preventing sharing of the soft- at the FSF ware, or looking at its code to see how See you at LibrePlanet 10 it works. 2015! Proprietary software enables users Around the world in (a 11 to pursue everything they might need hundred and) eighty or want to do, only as long as the soft- days ware distributor approves. The four freedoms that define free software — to run the program (0), to study and modify it (1), to share it (2), and to share modifications (3) — are meant for everyone, in their inter- actions with any program. Free soft- ware is a means to protect the individ- ual freedom of computer users. But why would someone who has Register for LibrePlanet at u.fsf.org/14w. no intention of ever reading the source code of programs running on their computer, much less in modifying it, care about Freedom 1, or Freedom 3? Why do they need or want the freedom to do things they might never need or want to do? 1 One reason is that any computer general, the right to vote can be a pow- user can ask someone else to do those erful check on government behavior.
    [Show full text]
  • Docucreate User Guide Version 11.5
    Start Oracle® Documaker Docucreate User Guide version 11.5 Part number: E16256-01 April 2010 Notice Copyright © 2009, 2010, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. The Programs (which include both the software and documentation) contain proprietary information; they are provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and are also protected by copyright, patent, and other intellectual and industrial property laws. Reverse engineering, disassembly, or decompilation of the Programs, except to the extent required to obtain interoperability with other independently created software or as specified by law, is prohibited. The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. If you find any problems in the documentation, please report them to us in writing. This document is not warranted to be error-free. Except as may be expressly permitted in your license agreement for these Programs, no part of these Programs may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, for any purpose. If the Programs are delivered to the United States Government or anyone licensing or using the Programs on behalf of the United States Government, the following notice is applicable: U.S. GOVERNMENT RIGHTS Programs, software, databases, and related documentation and technical data delivered to U.S. Government customers are "commercial computer software" or "commercial technical data" pursuant to the applicable Federal Acquisition Regulation and agency-specific supplemental regulations. As such, use, duplication, disclosure, modification, and adaptation of the Programs, including documentation and technical data, shall be subject to the licensing restrictions set forth in the applicable Oracle license agreement, and, to the extent applicable, the additional rights set forth in FAR 52.227-19, Commercial Computer Software--Restricted Rights (June 1987).
    [Show full text]
  • A Practical Guide to Using Free Software in the Public Sector
    A Practical Guide to Using Free Software in the Public Sector ***** (with references to the French copyright law, when applicable) Version 1.31 June 2010 This document is distributed under a Creative Commons "Attribution + ShareAlike" licence. Author: Thierry Aimé (DGI – Ministry for the Budget, Public Accounts and the Civil Service) With the participation of: Philippe Aigrain (Sopinspace), Jean-François Boutier (Ministry for Ecology, Sustainable Development and Spatial Planning), Frédéric Couchet (April), Elise Debies (DGME – Ministry for the Budget, Public Accounts and the Civil Service), François Elie (ADULLACT), Jean-Paul Degorce-Duma (DGSIC – Ministry of Defence), Esther Lanaspa (DGME – Ministry for the Budget, Public Accounts and the Civil Service), Sylvie Poussines (DAJ – Ministry for the Economy, Finance and Employment), Patrice-Emmanuel Schmitz (OSOR.eu). A practical guide to using free software in the public sector 2 Contents 1 -What is software?.............................................................................................................................3 2 -Legal regimes governing the use of software..................................................................................3 3 -Who holds the copyright to software?.............................................................................................4 4 -What is a software licence?..............................................................................................................4 5 -What is a free software licence?.......................................................................................................4
    [Show full text]
  • Optimal Use of Fonts on Linux
    Optimal Use of Fonts on Linux Avi Alkalay Donovan Rebbechi Hal Burgiss Copyright © 2006 Avi Alkalay, Donovan Rebbechi, Hal Burgiss 2007−04−15 Revision History Revision 2007−04−15 15 Apr 2007 Revised by: avi Included support to SUSE installation for the RPM scriptlets on template spec file, listed SUSE as a BCI−enabled distro. Revision 2007−02−08 08 Feb 2007 Revised by: avi Fixed some typos, updated Luc's page URL, added DejaVu sections, added link to FC6 Freetype RPMs, added link to Debian MS Core fonts, and added reference to the gnome−font−properties command. Revision 2006−07−02 02 Jul 2006 Revised by: avi Included link to Debian FreeType BCI package, improved the glossary with Latin1 descriptions, more clear links on the webcore fonts section, instructions on how to rebuild source RPM packages in the BCI appendix, updated the freetype recompilation appendix to cover new versions of the lib, authorship section reorganized. Revision 2006−04−02 02 Apr 2006 Revised by: avi Included link to FC5 Freetype.bci contribution by Cody DeHaan. Revision 2006−03−25 25 Mar 2006 Revised by: avi Updated link to BCI Freetype RPMs to be more distro version specific. Revision 2005−07−19 19 May 2005 Revised by: avi Renamed Microsoft Fonts to Webcore Fonts, and links updated.Added X.org Subsystems section. Revision 2005−05−25 25 May 2005 Revised by: avi Comment related to web pages in the Microsoft Fonts section Revision 2005−05−10 10 May 2005 Revised by: avi Old section−based glossary converted to real DocBook glossary.Modernized terms and explanations on the glossary.Included concepts as charsets, Unicode and UTF−8 in the glossary.
    [Show full text]
  • CES Free Or Open Source Licenses Licenses Library Version 15.2 2020R1
    CES Free or Open Source Licenses Licenses Library Version 15.2 2020R1 Revision 2.00 December 2020 Verint.com Twitter.com/verint Facebook.com/verint Blog.verint.com Table of Contents Free or Open Source Licenses ....................................................................................... 1 7-Zip - GNU LGPL + unRAR restrictions .................................................................... 1 ActivePython ............................................................................................................... 2 ANTLR .......................................................................................................................... 6 Apache License............................................................................................................ 6 ares Library................................................................................................................. 11 Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported ............................................. 12 Batik SVG Toolkit ....................................................................................................... 17 Bouncy Castle ............................................................................................................ 19 Boost ........................................................................................................................... 20 BSD (4-Clause) License ............................................................................................ 20 COMMON DEVELOPMENT AND DISTRIBUTION
    [Show full text]
  • PDF File (244K Characters)
    Information For Maintainers of GNU Software Richard Stallman last updated September 26, 2006 Information for maintainers of GNU software, last updated September 26, 2006. Copyright (C) 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this entire document without royalty provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved. i Table of Contents 1 About This Document ......................... 1 2 Stepping Down.................................. 1 3 Recruiting Developers .......................... 2 4 Legal Matters ................................... 2 4.1 Copyright Papers .............................................. 2 4.2 Legally Significant Changes .................................... 4 4.3 Recording Contributors ........................................ 5 4.4 Copyright Notices .............................................. 6 4.5 License Notices................................................. 7 4.6 External Libraries .............................................. 9 5 Cleaning Up Changes .......................... 9 6 Platforms to Support ......................... 10 7 Dealing With Mail ............................ 11 8 Recording Old Versions ....................... 12 9 Distributions ................................... 12 9.1 Distribution tar Files.......................................... 12 9.2 Distribution Patches .......................................... 13 9.3 Distribution on ftp.gnu.org.................................
    [Show full text]
  • 오픈소스 소프트웨어 라이선스 가이드 3.0 Contents
    오픈소스 소프트웨어 라이선스 가이드 3.0 CONTENTS 가이드 제공의 배경 4 CHAPTER 01 SW 지적재산권, 라이선스와 오픈소스 라이선스 7 - 16 1.1. 소프트웨어 지적재산권 8 1.2. 소프트웨어 라이선스 9 1.3. 오픈소스 라이선스 10 CHAPTER 02 주요 오픈소스 라이선스 및 프로젝트 사례 19 - 54 2.1. BSD형 라이선스 및 주요 프로젝트 20 2.1.1. BSD 라이선스 20 2.1.2. Apache 라이선스 21 2.2. GPL형 라이선스 및 주요 프로젝트 25 2.2.1. GPL 2.0 25 2.2.2. GPL 3.0 36 2.2.3. LGPL 39 2.2.4. Affero GPL 43 2.2.5. GPL Exceptions 46 2.3. MPL형 라이선스 및 주요 프로젝트 48 2.3.1. MPL 48 2.3.2. CDDL 49 2.3.3. CPL, EPL 50 2.4. 폰트 라이선스 53 2.4.1. GPL Font Exception 53 2.4.2. SIL Open Font License (OFL) 54 2.4.3. Ubuntu Font License 54 CHAPTER 03 라이선스 확인 방법 57 - 64 3.1. 직접 확인하는 방법 58 3.2. 도구를 이용하는 방법 60 3.2.1. 문자열 검색 도구 60 3.2.2. 코드 스캔 도구 61 3.2.3. 바이너리 스캔 도구 63 | 부록 | 기타 상담 사례 66 OPEN SOURCE 사례들을 구체적으로 다룸으로써 현장감을 살리고자 했다. 아무쪼록 이번 가이드가 우리 SW LICENCE GUIDE 3.0 기업들에게 조금이나마 도움이 될 수 있기를 기대한다. | 오픈소스 소프트웨어 라이선스 가이드 3.0 | 오픈소스에 관한 법적 리스크는 오픈소스 라이선스 위반, 제3자의 지적재산권 침해, 가이드 제공의 배경 자사의 지적재산권 관리에 관한 리스크로 구분할 수 있다. 첫 번째, 라이선스 위반에 관한 리스크는 오픈소스에 관한 가장 기본적인 리스크인데, 오픈소스를 사용하면서 관련 라이선스를 준수하지 않는 경우 오픈소스 커뮤니티로부터 소송을 제기당할 수 있다는 점이다.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Linux
    Introduction to Linux A Hands on Guide Machtelt Garrels CoreSequence.com <[email protected]> Version 1.8 Last updated 20030916 Edition Introduction to Linux Table of Contents Introduction.........................................................................................................................................................1 1. Why this guide?...................................................................................................................................1 2. Who should read this book?.................................................................................................................1 3. New versions of this guide...................................................................................................................1 4. Revision History..................................................................................................................................1 5. Contributions.......................................................................................................................................2 6. Feedback..............................................................................................................................................2 7. Copyright information.........................................................................................................................3 8. What do you need?...............................................................................................................................3 9. Conventions used
    [Show full text]
  • Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M
    Free Software, Free Society Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman Third Edition Richard M. Stallman This is the third edition of Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman. Free Software Foundation 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor Boston, MA 02110-1335 Copyright c 2002, 2010, 2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire book are permitted worldwide, without royalty, in any medium, provided this notice is preserved. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this book from the original English into another language provided the translation has been approved by the Free Software Foundation and the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. ISBN 978-0-9831592-5-4 Cover design and photograph by Kyle Winfree. iii Table of Contents Foreword to the Third Edition ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: iv Foreword to the First Edition :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: vi Preface ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: x Part I: The GNU Project and Free Software 1 What Is Free Software? :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3 2 The GNU Project :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 9 3 The Initial Announcement of the GNU Operating System ::: 26 4 Free Software Is Even More Important Now ::::::::::::::::::: 28 5 Why Schools Should Exclusively Use Free Software::::::::::: 34 6 Measures Governments Can Use to Promote Free Software :: 36 7 Why Free Software Needs Free Documentation::::::::::::::::
    [Show full text]
  • The Free UCS Outline Fonts Project — an Attempt to Create a Global Font
    The Free UCS Outline Fonts Project — an Attempt to Create a Global Font Primož Peterlin University of Ljubljana Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biophysics Lipicevaˇ 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia [email protected] http://biofiz.mf.uni-lj.si/~peterlin/ Abstract In February 2002, the Free UCS (Universal Character Set) Outline Fonts project (http:// savannah.gnu.org/projects/freefont/) was started. Exercising the open-source approach, its aim is to provide a set of free Times-, Helvetica- and Courier-lookalikes available in the Open- Type format, and progressively cover the complete ISO 10646/Unicode range. In this stage of the project, we focus mainly on two areas: collecting existing fonts that are both typographically and license-wise (i.e., GNU GPL) compatible and can be included to cover certain parts of the charac- ter set, and patching up smaller areas that are not yet covered. Planned future activities involve ty- pographic refinement, extending kerning information beyond the basic Latin area, including True- Type hinting instructions, and facilitating the usage of fonts with various applications, including the TEX/Ω typesetting system. Résumé Le projet de fontes vectorielles libres pour UCS (http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/ freefont/) a démarré en février 2002. À travers l’Open Source, le but de ce projet est de fournir un ensemble de clones libres de Times, Helvetica et Courier, disponibles dans le format Open- Type, et couvrant progressivement l’ensemble des caractères d’ISO 10646/Unicode. À ce stage du projet nous nous concentrons sur deux domaines : la collection de fontes existantes qui soient compatibles avec notre projet, aussi bien du point de vue typographique que du point de vue de la licence (GNU GPL), qui puissent être intégrées pour couvrir certaines parties de l’ensemble de caractères ; et d’autre part, faire des ajouts de petites régions qui n’ont pas encore été couvertes.
    [Show full text]