MARINE EIA AND EMP STUDIES FOR THE PROPOSED MARINE FACILITIES
FOR
Strengthening and Up-gradation of Existing Victor Port for Cargo Handling
OF
OM SAI NAVIGATIONS PVT. LTD.
AT
Victor Port Village: Victor, Taluka: Rajula, District: Amreli, Gujarat
Prepared By Eco Chem Sales & Services Office floor, Ashoka Pavilion–A, New Civil Road, Opp. Kapadia Health Club, Surat – 395001 Tele fax: 0261-2231630 / 2233075 E mail: [email protected]
MARINE EIA AND EMP STUDIES FOR THE PROPOSED MARINE FACILITIES FOR OM SAI NAVIGATIONS PVT. LTD.
At
Victor Port Village: Victor, Taluka: Rajula, District: Amreli, Gujarat
For
Strengthening and Up-gradation of Existing Victor Port for Cargo Handling
(July 2017)
By: Eco Chem Sales & Services, Surat (QCI/NABET ACCREDITED NO. NABET/EIA/1720/ RA 051) E-mail: [email protected]
Contact no.: 0261-2231630
Client Om Sai Navigations Pvt. Ltd.
Project Title EIA and EMP studies for the marine facilities of Om Sai Navigations Pvt. Ltd. located at Village: Victor, Taluka: Rajula, District: Amreli, Gujarat
Abstract Om Sai Navigations Private Limited (OSNPL) was incorporated on 6th April, 2009. The proponent envisages strengthening and up-gradation of the existing cargo handling facility at Victor port in Amreli district of Gujarat. The project envisages Cargo Handling with capacity of 4.5 MMTPA. The project. The project requires waterfront facilities like barge jetty and cargo handling facility. Eco Chem Sales and Services has carried out Marine EIA and EMP studies related to the development project. This report presents the details of the Marine EIA and EMP study.
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INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Project Background ...... 1 2. PROJECT NEED & BENEFITS ...... 6 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT REGION ...... 8 3.1. General ...... 8 3.2. Gulf of Khambhat - Geomorphology ...... 9 4. PROPOSED MARINE FACILITIES ...... 10 4.1 Dredging ...... 12 4.2 Barge Jetty...... 12 4.3 Berth Requirement ...... 12 5. BASELINE DATA ON MARINE ENVIRONMENT ...... 14 5.1. Method of collection / analysis ...... 16 5.2 Results ...... 22 6. MANGROVES ...... 36 6.1 Mangroves in Amreli district ...... 36 6.2 Floral Diversity of the Study Area ...... 37 6.3 Faunal Diversity of the Study Area ...... 44 6.4 Fisheries ...... 51 7. MODELING STUDY ON FLOW AND BED CHANGES DUE TO THE PROJECT ...... 56 7.1 Summary and Conclusion ...... 56 8. IMPACT ASSESSMENT ...... 59 8.1 Identification of Impacts: ...... 59 9. MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 64 10. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 66 11. POST PROJECT MARINE ENVIRONMENT MONITORING ...... 68 11.1 Marine water and sediment quality monitoring ...... 68 11.2. Habitat and ecosystem integrity ...... 68 11.3 Monitoring of Marine Benthic fauna ...... 68 REFERENCES ...... 71
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1: Dredging Quantity ...... 12 Table 4.2: Dimension of anticipated barges for proposed facility ...... 12 Table 4.3: Berth Requirement ...... 13 Table 4.4: Channel dimensions ...... 13 Table 5.1: Details of Marine Water Sampling Locations ...... 15 Table 5.2: Details of Tide Levels ...... 24 Table 5.3: General Soil Layer Profile ...... 25 Table 5.4: Marine Water Analysis Result ...... 25 Table 5.5: Microbiological Analysis Report for Marine Water Sample ...... 28 Table 5.6: Microbiological Analysis Report for Marine Water Sample ...... 28 Table 5.7: Zooplankton Abundance Report Analysis Report for Marine Water Sample ...... 30 Table 5.8: Zooplankton species and population at different sampling station ...... 31 Table 5.9: Pigment Analysis and Phytoplankton cell count for Marine Water Sample ...... 32 Table 5.10: List of Dominant Phytoplankton species ...... 33 Table 5.11: Primary Productivity ...... 33 Table 5.12: Details of Benthos sample ...... 34 Table 5.13: Sediment Quality Analysis ...... 35 Table 5.14: Dredge Material Quality Analysis ...... 35 Table 6.1: Details of Mangroves in the study area ...... 37 Table 6.2: List of Mangrove in the study area ...... 37 Table 6.3: Trees in the Study area ...... 38 Table 6.4: Medicinally Important Plants Observed in the Study Area ...... 39 Table 6.5: List of Shrubs in the Study Area ...... 39 Table 6.6: List of Herbaceous species observed in the Study area ...... 41 Table 6.7 (a): List of birds observed in the Study area...... 44 Table 6.7 (b): List of Schedule-I Bird(s) to be conserved ...... 47 Table 6.8: Butterflies in the Study Area ...... 49 Table 6.9: Reptiles and Amphibian in the Study Area ...... 49 Table 6.10: Mammals in Study Area ...... 50 Table 6.11: Domestic Animals in Study area ...... 51 Table 6.12: List of Fishing Villages in the study area ...... 54 Table 6.13: Fishing Data of nearby villages ...... 54 Table 6.14: List of Fishes observed in the Study Area ...... 54 Table 8.1: Identification and Prediction of Impacts ...... 59 Table 8.2: Impacts on Water Environment ...... 60 Table 8.3: Impacts on Marine Ecology ...... 61 Table 8.4: Impacts on Hydrogeology ...... 62
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Table: 8.5: Community ...... 62 Table 10.1: Cost Break-Up For Environment Management System (EMS) ...... 67 Table 10.2: Cost Break-Up For Ecological Management Plan ...... 67 Table 10.3: Recurring Cost Per Annum ...... 67 Table 11.1: Summary of Monitoring, Review and Reporting ...... 68
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.2: Google Image (Short View) ...... 3 Figure 1.3: Google Image (Long View) ...... 4 Figure 1.4: CRZ Map ...... 5 Figure 4.1: Plant Layout superimposed on CRZ areas...... 11 Figure 5.1: Map showing the locations for Marine water ...... 14 Figure 5.2: Map showing the bathymetry survey area ...... 17 Figure 5.3: Offshore Wind Rose ...... 23 Figure 5.4: Offshore Wave Rose ...... 24 Figure 6.1: Mangroves in the creek region ...... 36 Figure 6.2: Dominant Tree family of the study area ...... 43 Figure 6.3: Dominant Shrub family of the study area ...... 43 Figure 6.4: Habit wise representation of plants from the study area ...... 44 Figure 6.5: Map showing the Location of Gir Sanctuary/National Park ...... 48 Figure 6.6: Gujarat Marine fish production statistics ...... 52 Figure 6.7: District wise Fish Production comparison ...... 52 Figure 6.8: Species wise Fish Production ...... 53 Figure 6.9: Fishing Boats operated at Gujarat’s ports ...... 53
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Background
Om Sai Navigations Private Limited (OSNPL) was incorporated on 6th April, 2009. OSNPL has a dynamic team of engineering, entrepreneurs and social visionaries who provide direction to its executive management in a vibrant economy and competitive business environment.
The proponent now envisages strengthening and up-gradation of the existing cargo handling facility at Victor port in Amreli district of Gujarat. A Letter of Intent (LoI) was given on 9th April 2015 vide letter no. GMB/Pvt. Cell-II/12/161/5/2204 by Gujarat Maritime Board to Om Sai Navigations Pvt. Ltd. for the allotment of existing port facility at victor port for making it operational and using it for the cargo operation for the period of 5 years. OSNPL will strengthen/renovate the existing facility to make it operational and also will maintain the same.
Om Sai Navigations Pvt. Ltd. foresees to be a leader in the business of the Sea Route Transportation and to provide top Notch Professional Services in the field. OSNPL believes in serving the clients ethically, at a cheaper and faster rate, thereby achieving sustainable development with economic growth. The company’s mission is to be truly global, cost efficient operator providing port to port transportation services that consistently meet the requirements of the customers faster, cheaper and environment friendly services. Achieving consistent quality throughout the project is the top priority for the company.
As a part of the proposed project, the proponent envisages strengthening and upgradation of the existing Victor port, located at the existing Victor port near village Victor village in Rajula Taluk of Amreli district in Gujarat, India. The approximate site center co-ordinates are Latitude 20˚ 58’ 19” N and Longitude 71˚ 33’ 32” E. The total land area is 65,271 m2 (6.527 ha). The proposed project envisages investment of Rs. 47.71 Crores by OSNPL to upgrade the existing Victor port. Cargo handling capacity of the port will be 4.5 MMTPA. The project falls under the item no 7(e) Category – B of the EIA Notification 2006 and its subsequent amendments time to time.
The proposed project also requires waterfront along the Gulf of Khambhat for developing a cargo Handling facility with barge jetties for transportation of cargo by sea. It is considered as a permissible activity under the CRZ Notification 2006. The location map of the proposed project site is shown in Figure 1.1. The satellite imagery of the project region is shown in Figure 1.2.
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Figure 1.1: Location Map of the Project
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Figure 1.2: Google Image (Short View)
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Figure 1.3: Google Image (Long View)
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Figure 1.4: CRZ Map
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2. PROJECT NEED & BENEFITS
India is one of the fastest developing countries of the world, with industrial development advancing at a fast pace. The current industrial trend reveals that international trade would increase phenomenally in future for import as well as export of products. This in turn will drastically boom the logistics industry and requirement of ports thereby. Gujarat has a coastline of 1600 km starting from Kachhch district to Valsad district, which is the largest among any state in India. Also, it is evident that India is located strategically from the point of view of trade and commerce. Since, ages it has aided the worldwide traders to flourish and expand their business globally. Because of the rapid growth in global trade, demand for seafarers is expected to grow considerably by 2020. The need of the coastal cities having upgraded cargo handling seaport facilities is expected to rise in near future. These seaports would be a major addition to Gujarat and nation’s economy at large for bringing foreign traders. Moreover, it would boost the employment ratio of the same and influx of revenue. Pipavav Port is one such busy seaport in Rajula city of Amreli district and is the only port which handles both bulk - container and liquid cargo in the district. To make optimum use of the coastal resource of the district a new upgraded seaport is emphasized.
The project entails following benefits:
Reduced Costs - Lower transportation cost as compared to other modes of transportation. Lower labour and operational costs due to shorter cargo dispatch timeline, efficient use of resources and lesser manpower required.
Safety Benefits - Safety risks are reduced for plant personnel with fewer onsite activities and fewer hazards.
Additional Port facility - Pipavav Port is one busy seaport in Rajula city of Amreli district and is the only port which handles both bulk - container and liquid cargo in the district. To make optimum use of the coastal resource available in the district a new upgraded seaport is emphasized.
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Figure 2.1: Plant Layout
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3. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT REGION
3.1. General
OSNPL proposes up-gradation and strengthening of the existing Victor port by addition of new facilities for the offshore and onshore operations with a capital investment of Rs. 47.71 Crores. The proposed site is existing Victor port located in Rajula taluka of Amreli district of Gujarat. The approximate site center co-ordinates are Latitude 20˚58’19” N and Longitude 71˚33’32” E. The total land area is 65,271 m2 (6.527 ha).
The location is around 7 km NE side of Gujarat Pipavav Port Ltd. in Amreli district. Victor village is well connected with National Highway (NH 8E) and State Highway (SH 105) roadway network. Proposed Victor port location is about 4.5 km away from Victor village in south side; presently road connectivity is available between Victor village and Victor port. The present road is concrete road to the proposed site from Victor village.
Amreli district is surrounded by Rajkot district in the North, Bhavnagar district in the East, Junagadh district in the West and Gulf of Khambhat in the South. The district has 4822 small scale industries and 5 medium scale industries with an investment of Rs. 4947.35 lakhs. It is noteworthy that most of the employments have been generated through these industrial developments and same will contribute for employments in the near future.
Table 3.1: Connectivity Details
S. No. Description Name Distance From Project Site
N. H.– 8E Approx 4.70 km - N 1. Nearest Roadways S. H. – 105 Approx 5.20 km – N
Nearest Railway 2. Rajula Approx. 13.45 km - NW Station
Diu airport Approx. 71.90 km SW 3. Nearest Airport Bhavnagar airport Approx. 107 km NNE Amreli airport Approx. 80 km NNW
by road - Approx.13 km - SW Gujarat Pipavav by sea - Approx. 4.3 nautical miles Port 4. Nearest Port (~8 km) by road - Approx. 495 km - E Hazira Port (Surat) by sea - Approx 62 nautical miles
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S. No. Description Name Distance From Project Site
(~115 km)
5. Nearest Town/City Rajula Approx. 13.68 km – NW
6. Nearest settlement Victor village Approx. 4.5 km - N
Main Creek arriving at the port Adopat Creek 7. Creeks and Creeklets Subsidiary creek leading to Victor Motapat Creek village
3.2. Gulf of Khambhat - Geomorphology
Gulf of Khambhat is spread over 185365 ha which is formed of intertidal mud flats, mangrove forests, fringing creeks, saline marshes, salt pans, etc. The wetland area is spread from the region of Talaja on the west of the head of Gulf at Khambhat to Valsad on the east coast for about 200 km. The Tapi, Narmada, Mahi, Sabarmati and several other rivers have deposited alluvium over large areas as the marine recession has united the Saurashtra with the mainland of Gujarat. The Gulf of Khambhat is the largest tidal region in India with the spring tidal range exceeding 8 m. Consequently, the tidal currents are also stronger with the maximum current reaching 3 m/s during spring tide and 2 m/s during the neap tide. The turbulent regime which keeps changing every tidal cycle results in suspension – deposition – re-suspension of bottom sediments continuously in the Gulf leading to higher concentration of TSS in water. The presence of sand ripples and their movement with tides keeps the system more dynamic. The coastline at the project site has vertical banks, and intertidal areas consisting of soft alluvial deposits of coarse and fine sand mixed with silt and clay. Vast coastal area gets flooded during spring high tide. The geological structure of the study area is formed by Quaternary/Tertiary formation (includes alluvial plain, salt flat, valley fill, coastal plain, Coastal ridge, Coastal depression and pedimount Zone).
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4. PROPOSED MARINE FACILITIES
The proposed development of facilities in CRZ area will consist of:
i. Construction of Barge Jetty and berth ii. Dredging of navigational channel iii. Disposal of dredged sediments iv. Ancillary onshore structures for backup infrastructure
The overall layout of the project site superimposed on the CRZ map is shown in Figure 4.1
Berth is located in creek area in order to take maximum advantage of natural depth. Dredging is envisaged in the proposed development upto -4 m CD.
Salient Features:
Berthing length of 285 m in dredged draft of -4.0 m CD
Ro-Ro berth of 91 m with 25 m wide ramp structure
Entrance channel of approx. 6.82 km.
Backup infrastructure
Project will be developed into two phases within 5 years. Features of Initial development plan and 5 year development plan are described in following sections.
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Figure 4.1: Plant Layout superimposed on CRZ areas
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4.1 Dredging
Only maintenance dredging will be required to develop the berthing facility. Berth is located in creek area in order to take maximum advantage of natural depth. Dredging is envisaged in the proposed development up to -4.0 m CD. The dredging quantity is as below:
Table 4.1: Dredging Quantity S. No Location Description Quantity
1 Inside the channel, turning circle and berth maximum 1.8 Million m3
Dredge material will be disposed at the identified Disposal Point as per Hydrodynamic Study Report or for elevation/filling of Chach village chowpati. Predefined disposal point is identified at Latitude 20o53’53” N and Longitude 71o33’23” E.
4.2 Barge Jetty
Table 4.2: Dimension of anticipated barges for proposed facility S. No. Cargo Type Capacity Length Width Loaded 1. Dry Bulk, Break Bulk, Offshore support 2600 DWT 70 m 14 m 3.2 m 2. Ro-Ro and Container 100 TEU 79 m 17.4 m 3.2 m
4.3 Berth Requirement
Operation Time: It is assumed that proposed facilities will work in fair weather season, which brings the effective number of working days to 240 days per year, allowing time for monsoon and non-operational days. Further, it is assumed that the port will operate round the clock i.e. three shifts of eight hours each. This results in an effective working of 20 hours a day.
Time required for other activities: Apart from the time involved in loading of cargo, additional time is required for peripheral activities such as berthing and de-berthing of the barges, customs clearance, cargo surveys, positioning and hook up of equipment, waiting for clearance to sail, waiting at anchorage etc. These activities are assumed to take, on an average, 3 hours per vessel call.
Berth Occupancy: Berth occupancy is expressed as the ratio of the total number of days per year that a berth is occupied by a vessel/barge (including the time spent in peripheral activities) to the number of port operational days in a year. For limited number of berths and with random arrival of vessels, the berth occupancy levels have to be kept low to reduce this detention. Therefore, it is estimated that proposed terminal will have berth occupancy of 65%.
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Berth Requirement: Based on above mentioned parameters, following table shows the berth requirement for proposed facilities:
Table 4.3: Berth Requirement S. No. Particulars Unit Period 1. Traffic MMTPA 4.5 2. Average Parcel size T 2000 3. No. of vessel Calls per Annum No. 2250 4. Handling Rate TPD 14,000 5. Time Required at Port Per barge a. Handling Time Days 0.161 b. Berthing / De-berthing and Miscellaneous Time Days 0.125 Total Time per barge Days 0.286 6. Total Berth Days Required Days 642.9 7 Number of days available in year Days 240 8 Berth occupancy 70% 9 Number of Berth days available 168 10 Number of berth requirement 4
Above table clearly shows that for ultimate cargo projection of 4.5 MMTPA, it is estimated that four number of barge berth is required.
Channel Width and Depth: In order to easily maneuver and operate the cargo ships in the navigational channel, adequate channel width and depth will be provided.
Table 4.4: Channel dimensions Beam Width of channel S. No. Dead Weight (m) (m)
1. 2600 DWT 14.00 56.00
2. 100 TEU 17.40 69.60
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5. BASELINE DATA ON MARINE ENVIRONMENT
The marine environment of the project region at Narmada River has been studied as per the norms stipulated by the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, Govt. of India.
The baseline data were collected in October 2016 to December 2016. The samples were collected from the Gulf of Khambhat and Adopat Creek. The details of the sampling locations are presented in Table 5.1 and Figure 5.1.
The marine water quality parameters Temperature, pH and Salinity were analyzed in-situ onboard by ECSS. Other water quality parameters like Dissolved Oxygen, BOD, COD, Total suspended solids, Turbidity, Ammonia-N, Nitrite-N, Nitrate-N, Total nitrogen, Inorganic phosphate, Total phosphorus, Cadmium, Lead, Mercury, Chromium, Phenolic Compounds and, Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons were analyzed by Eco System Resource Management Pvt. Ltd, Surat, which is accredited by the National Accreditation Board for Laboratory (NABL).
Figure 5.1: Map showing the locations for Marine water
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Table 5.1: Details of Marine Water Sampling Locations Latitude and Selection Code Location Source Distance / Direction Longitude Criteria 20°59'2.81"N CP1 Central Point 1 Creek Approx 2.3 Km / NE 71°34'38.55"E 20°59'45.40"N CP2 Central Point 2 Creek Approx 4.8 Km / NE 71°35'48.50"E 20°58'13.13"N CP Central Point Creek Approx 0.18 Km / SSE 71°33'33.87"E 20°58'10.33"N - Devpara Creek Approx 1.1 Km / WSW 71°32'55.10"E Probable 20°59'45.4"N Impact area SP1 Sampling Point 1 Creek Approx 1.9 Km / SSW 71°35'48.5"E 20°56'47.8"N SP2 Sampling Point 2 Creek Approx 3.6 Km / SSW 71°31'45.0"E 20°56'17.2"N SP3 Sampling Point 3 Sea Approx 5.0 Km / SSW 71°31'26.7"E 20°59'26.87"N - Kathivadar Creek Approx 3.0 Km / NE 71°34'44.68"E
The details of the studies carried out in the coastal region on physical, chemical and biological aspects are explained below:
A. Physical parameters Wind Waves Tides Currents Bathymetry Littoral Drift
B. Water quality parameters Temperature pH Salinity DO BOD COD Ammonical Nitrogen
NO2 – N NO3 – N Inorganic Phosphate Total Suspended Solids Cadmium Lead
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Chromium Mercury Phenolic Compound Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons
C. Sediment quality parameters Sediment structure Total organic carbon Total Nitrogen Total Phosphorous Copper Total Chromium Lead Zinc Iron Manganese Mercury Phenolic Compounds Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon
D. Biological parameters Primary Productivity Phytoplankton, its biomass and diversity Zooplankton, its biomass and diversity Macro benthos, its biomass and diversity Microbial population in water and sediments Mangroves, sea grass and sea weeds Biological status of floral and faunal communities and Fisheries
E. Environmental study Assessment of fishery resources in the area Assessment of coastal and marine ecosystem Assessment of the impact due to project activity Recommendation on mitigation measures Preparation of Environment Management Plan
5.1. Method of collection / analysis A. Physical parameters Wind: Wind data were collected with the help of wind monitor, which was installed at the project site. Waves: Based on hydrodynamic modeling study carried out by Environ Software Pvt. Ltd., the variation of significant wave height (Hs), Zero crossing wave period (Tz) and wave direction corresponding to peak energy (θp) was compiled for the project region. Tides: Based on the hydrodynamic modeling study carried out by Environ Software Pvt. Ltd., the
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variation of tide was compiled for the project region. Currents: Based on the hydrodynamic modeling study carried out by Environ Software Pvt. Ltd., the variation of tide was compiled for the project region. Bathymetry: The Bathymetry of the navigation channel was carried in proposed navigational area and near jetty location in the area shown in figure below. Information regarding Bathymetry in the region is available on Indian Admiralty Chart no. 207 & 2081. Bathy 500 Dual Frequency Echo Sounder was used for sounding operations. However, as the depths in the Survey area were predominantly below 15 metres, Survey Motor Boat used only the 200 KHz frequency for the entire sounding operations within the survey area. The data was logged directly into HYPACK software. The principal sounding lines using single beam Echo Sounders were run at a spacing of 25 m on ground. As per recent survey information available, natural water depths are available in range of -2.4 m CD in near vicinity of the proposed jetty and navigational area.
Figure 5.2: Map showing the bathymetry survey area
B. Water quality parameters
Sampling Methodology for Marine Water Marine water samples were collected from the predetermined locations from bottom (0.5 m above from the bottom) using depth sampler having a capacity of 5 liters. The collected samples were bifurcated into different containers according to parameters. The samples were preserved according to APHA 22nd edition 2012. Preservation was done onsite. DO sampler was used for DO sampling. DO,
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Temperature and pH were measured onsite. Samples were packed and labeled appropriately and brought to the laboratory in ice box.
Temperature: Calibrated thermometer was used for the onsite measurement of temperature and results were based on the rise of mercury upto the point and recorded in field data sheet. pH: pH analysis was carried out with the help of pH meter after attaining the temperature of laboratory just after receiving the sample at the laboratory. Before doing the measurement of pH, Calibration of instrument was done using pH buffer solution of 7.0, 4.0 and 9.2. After each measurement electrode was washed with distilled water and wiped. After the calibration, standard pH solution was also checked. Salinity: Salinity meter was used to measure the salinity and salinity meter was calibrated before measurement. Salinity was measured by bringing the sample in contact with the electrode. DO: Do measurement was done onsite by adopting Azide modification method. DO was collected with the help of DO sampler and the sample was transferred in DO Bottle after taking care that no air bubbles can enter the DO bottle. The sample was kept for few minutes so that it is stabilized. 1ml of MnSO4 followed by 1 ml Alkali Azide reagent was added in the bottle with the help of pipette inserting the tip below the surface. Brown precipitate arises and it was dissolved with the help of 1ml H2SO4. The precipitates were dissolved. Known volume of sample is taken in another BOD bottle for titration against 0.025 N Na2S2O3 solution using starch as an indicator. End point was noted after disappearance of blue colour. BOD: Residual chlorine was removed with the help of sodium thiosulphate solution and dilution was decided on the basis of BOD probability and dilution was done using aerated water. Diluted sample was placed in airtight bottle along with bacterial and nutrient chemical. It was kept under incubation at specific temperature (usually 27oC) and for specific time usually 3 Days. The Dissolved Oxygen quantity was measured Iodometrically before and after incubation. BOD was estimated on DO difference basis. COD: COD was measured by open reflux method in which most types of organic matter are oxidized by a boiling mixture of chromic and sulfuric acids. A sample is refluxed in strongly acid solution with a known excess of potassium dichromate. After digestion, the remaining unreduced potassium dichromate is titrated with ferrous ammonium sulfate to determine the amount of potassium dichromate consumed and the oxidizable organic matter is calculated in terms of oxygen equivalent. Ammonical Nitrogen: Ammonia produces a yellowish- brown coloured compound when reacted with nessler reagent and color intensity was measured spectrophotometrically 410 nm. Pretreatment with znso4 and NaOH precipitates Ca, Fe, Mg, and sulphide, which form turbidity and apparent colour. Addition of EDTA or rochelle salt solution (before nessler reagent) prevents
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precipitation of chlorine and calcium in presence of alkaline nessler’s reagent. Nitrate: Estimated volume of sample was dried. Dried precipitate of nitrate was dissolved in phenol disulphonic acid by rubbing with rod and water was added for complete dissolution. pH was raised with KOH solution, yellow color developed and color intensity was measured spectrophotometrically. Nitrite: Suitable aliquot of sample was taken where NEDA and Sulphanilamide was added to develop the colour. Colour intensity was measured spectrophotometrically. Inorganic Phosphate: Take suitable aliquotes of sample and add 4.0 ml ammonium molybdate reagent and 0.5 ml stannous chloride reagent. Mix it and dilute the aliquot up to 100 ml with distilled water. Let the colour develop. Measure absorbance at 690 nm after 10 min, but before 12 min. TSS: Measured quantity of sample is filtered through previously weighed standard glass fiber filter or Filter paper (Whatman No. 41) and it is dried in hot air oven at 103 to 105°C. After complete dryness of residue it is transferred in desiccators for cooling and final weight is taken on weighing balance. TSS is calculated on weight difference basis. Cadmium: Cadmium (Cd) was determined by Direct AAS method. Chromium: Chromium was oxidized by permanganate to chromate after digestion with HNO3 and H2SO4 and violet colour produced after the reaction of symmetrical diphenyl carbazide to chromate ion and intensity of colour was measured spectrophotometrically at 510 nm. Mercury: Mercury was measure by Dithizone method or Direct AAS method. In Dithizone method, mercury ions react with a dithizone solution in chloroform to form an orange color. The various shade of orange are measured in a spectrophotometer at 492 nm. Phenolic compound: Steamed distillable phenols react with 4 – Aminoantipyrine at pH 7.9 ± 0.1 in the presence of Potassium Ferrocyanide to form a colored Antipyrine dye. This dye is extracted from aqueous solution with Chloroform and absorbance is measured at 460 nm. Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon: Sample was extracted with the help of n-Hexane and it was analysed on GC. Iron: Iron was reduced to ferrous state by boiling with acid and hydroxylamine. Then it was treated with 1,10-Phenanthroline at pH 5.2 to 6.0 and orange or red color developed. Optical density was measured on spectrophotometer at 510 nm.
C. Biological parameter analysis in water
Microbial Population: o Total Coliform: It is a statistical method based on the probability theory. Presence of Coliform organism is indicated by acid or gas production in medium. If Coliforms are present in a sample, they ferment lactose which is present in inoculated media and produce acid gas. Pattern of
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positive and negative test results will be then used to estimate the number of bacteria in the original sample. Since the test gives Most Probable Number of organisms present in the sample. The test will pass through three phases (Presumptive, confirmed and complete phase) and the value to be calculated by using MPN Table. o Fecal Coliform: The test is used to distinguish between Total Coliforms and Fecal Coliforms. Fecal Coliform test done using EC medium at 44.5±0.2°C for 24±2h. o Escherichia coli: One loopful of inoculums (from positive total coliform tube) was transferred to tryptone water broth and it will be incubated at 44.5±0.2°C for 24±2h. o Fecal Streptococci: Test of fecal streptococci is performed by multiple tube technique using azide dextrose broth at 35°C. Primary Productivity: Primary production was estimated at 8 locations. From the water sampler, the samples were immediately transferred to 125 ml DO bottles (two light bottles and one dark bottle). One light bottle containing sample was fixed with Winkler A and Winkler B for analysis of initial oxygen content. The other light bottle and dark bottle with sample were kept in a bucket for 6 hours to allow photosynthesis and respiration. After 6 hours the samples were fixed with Winkler A and Winkler B, and later the DO was analyzed. The increase in dissolved oxygen of water as a result of photosynthesis was measured in the light bottle; simultaneously the decrease in oxygen content in the dark bottle was measured to estimate the respiration alone in the same sample of water. From the DO values the amount of organic carbon synthesized during photosynthesis was calculated. Phytoplankton: Phytoplankton samples were collected at 8 locations as indicated in Fig. 5.1. Phytoplankton samples for quantitative and qualitative analyses were taken by collecting 1 litre of surface water in plastic container and preserved with Lugol's iodine solution. The analysis of phytoplankton samples include initial concentration of water sample to 15 ml volume based on settling and siphoning procedure. Quantitative estimation of phytoplankton was done by employing Sedgewick-Rafter cell counter method. Qualitative analysis involved calculation of the number of cells of each species of phytoplankton in one litre of water. For the qualitative analysis, phytoplankton samples were collected using circular standard plankton net (60μ mesh and 60 cm mouth diameter). The net was towed at subsurface for 5 minutes. After the collection, samples were preserved in 4% buffered formaldehyde and analyzed under an inverted microscope following the standard literature (Subrahmanyan, 1946; Gopinathan, 1976 and Thomas, 1997). Zooplankton: Zooplankton samples were collected using circular zooplankton net (300 μ mesh and 60 cm mouth diameter). The net fitted with digital flowmeter was towed for 5 minutes. After the collection, samples were preserved in 5% buffered formaldehyde. The biomass value of zooplankton was calculated using the displacement volume method. The faunal composition and
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the relative abundance of different zooplankton taxa were sorted out and identified from aliquots upto species level as far as possible. All taxonomic observation and measurements were made on preserved samples. Specimens were identified based on the standard manual (Kasturirangan, 1963; and Conway et al. 2003). The estimated abundance (density) for the different groups was expressed as nos. /100m-3. Benthos: Sediment samples for macro benthos were collected using Van Veen grab sampler from 8 locations. The benthic organisms were separated by sieving through 500 micron mesh and preserved using formaldehyde and Rose Bengal stain. The samples were sorted and identified upto groups/genera level using stereo microscope. The wet weight was taken to calculate the biomass of benthic organisms.
D. Sediment Quality
Sediment Analysis: Sediment analysis helps in determination of water quality and external impact on waterbody as well as determining the suitability for the growth of aquatic flora and fauna. Sediment analysis has been carried out for nutrient parameter, heavy metal parameter and % organic compound. Preparation of Sediment Sample: After receiving the sediment sample, it is dried in air or Sun. Clods are broken with the wooden mallet or mortar in hasten drying. Trees root, wooden bark and other unwanted materials are removed. If it is brought for estimation of organic matter then bark and roots are not removed.
Drying of samples depend upon the proposed test to be conducted on the particular sample.
Suitable quantity of sediment was dissolved in water and analysis carried out as per the procedure given for water analysis. Results were reported on w/w basis.
Sediment preparation for the estimation of Heavy metal parameters: After drying the soil, suitable quantity of soil is transferred in beaker was approximately 1ml conc. H2SO4 and 1ml of HNO3 is added to dissolve the metals. It is stirred on magnetic stirrer, after the complete dissolution of metals. Solution is filtered through filter paper and volume is makeup. Analysis is proceeded as per water quality analysis.
Sediment Texture analysis: Different sizes of sediments are separated applying sieves having different pore size and percentage calculation is done on the bases of sediment separated by sieves and its actual weight.
E. Environmental study Fisheries: The information on fisheries and their potential were collected from local fishing villages and also from the Commissioner of Fisheries, Department of Fisheries, Government of Gujarat. Coastal vegetation, Mangrove and Seaweeds: The near shore plants and mangroves were identified and studied on site by NABET approved EB expert.
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Marine sampling
Fish Spotting Figure 5.2: Photo Gallery
5.2 Results
A. Physical Parameters
Wind: Under normal circumstances berthing will be suspended in mean wind speeds in excess of 25 knots (12.86 m/s), or in significant swell/wave height of 1.2 m. Where winds increase beyond a mean speed of 30 knots (15.43 m/s), serious consideration must be given to leave the berth. Resumption of cargo operations will take place after the mean wind speed falls under 25 knots (12.86 m/s) for a period of at least 30 minutes.
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Source: DPR prepared by Global Marine Consultancy
Figure 5.3: Offshore Wind Rose
Figure shows the annual deep-water wind rose off Gulf of Khambhat. The wind rose shows that higher Winds above 10 m/s mostly come from directions between west and southwest. Probability of exceeding of the wind speed shows that the wind climate should be regarded as mild and the hourly mean wind speed exceeds 10 m/s approximately 5% of the time.
Winds are generally moderate but in summer and south-west monsoon season they become stronger. South westerly to westerly winds prevail in the south-west monsoon season. In October winds are from direction between west and north-east. In January and February winds are again from directions between west and northeast. In the summer season the winds are predominantly from directions between south-west and north-west. In association with cyclonic storms in the Arabian Sea in the post- monsoon months and to a lesser extent in May and June the district experiences very strong winds and widespread rain. Thunderstorms occur in all the months except in February and December, the frequency being more during the period May to October.
Currents: Moderate to strong currents are prevalent in the vicinity of the port with velocity reaching up to 3 knots at spring tides. Inside the Motapat creek channel area currents are limited to 0.2 m/s. There is little or no slack water and close attention to moorings must be given at all times and especially at change of tide and all the time during SW monsoon.
Waves: The site is subjected to high wind speed and persistent south westerly swell waves during the south west monsoon period (June to August). During the rest of the year, conditions are generally quite benign. Tropical revolving storms occur infrequently in the northern Indian Ocean, but can cause significantly enhanced local wind speeds, sea state, water level and current velocities at site near Amreli.
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Source: DPR prepared by Global Marine Consultancy Figure 5.4: Offshore Wave Rose
Tides: The relevant tidal levels given below are considered based on data received from GMB.
Table 5.2: Details of Tide Levels
S. No. Tide Type Abbreviation Level
1. Mean High Water Springs (MHWS) (+) 3.90 m
2. Mean Highest High Water (MHHW) (+) 3.20 m
3. Mean Low High Water (MLHW) (+) 2.40 m
4. Mean Sea Level (MSL) (+) 1.80 m
5. Mean High Low Water (MHLW) (+) 1.20 m
6. Mean Lowest Low Water (MLLW) (+) 0.50 m
7. Chart Datum (CD) (+) 0.00 m
The deck level of the berth is considered as +5.0 m CD for the site. The final deck level will be decided at the stage of detailed engineering.
Bathymetry: As per recent survey information available, natural water depths are available in range of - 2.4 m CD in near vicinity of the proposed jetty and navigational area. The interpreted average strata at the site, based on information from the site investigation are given below.
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Table 5.3: General Soil Layer Profile Approximate depth Layer No. Description (m CD) From To 1 Grayish Soft marine CLAY 0.0 9.0 2 Grayish Medium soft marine CLAY 9.0 13.5 3 Grayish very stiff sandy CLAY 13.5 16.5 4 Brownish Hard sandy clay with 16.5 24.0 Completely Weathered SANDSTONE 5 Brownish Highly weathered SANDSTONE 24 onwards
From field observation it is noticed that the top strata is sound varying from soft clayey sand to well cemented, weak to moderately weak layer of siliceous Calcarenite sand stone. It is obvious that sedimentation pattern varies in accordance with geological setting of the location and so the depth of each stratum varies with location.
B. Water Quality
Table 5.4: Marine Water Analysis Result Sampling Code
CP1 CP2 CP Devpara S. No. Parameters Unit Low High Low High Low High Low High tide Tide tide Tide tide Tide tide Tide
1. Temperature 0C 25 26 25 26 24 25 24 25
2. pH at 250C pH Unit 7.69 7.78 7.58 7.65 7.62 7.75 7.51 7.65
6. Salinity as NaCl mg/L 14900 28200 14850 28100 15110 28400 18400 30200
16. Dissolved oxygen(DO) mg/L 6.1 5.8 6.1 5.9 6 5.7 6 5.7 Chemical Oxygen 17. mg/L 4 8 4 8 8 12 8 11 Demand (COD) Biochemical Oxygen 18. Demand(BOD) at 270C mg/L <4 <4 <4 <4 <4 <4 <4 <4 for 3 days Total Suspended 5. mg/L 510 536 491 522 482 523 512 543 Solids (TSS) at 105oC Inorganic Phosphate 12. mg/L 0.10 0.15 0.09 0.12 0.11 0.18 0.10 0.12 (as PO4)
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Phenolic Compound 14. mg/L Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil as C6H5OH Total Petroleum 15. mg/L <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 Hydrocarbon 0.75 0.94 0.76 0.89 0.91 0.96 0.81 0.93 19. Nitrate (as NO3-N) mg/L
Nitrite (as NO2-N) mg/L
20. Ammonia (as NH3-N) mg/L 1.70 1.93 1.69 1.81 1.88 2.04 1.77 1.89
21. Iron(as Fe) mg/L 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.15 0.25 0.29 0.11 0.13
22. Copper (as Cu) mg/L <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05
23. Boron (as B) mg/L 3.43 3.60 1.20 1.34 1.79 1.97 1.38 1.56
24. Chromium (as Cr) mg/L <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03
25. Zinc (as Zn) mg/L 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.19 0.25 0.07 0.10
26. Cadmium (as Cd) mg/L <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
27. Mercury (as Hg) mg/L <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
28. Nickel (as Ni) mg/L <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Marine Water Quality Temperature: Temperature is an important parameter, which affect the living organism’s productivity and colony of the region. Temperature was analysed on site and it was found in the range of temperature of the water is generally less than ambient air temperature. During high tide it was observed in the range of 25.0 to 26 oC and during low tide it was 24.0 to 25 oC, which follow the profile of air temperature as expected. pH: Primary production, respiration and mineralization are able to redox the reaction as well as marine water has buffering capacity which in turn neutralizes the pH of the system in case excess acidic or alkali dilution does not take place. Identifying pH for acidic or alkaline disturbances enables one to locate zones of pollution. During high tide it was observed in the range of 7.65 to 7.92 and during low tide it was 7.51 to 7.79 and which is almost neutral. Salinity: Salinity was also measured for total 8 locations including Kathivadar and Devpara creek and it was observed in the range of 13700 to 32850 mg/L during low tide and 26390 to 34630 mg/L during high tide. It was also observed that salinity increase as we move towards the sea side. Salinity was found higher towards the sea side and on lower towads creek side which indicates
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that fresh water from some source flow into the creek. Total Suspended Solids (TSS): TSS is one of the very important parameter as it plays the role as obstruction in the path of light which affects the rate of photosynthesis and productivity. Mainly TSS are generated in water bodies due to biological ornganism (autochthonous) and / or from sources of terrestrial matter (allochthonus) as well as precipitates of NaCl. During analysis total suspended solids was found in the range of 482 to 520 mg/L and 522 to 564 mg/L during low tide and high tide respectively. Minimum value was recorded at Central Point during low tide and maximum value was recorded at Sampling Point - 3 during high tide. DO: DO is an essential parameter which affects the biotic component of the water. The amount of oxygen dissolved in the water column at a given time is the balance between consumption and replenishment. In an ideal ecosystem, these two processes should be at equilibriumto keep the water column saturated with DO. DO was found in the range of 5.6 to 6.3 mg/L and 5.5 to 5.9 mg/L during low tide and high tide respectively. Minimum and maximum value were recorded at Sampling Point - 2, Sampling Point - 3 and Kathivadar respectively. Review of literature suggests that the values of DO >4 mg/L promotes in sustaining biological life of water body however values, 2mg/L cause respiratory impacts on aquatic fauna. COD and BOD: Chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demands indicate towards the possibility of degradable and nondegradable organic matter and amount of oxygen required to degrade /oxidize the said organic matter. COD and BOD are one of the important parameters which denotes towards pollution level and dilution capacity of the system. During analysis COD & BOD parameters were found in the range of 4 to 12 and below 4 mg/L respectively. This indicates towards self-degradation of aquatic life in water body as well as plant leaf fall situated at banks. Phenolic Compound: The main sources of Phenolic compounds are discharge of effluents containing phenolic compounds in marine by Industries; additionally they can also be released during humification processes occurring in sediment. Higher concentrations of phenolic compounds may be toxic to marine organisms and can accumulate in certain cellular components as well as their traces may reach marine product. Nutrients: Determination of Nutrients is important as it helps in determining the potential fertility of an ecosystem. Nitrogen plays its role as nutrient in different forms as required by flora and fauna in the water body. Mainly nitrogen and Phosphorus are considered as Macronutrients. Analysis was carried out for nitrogen as Ammonical nitrogen and nitrate (as NO3_N) and Phosphorus (as PO4) Ammonical nitrogen was found in the range of 1.68 to 2.04 mg/L and nitrate was found in the range of 0.75 to 0.99 mg/L. Phosphorus concentration varied in the range of 0.07 to 0.18 mg/L. Pure water doesnot contain ammonia and other forms of nitrogen. These compounds reach in water body from external sources like sewage/industrial effluent but it is also the fact that these compounds may reach by various organisms that are present in that water
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body due to release of excretory matter during metabolic activity. It is also noted that the concentration of nutrient material is not more than the desirable limit for primary production. Trace metal: Heavy metals come in water body through different mode like discharge of effluent in water body and its presence in sediment texture therefore analysis of trace metal may help important role during impact analysis on water ecosystem. Analysis was carried out for various heavy metal parameters like Fe, Cu, B, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni, Hg etc. and results meet with the drinking water norms. Iron ranges from 0.05 to 0.29, Copper is < 0.05, B ranges from 1.2 to 3.6 and Zinc ranges from 0.01 to 0.25 and other parameters were found below the detection limit indication that there is no external factor affecting the water quality. Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons: The coastal waters are susceptible to oil pollution due to various maritime activities like fishing operation, spillage from oil tankers, port activities etc. In the study area the dissolved and dispersed Petroleum hydrocarbons were found to be Below Detectable Level < 1 mg/l at all 8 locations
Table 5.5: Microbiological Analysis Report for Marine Water Sample Sampling Location
S. Central Point Parameters Unit Central Point 1 Central Point Devpara No. 2 Low High Low High Low High Low High tide Tide tide Tide tide Tide tide Tide MPN/ 1 Total Coliform 210 140 130 110 220 170 170 120 100 mL MPN / 2 Fecal Coliform 84 63 63 49 150 110 84 70 100 mL MPN / 3 Escherichia coli 9.1 6.1 6.0 4.0 14 11 9.2 6.8 100 mL Fecal MPN / 4 <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 Streptococci 100 mL
Table 5.6: Microbiological Analysis Report for Marine Water Sample Sampling Location S. Sampling Point 1 Sampling Point 2 Sampling Point 3 Kathivadar Parameters Unit No. Low High High Low High Low High Low tide tide Tide Tide tide Tide tide Tide MPN / 170 280 220 110 94 1 Total Coliform 210 150 240 100 mL 2 Fecal Coliform MPN / 94 70 120 84 140 110 63 34
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100 mL MPN / 11 17 10 5.5 3.7 3 Escherichia coli 10 8.3 12 100 mL MPN / 4 Fecal Streptococci <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 100 mL
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Table 5.7: Zooplankton Abundance Report Analysis Report for Marine Water Sample
CP1 CP2 CP Devpara SP1 SP2 SP3 Kathiwadar S. No. Genus/ Species Nos. % Nos. % Nos. % Nos. % Nos. % Nos. % Nos. % Nos. % /m3 PHYLUM: PROTOZOA
1 Tintinnopsis sp. 80 12.58 75 11.87 83 14.29 69 11.26 65 9.42 78 12.17 81 12.62 59 11.24
2 Favella sp. 76 11.95 54 8.54 68 11.70 61 9.95 76 11.01 70 10.92 65 10.12 57 10.86
3 Dictyocysta sp. ------49 7.99 64 9.28 51 7.96 43 6.70 33 6.29
4 Eutintinnus tenuis 72 11.32 78 12.34 53 9.12 66 10.77 66 9.57 70 10.92 73 11.37 61 11.62
5 Amoeba proteus 100 15.72 103 16.30 81 13.94 73 11.91 86 12.46 95 14.82 84 13.08 72 13.71
6 Euglena viridis 63 9.91 52 8.23 49 8.43 62 10.11 78 11.30 56 8.74 73 11.37 49 9.33
PHYLUM: CHAETOGNATHA
7 Sagitta sp. 65 10.22 67 10.60 51 8.78 44 7.18 69 10.00 57 8.89 63 9.81 41 7.81
PHYLUM: ANNELIDA Class: Polychaeta
8 Polychaete larvae 15 2.36 10 1.58 17 2.93 12 1.96 9 1.30 13 2.03 11 1.71 7 1.33
PHYLUM: MOLLUSCA Gastropods veliger 9 62 9.75 67 10.60 58 9.98 51 8.32 65 9.42 52 8.11 48 7.48 43 8.19 larvae
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PHYLUM: ARTHROPODA
Class: Crustacea Order: Copepoda
10 Acartia erythraea 40 6.29 56 8.86 52 8.95 62 10.11 63 9.13 41 6.40 49 7.63 57 10.86
11 Copepod nauplii 13 2.04 16 2.53 11 1.89 8 1.31 5 0.72 10 1.56 7 1.09 9 1.71
12 Corycaeus catus 20 3.14 22 3.48 19 3.27 15 2.45 12 1.74 7 1.09 11 1.71 15 2.86
13 Crustacean nauplii 12 1.89 10 1.58 18 3.10 22 3.59 17 2.46 24 3.74 23 3.58 14 2.67
PHYLUM: CHORDATA
14 Fish larvae 18 2.83 22 3.48 21 3.61 19 3.37 15 2.17 17 2.65 11 1.71 8 1.52
TOTAL 636 100 632 100 581 100 613 100 690 100 641 100 642 100 525 100
Table 5.8: Zooplankton species and population at different sampling station Abundance Sampling Station Number of species (Nos./m3) CP1 13 636 CP2 13 632 CP 13 581 Devapara 14 613 SP1 14 690 SP2 14 641 SP3 14 642 Kathiwadar 14 525
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Zooplankton
Zooplankton in the water bodies belongs to four main taxonomic groups i.e. Protozoa, Rotifers, cladocerans and Copepod. They occupy an intermediate position of foodweb in aquatic ecosystem, fed on algae and bacteria and in turned fed by numerous invertebrates and fish. Zooplankton survey was conducted in creek and marine waaterbody falling within 10 km radius. For the determination of zooplankton species and taxonomic group 20 to 30 liters of samples were passed through zooplankton net for concentrating the sample. 2 Liters of sample were also collected from some points considering as in eutrophic zone. Samples were preserved on site using 5 % buffered formalin. Counting and identification was done with the help of compound microscope. During the testing total 14 numbers of species were identified from different groups and the abundance was noted in the range of 525 to 690 numbers/m3. Shannon index value was also calculated to assess the marine water quality with respect to zooplankton biodiversity and it was found in the range of 3.42 to 3.58. Shannon index value indicates towards the mild pollution.
Table 5.9: Pigment Analysis and Phytoplankton cell count for Marine Water Sample Algal S. Chlorophyll – a Pheophytin Cell Count Sampling Location biomass No mg/m3 mg/m3 Unit/L mg/m3 Center Low tide 0.94 1.02 62.68 740 1 Point 1 High tide 0.80 1.06 53.73 700 Center Low tide 0.80 0.98 53.73 800 2 Point 2 High tide 0.53 0.99 35.82 750 Center Low tide 1.20 1.53 80.59 690 3 Point High tide 0.94 1.30 62.68 670 Low tide 0.53 0.71 35.82 530 4 Devpara High tide 0.40 0.63 26.86 490 Sampling Low tide 0.53 0.87 35.82 830 5 Point 1 High tide 0.40 0.75 26.86 770 Sampling Low tide 0.67 0.86 44.77 720 6 Point 2 High tide 0.53 0.99 35.82 680 Sampling Low tide 0.53 0.63 35.82 700 7 Point 3 High tide 0.40 0.71 26.86 680 Low tide 0.40 0.59 26.86 570 8 Kathivadar High tide 0.67 1.03 44.77 610
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Table 5.10: List of Dominant Phytoplankton species Sampling location CP CP1 CP2 SP1 SP2 SP3 Kathivadar Devpara Class : Bacillariophyceae Genus : Chaetoceros + + + + + + + + Coscscinodiscus + + + + + + + + Rhizosolenia + + + + + - + + Navicula + + + + + + + - Nitzschia + + + - + + + + Ditylum + + + + - + + + Class : Dinophyceae Genus : Dinophysis + + + + - + + + Prorocentrum + + + + + + + - Ceratium + + - + + + + + Class : Cyanophyceae Genus : Oscillatoria + + + + + + + +
Table 5.11: Primary Productivity Average PP S. No. Sampling Location mgC/m3/day 1. CP 480 2. CP1 372 3. CP-2 386 4. Devpara 490 5. SP-1 490 6. SP-2 372 7. SP-3 468 8. Kathivadar 480
Phytoplankton and Primary Productivity Phytoplankton analysis has been carried out and the test data have been incorporated under the heading of ecology and biodiversity. Phyto pigment analysis and counting of phytoplankton was carried out for all the location. The concentration of Phytopigments viz. Chlorophyll – a is in the range of 0.40 to 0.94 mg/m3 and 0.40 to 1.2 mg/m3 during high tide and low tide respectively. Phytoplankton count varies from 490 to 770 Unit/L and 530 to 830 Unit/L during high tide and low tide respectively.
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Primary productivity was calculated on the basis of DO differencing, dark and light bottle and it was found in the range of 372 to 490 mgC/m3/day
Table 5.12: Details of Benthos sample Results Systematic Group Sampling location CP1 CP2 CP Devpara SP1 SP2 SP3 Kathivadar Polychaetes + + + + + + + +
Mysids + + + + _ + _ +
Ostracods + + + + + + + +
Isopodes + + + + + + + +
Amphipodes - - - + - - - -
Brachyurans - - + - - - + +
Insects + + + + - - - +
Gastropodes - - - - - + - -
Pelecypodes ------
Copepod + + + + + + + +
Rotifer + + + + + + + +
Protozoa + + + + + + + +
Fish egg & larvae + + + + + + + +
Dead Fish - + - + - - + -
Nematohelminthes - + + + - + + -
Note: + denotes present and – denotes absent
Benthos Benthic faunal population depends on the nature of the substrata and the organic matter content. Benthos also plays an important role in an aquatic ecosystem. Benthos sample were also collected from total 8 nos of locations with the help of Ekman grab sampler and slurry was stored. Dominant groups are Polychaetes, Ostracodes, Isopodes.
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Table 5.13: Sediment Quality Analysis Total Sediment Cr Mn Fe Zn Cu S. Sampling Sand Clay Silt P Organi Total N Texture mg mg mg/ mg mg/ No. Location (%) (%) (%) mg/k c C% mg/kg class /kg /kg kg /kg kg g 1. CP Clay soil 15.2 51.7 33.1 120 8 17 930 26 10 0.8 156 2. CP1 Clay soil 13.9 63.4 22.7 162 9.1 18 310 38 20 1.4 178 3. CP-2 Clay soil 17.7 58.4 23.9 153 8.2 15 480 41 80 1.1 181 4. Devpara Clay soil 12.1 67.2 20.7 172 7.7 13 510 46 30 1.0 159 5. SP-1 Clay soil 11.4 71.2 17.4 169 8.5 17 390 32 20 0.8 147 6. SP-2 Clay soil 10.7 69.3 20.0 158 6.3 12 460 49 50 1.5 135 7. SP-3 Clay soil 12.6 72.8 14.6 147 7.1 14 410 37 40 1.3 159 8. Kathivadar Clay soil 9.9 75.6 14.5 189 6.9 10 570 33 25 0.9 182
Table 5.14: Dredge Material Quality Analysis Cu Zn Hg Cd Cr S. Sampling Total P Total N Fe Mn Organic mg/ mg/ Mg/ Mg/ mg/ No. Location mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg C% kg kg kg kg kg 1. CP 120 172 540 17.2 27.6 3.6 2.9 7.6 13.4 1.6 2. CP-1 162 187 308 22 37 2.9 2.0 8.1 16.5 1.8 3. CP-2 153 180 482 80.3 41.6 2.4 2.0 8.2 14.2 1.2 4. Devpara 177 168 515 37.1 46 3.7 2.8 7.4 12.0 1.4 5. SP-1 180 149 389 24 30.2 3.5 3.0 7.5 17.7 1.0 6. SP-2 154 132 464 48.7 45.8 3.0 2.4 7.3 13.5 1.4 7. SP-3 150 159 412 45 37. 2.9 2.2 8.0 14 1.7 8. Kathivadar 186 186 577 27.5 30.7 2.5 2.0 6.6 11.1 1.3
Sediment Analysis: Sediment analysis helps in determination of water quality and external impact on waterbody as well as determing the suitability for the growth of aquatic flora and fauna. Sediment analysis has been carried out for nutrient parameter, heavy metal parameter and % organic compound. During the analysis phosphorous was found in the range of 120 to 189 mg/kg with minimum at location Center Point and maximum at Kathivadar and nitrogen content varies from 135 to 182 mg/kg with minimum at location Sampling Point-3 and maximum at Kathivadar.
Heavy metals’ parameter analysis was also carried out where Iron and Copper was found in the range of 310 to 930 mg/kg and 10 to 80 respectively. The content of Zinc and Chromium was found in the range of 26 to 49 and 6.3 to 9.1 mg/kg respectively. Total Organic carbon was found in the range of 0.8 to 1.5.
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6. MANGROVES Mangroves are salt - tolerant forest ecosystems found mainly in tropical and sub - tropical inter-tidal regions of the world. They are trees or shrubs that have the common trait of growing in shallow and muddy salt water or brackish waters, especially along quiet shorelines and in estuaries. Mangroves are not common on sandy beaches and rocky shores. A muddy substratum of varying depth and consistency is necessary for their normal growth. They are rarely found near the open sea or mouth of an estuary, but abundantly found in sheltered places like creeks and estuaries. They have a remarkable ability to adapt and survive in their suffocating, salt-laden environment. As per 2009 estimates of Forest Survey of India (FSI), among the states, West Bengal, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat support good coverage of mangrove forests. Gujarat is having second highest mangroves in the country after West Bengal (MoEFCC 2010).
6.1 Mangroves in Amreli district Mangroves (marine and terrestrial) encountered in the study area are shown below:
Figure 6.1: Mangroves in the creek region During the visit it was found that the study area falls in a close proximity of Mangroves. However, mangroves of approx. 6000 m2 or 0.006 km2 were found in the study region.
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Table 6.1: Details of Mangroves in the study area Table 5. Status of Mangrove (Area in sq. km.) in Mangrove Area Under different density Saurashtra Coast Region classes (sq. km.) Dense Sparse Total Potential Area Amreli 0.09 1.47 1.56 1.32 Junagarh 0.0 1.64 1.64 0.03 Porbandar 0.35 0.86 1.21 0.01 Total 0.44 3.97 4.41 1.33 Source: Patel et al., 2014 (AARS) http://www.geoinfo.ait.ac.th/ajg/index.php/journal/article/viewFile/112/83
11 nos. of mangrove species found in the study area are addressed in the EB study at the study region:
Table 6.2: List of Mangrove in the study area S. No. Scientific name Common name Family Marine 1. Avecenia marina Grey Mangrove Verbenaceae 2. Avecenia officinalis Indian Mangrove Verbenaceae 3. Avicennia alba - Verbenaceae 4. Avicennia germinans Black Mangrove Verbenaceae 5. Laguncularia racemosa White Mangrove Combretaceae 6. Rhizophora mangle Red Mangrove Rhizophoraceae 7. Rhizophora mucronata - Rhizophoraceae Terrestrial 8. Salvadora persica Toothbrush Tree Salvadoraceae 9. Salvadora oleoides Decne. Toothbrush Tree-Big Salvadoraceae 10. Sonneratia apetala Blume Mangrove Lythraceae 11. Sonneratia alba Mangrove Apple Lythraceae
There are no mangroves at the site, hence mangrove destruction will not take place. Mangrove Conservation Plan has also been formulated and will be implemented for mangrove species conservation. Awareness program about mangroves and its importance will be conducted for workers and nearby residents so that they will not disturb at all.
6.2 Floral Diversity of the Study Area The objective of this floral inventory of the study area is to provide necessary information on floristic structure in the study area for formulating effective management and conservation measures. The climatic, edaphic and biotic variations with their complex interrelationship and composition of species, which are adapted to these variations, have resulted in different vegetation cover, characteristic of each region (Ohasi, 1975). The tree species, herbs, shrubs, climbers and major crops, were documented during this base line study (Jain, 1968; 1991).
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Trees: The dominant trees in the study area are Azadirachta indica (Neem), Khejari (Prosopis cineraria), Babool (Acacia nilotica), Mangifera indica (Aam). Total 28 species of trees belong to 16 families are enumerated from the study area.
Table 6.3: Trees in the Study area S. No. Family and Scientific name Vernacular name 1 Anacardiaceae 1/1 Mangifera indica L. Aam
2 Annonaceae 2/1 Polyalthia longifolia Asopalav 3 Ebenaceae 3/1 Diospyros cordifolia Roxb. Dheki 4 Apocynaceae 4/1 Plumeria rubra L. Champa 5/2 Tamarindus indica Imli 5 Casuarinaceae 6/1 Casuarina equisetifolia L. Sharu 6 Caricaceae 7/1 Carica papaya L. Papaya 7 Fabaceae 8/1 Dalbergia sisoo Sisso 9/2 Delonix regia (Boj) Gulmohar 10/3 Parkinsonia aculeate L. Rambaval 11/4 Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Tamrafal 12/5 Albizia lebbeck L. Sirid 8 Leguminosae 13/1 Derris indica (Lam.) Karanj 9 Meliaceae 14/1 Azadirachta indica A.Juss Limdo 10 Mimosaceae 15/1 Acacia nilotica Desi Baval 16/2 Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Pardesi Baval 17/3 Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Bth. Jungle jalebi 18/4 Prosopis cineraria (L.) Khejari 19/5 Acacia senegal (L.) Willd, Baval 11 Moraceae 20/1 Ficus benghalensis L. Bargad 21/2 Ficus religiosa L. Pipal 12 Moringaceae
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22/1 Moringa oleifera Lam Sargavo 13 Myrtaceae 23/1 Eucalyptus citriodora Hk. Nilgari 24/2 Syzygium cumini Jambu 14 Rhamnaceae 25/1 Zizyphus mauritiana Bor 26/2 Zizyphus xylopyrus Jungli Bor 15 Salvadoraceae 27/1 Salvadora persica L. Piludo 16 Sapotaceae 28/1 Manilkara zapota l. van Royen Chikoo
Table 6.4: Medicinally Important Plants Observed in the Study Area S. No. Scientific Name Vernacular Name 1. Acacia nilotica Baval 2. Aloe vera Kumarpathu 3. Azardirachta indica Limdo 4. Calotropis gigntea Akado 5. Calotropis procera Akado 6. Capparis decidua Kerdo 7. Carica papaya Papaya 8. Cassia auriculata Aval 9. Cuscuta reflexa Akashvel 10. Datura metel Dhatura 11. Dichostachys cinerea Mordhundiyu 12. Euphorbia nivulia Thor 13. Ficus bengalesis Vad 14. Ficus religiosa Paipal 15. Ipomoea Fistulosa Nasarmo 16. Lawsonia interims Mendhi
Shrubs: Total 21 shrub species belong to 16 families are enumerated from the study area. The dominant shrub community in this area was represented by Prosopis juliflora (Gando Baval), Calotropis procera, (Akoda), etc.
Table 6.5: List of Shrubs in the Study Area S. No. Family and Scientific name Vernacular name 1 Apocynaceae 1/1 Thevetia peruviana Pili Kaner
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2 Asclepiadaceae 2/1 Calotropis procera Akoda 3 Bignoniaceae 3/1 Tecoma stans (L.) H.B. & K. Peilafol 4 Cactaceae 4/1 Cereus peruvianus Cactus 5/2 Opuntia elatior Mill. Fafdo thor 5 Capparaceae 6/1 Capparis decidua (Forsk) Edgew Kerdo 6 Compositae 7/1 Xanthium strumarium L. Gokhru 7 Convolvulaceae 8/1 Ipomoea fistulosa Besharm 8 Euphorbiaceae 9/1 Ricinus communis L. Divel 10/2 Euphorbia nivulia Buch.-Ham Thor 11/3 Jatropha curcus L. Ratanjot 9 Malvaceae 12/1 Abelmoschus manihot L. Jungli Bindi 13/2 Hibiscus rosa sinensis L. Jasund 10 Musaceae 14/1 Musa paradisiaca L. Kela 11 Mimosaceae 15/1 Prosopis juliflora Gando baval 12 Nyctaginaceae 16/1 Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. Bougainvelia 13 Rhamnaceae 17/1 Zizyphus nummularia Jharbera 18/2 Zizyphus nummularia (Burm.f.) W. &. Chanibor 14 Punicaceae 19/1 Punica granatum Anar 15 Rutaceae 20/1 Citrus limon Neebu 16 Lythraceae 21/1 Lawsonia inermis Mehandi
Herbs: Total 20 herbaceous species belongs to 12 family (agricultural crops not included) were recorded from the study area.
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Table 6.6: List of Herbaceous species observed in the Study area S. No. Family and Scientific name Vernacular name 1 Asphodelaceae 1/1 Aloe barbensis Mill. Kunvarapato 2 Asteraceae 2/1 Tridax procumbens L Bhangro 3/2 Eclipta prostrata Bhangro 4/3 Echinops echinatus Roxb Shulio 5/4 Lacunae procumbens (Roxb) Moti Bhonpatri 3 Convolvulaceae 6/1 Cressa cretica L. Palio, Rudanti 7/2 Ipomoea pes-carprae (L) Dariani vel 8/3 Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. Nalini Bhaji 9/4 Ipomoea obscura Ker Vad fudradi 4 Lamiaceae ( Labiatae) 10/1 Ocimum sanctum L. Tulsi 5 Malvaceae 11/1 Abutilon indicum L. Khapat, Dabaliar 6 Menyanthaceae 12/1 Nyphoides indicum (Roxb.) Kumudini 7 Nyctaginaceae 13/1 Boerhavia diffusa L. Satodi 8 Papilionaceae 14/1 Cortalaria medicaginea Lam Ran methi 9 Poaceae (Gramineae) 15/1 Saccharum munja Munja 16/2 Pennisetum typhoides (Burm.) Bajri 10 Pontederiaceae 17/1 Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Jalkumbhi 11 Solanaceae 18/1 Datura metel Dhatura 19/2 Solanum nigrum L. Piludi 12 Zygophyllaceae 20/1 Tribulus terrestris L Gokhru
Dominant Climbers in the Study Area: Cuscuta chinensis (Amarbel), Ipomea aquatica Forsk. (Nadinivel), Coccinia Grandis (Ghiloda), Mukia maderaspatana (L) M.Roem (Chanakchibhdi), Mucuna prurita Hk. f (Kavach, Koyli) were observed in the entire study area.
Cultivated Plants in the Study Area
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The general crop patterns practiced in the study area were Bajri (Pennisetum typhoides), Juwar (Sorghum vulgare) Ground nut (Arachis hypogaea) and cotton (Gossypiumm harbaceum) during monsoon, Onion (Allium cepa), Garlic (Allium sativum) Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersicum), during winter and during summer only Ground nut (Unadanu Mumphali ) were practiced in this region.
a. Major Crops: Major crops in the study area include Cotton (Gossypiumm harbaceaum) and Onion (Allium cepa). But after monsoon Ground nut (Arachis hypogaea) Bajri (Pennisetum typhoides), Juwar (Sorghum vulgare) and cotton (Gosypiumm harbacaum) are the main crops.
b. Minor Crops: Minor crops practiced in this region after monsoon were Jeeru (Cuminum cyminum), and Mirchi, (Capsicum annuum).
c. Major Horticultural Crops: Plantation of Chikku (Manilkara zapota), Kela (Musa sp.) Papaya (Carica papaya) and Dadam (Punica granatusm) were observed at some localities. Mango trees (Mangifera indica) and Tamarindus trees (Tamarindus indica) were observed adjacent to the residential area and also along the road side at almost all villages.
d. Major Vegetable Corps: The major vegetables grown in the study area were: Bhindi (Abelmoschus escelentus), Brinjal, (Ringana Solanum melongena), Cabbage (Brassica oeraceae), Tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersicum), Guvar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba), Val (Lablab purpureus), Turia (Luffa acutangula), Karela (Momordica charantia), Drum stick (Sargva) (Moringa oleifera), Amli (Tamarindus indica) Chloi (Vigna unguilata)
e. Pulses: The pulses cultivated in this region were Mag (Vigna acontifolia), Tuver (Cajanus cajan).
Rare and Endangered Flora in the Study Area: Among the enumerated flora in the study area, none of them were assigned any threat category by Red data book of Indian Plants (Jain and Sastry, 1984; Nayar and Sastry, 1987; 1988; 1990; Oldfield et al., 1998; Kholia and Bhakuni, 2009) and Red list of threatened Vascular plants (IUCN, 2010).
Endemic Plants of the Study Area: Among recorded plant species none can be assigned the status of endemic plant of this region.
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Species Distribution
5 5 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1
Figure 6.2: Dominant Tree family of the study area
3
2
1
0
Figure 6.3: Dominant Shrub family of the study area
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Mangroove Tree Shrub Hurbs Climber
Figure 6.4: Habit wise representation of plants from the study area
6.3 Faunal Diversity of the Study Area For the documentation of the faunal biodiversity of the study area with respect to birds, reptiles, amphibians, and butterfly species, a baseline survey had been conducted. Birds: The sighting of bird species was very lass during the study period. The most commonly spotted bird species of this area were; Cattle Egret, Intermediate Egret, Red-wattled Lapwing, Rock Pigeon, Eurasian Collared-Dove, Chestnut-headed Bee-eater, Bank Myna and Common Myna. Water birds are very common as creek and sea shore line is the major part falls under study area. The Indian Peafowl was observed which is listed as schedule –I as per IWPA, 1972 and others listed as schedule IV as per IWPA, 1972. List of schedule -1 as per Wild life Protection Act 1972, species is given in the below table.
Table 6.7 (a): List of birds observed in the Study area S. No Scientific Name Local Name Common Name Schedule Status 1. Accipiter badius Shakro Shikra Schedule IV R 2. Acridotheres ginginianus Ghoda kabar Bank Myna Schedule IV R 3. Actitis hypoleucos Nani tutwari Sandpiper Schedule IV W 4. Alauda arvensis Khari chakli Sky Lark Schedule IV R 5. Amaurornis phoenicurus Safed chatari White-breasted Water Schedule IV R hen 6. Anthus campestris Pidi dhanchidi Pipit Schedule IV R 7. Anthus spinoletta Panini Dhanchidi Water Pipit Schedule IV W 8. Apus affinis Moto Ababil Little Swift Schedule IV R 9. Apus apus Ababil Common Swift Schedule IV R 10. Aquila clanga Kaljango Spotted Eagle Vulnerable R
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11. Aquila heliacal Shahi Garud Imperial Eagle Vulnerable R 12. Arcleola grayii Khokhadbaglo Heron Schedule IV R 13. Arihinga melanogaster Jalbhil Darter Schedule IV R 14. Athene noctua Nani ghuwad Little Owl Schedule IV R 15. Bubulcus ibis Dhorbaglo Cattle Egret Schedule IV R 16. Caprimulgus asiastiuc Sonara Nightjar Schedule IV R 17. Carduelis carduelis Tapusiyu Goldfinch Schedule IV R 18. Centropus sinensis Hoco Coucal LC R 19. Ciconia ciconia Badho White Stork Schedule IV V 20. Circus aeruginosus Panpatai Harrier Marsh LC R 21. Circus macrourus Panpatai Pallid Harrier NT R 22. Circus pygargus Panpatai Harrier Montagu’s LC R 23. Columba livia Kabutar Rock Pigeon LC R 24. Coracias benghalensis Deshi Neelkanth Indian Roller LC R 25. Courser coromandelicus Rangodhlo Courser LC R 26. Covus splendens Kagdo Crow Schedule IV R 27. Cursorius coromandelicus Rangodhlo Courser LC R 28. Cyanistes caeruleus Chikyu Blue Tit Schedule IV R 29. Dendrocygna bicolor Nani bawk Duck Schedule IV R 30. Dicrurus macrocercus Kado kosi Black drongo Schedule IV R 31. Egretta garzetta Baglo Little Egret Schedule IV R 32. Egretta gu!aris Karobaglo Black Egret LC R 33. Elanus caeruleus Kapasi/Laudharo Black-winged Kite Schedule IV R 34. Ephippiorhynchus Dhonk Black necked Stork Schedule IV R asiaticus 35. Ficedula paiva Chatki ma khimar Flycatcher Schedule IV R 36. Fulica atra Dasadi Common Coot Schedule IV R 37. Gallinula chloropus Jalmurgi Moorhen LC R 38. Grus grus Kunj Crane Schedule IV R 39. Grus virgo Kunj Demoiselle Crane LC R 40. Halcyon coromanda Kalkalio White breasted Schedule IV R 41. Halcyon smyrnensis White-throated Schedule IV R Moto Kalkalio Kingfisher 42. Lanius excubitor Dhori lefaddi Great Grey Shrike Schedule IV VW 43. Laws brunnicephalus Gull Gull brown headed LC R 44. Limosa limosa Motagadero Black Tailed NT R Godwit 45. Megalaima haemacephala Kansaro Coppersmith Schedule IV R
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46. Merops leschenaulti Tarklo Chestnut-headed LC R Bee-eater 47. Mesophoyx intermedia Vachetdholo baqlo Intermediate Egret Schedule IV R 48. Motacilla cinerea Diwaliyo Grey Wagtail Schedule IV W 49. Motacilla flava Pilo Divaliyo Yellow Wagtail Schedule IV SB 50. Muscicapa striata Nanu Chikyu Spotted Flycatcher Schedule IV SB 51. Mycteria leucocephala Dhonk Painted Stork Schedule IV R 52. Nectarinia asiatica Jāmbalī Sunbird Purple Sunbird Schedule IV R 53. Nectarinia minima Motu Duriyu Crimson-backed Schedule IV R Sunbird 54. Parus major Tikdi Great Tit Schedule IV R 55. Passer domesticus ChakIi Sparrow LC R 56. Pavo cristatus Mor Indian Peafowl Schedule I R 57. Pelecanus crispus Pen Pelican Schedule IV R 58. Pelecanus onocrotaius Gulabi Pen Pelican Schedule IV R 59. Pellomeum palustris Babbler Marsh Babbler Schedule IV R 60. Phalacrocorax fuscicollis Vichetkajio Cormorant Indian Schedule IV R 61. Phalacrocorax niger Nanokajio Little Cormorant Schedule IV R 62. Phalacrocorax fuscicollis Pani Kagdo Cormorant Schedule IV R 63. Philomachus pugnax Tilio Ruff LC R 64. Phoenicopterus minor Nano Surkabh Flamingo Schedule IV R 65. Picus viridis Lakkadkhod Green Woodpecker Schedule IV R 66. Platalea leucorodia Chamchichanch Eurasian Spoonbill Schedule IV OP 67. Platalea ajaja Gulabi Spoonbill Schedule IV O chamchichanch 68. Ploceus philippinus Sugari Baya weaver Schedule IV R 69. Psittacula krameri Popat Rose-ringed Parakeet Schedule IV V 70. Pterocies exustus Batumdi Sandgrouse Schedule IV V 71. Pycnonotus cafer Bulbul Bulbul Schedule IV R 72. Rostratula benghalensis Kuriyari Greater Painted-snipe Schedule IV O 73. Sterna albifmns Nana vabagli Little Tern LC R 74. Streptopelia decaocto Holdi Eurasian Collared- Schedule IV R Dove 75. Streptopelia orientaii Holdi Rufous Turtle Schedule IV R Dove 76. Surniculus lugubris Kaliyakoshi Drongo Cuckoo Schedule IV R 77. Tachybaptus ruficollis Dubki Little Grebe Schedule IV R 78. Thalassarche Ebi Seagull Schedule IV W melanophris
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79. Throskiornis Dhorikankansar Black headed ibis Schedule IV R melanocephalus 80. Turdoides caudatus Lelu Common Babbler Schedule IV R 81. Vanellus indicus Titodi Lapwing Schedule IV R NOTE: R-Resident V-Vagrant S-Summer only W-Winter only P-Spring or autumn passage O-Occurs most years VS-Vagrant summer VP-Vagrant passage PB-Passage and breeds PW-Passage and winter E-Escape
Table 6.7 (b): List of Schedule-I Bird(s) to be conserved Species As IWPA 1972 IUCN CITES Indian Peafowl Schedule I Least Concern ver 3.1 Not listed (Pavo cristatus)
Due to presence of creek and water body in the study area variety of birds flock during winter season. Sighting of flamingo, pelican, kunj, etc. in the study area has been reported. The study area does not have any national park, wild life sanctuary, tiger or elephant reserve, biosphere reserve, migratory corridors of wild animals. There is no marine national park in the study area. The listed faunal taxon has been crosschecked with Red Data Book of Indian Animals (Zoological Survey of India). No endangered resident faunal species has been found in the area. Asiatic Lion (Panthera leo persica) sometimes wander in the study area from the Gir Sanctuary as there are sparse and some patches of Prosopis juliflora which connected to Gir Sanctuary and one major river i.e. Datarvadi river drain from North to South which attract wild animal for water and prey.
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Figure 6.5: Map showing the Location of Gir Sanctuary/National Park
Butterflies: Butterflies from three families- Asclepiadaceae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae observed during the present study are listed in the table below:
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Table 6.8: Butterflies in the Study Area Scientific Name and Family Common Name Relative Abundance Family Asclepiadaceae Danaus genutia Cramer Striped Tiger Common Family Papilionidae Papilio polytes Common Mormon Common Family Pieridae Eurema hecabe Common Grass yellow Very Common Ixias Marianne White orange tip Common Family: Nymphalidae Danaus chrysippus Plain Tiger Common Phalantha phalantha Common Leopard Fairy Common Hypolimanas misippus Danaid egg fly Common Mycalesis perseus Common bush brown Uncommon Cynthia cardui Linnaeus Painted Lady Uncommon Junonia hierta Fabricius Yellow pansy Common Junonia orithya Linnaeus Blue pansy Fairy Common
Herpetofauna: In amphibian group, thetoads were sighted during the study period. The reptile, Common Garden Lizard, House Gecko and Fan-Throated Lizard, Common rat Snake and were observed in the region is given in in the table below:
Table 6.9: Reptiles and Amphibian in the Study Area S. No. Common Name Scientific name Schedule as IWPA, 1972 1. Toad Bufo bufo Not listed 2. Common Indian Krait* Bungarus caeruleus Schedule II (Schneider) 3. Indian chameleon Chameleon calcaratus Schedule II 4. Common Garden Lizard Calotes versicolor Not listed 5. Fan-Throated Lizard Sitana ponticeriana Not listed 6. House Gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis Not listed 7. Brahminy Skink Mabuya carinata Not listed (Schneider) 8. Common Rat Snake Ptyas mucosus (Linn) Schedule II 9. Indian Cobra* Naja naja (L) Schedule II *Not sighted but included as per the secondary information from the villagers.
Mammals: The wild mammals observed other than the domesticated ones are squirrel,Bat, Rat, Monkey,Nilgai etc. Common Mongoose (Herpestes edwardsii) and Monkey (Macaca mulatta) were
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observed which are protected under schedule II and Spotted deer (Axix axix), Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) is Schedule-III animal as per Wildlife Protection Act 1972. The Squirrel and hare are protected under schedule IV. The bat (Rousettus leschenaulti) and Common House Rat (Rattus rattus) are protected under schedule V. As per secondary information from local villagers and fishermen, Irrawaddy Dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris) was observed by them in the sea during fishing activity. This happens rarely and may be due to sea/coastal area and major creek falls in this study area. Dolphin is protected under schedule-I as per WLPA, 1972 and Vulnerable A2cde ver 3.1 as per IUCN red list. For the trading prohibition, CITES has listed Dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris) in Appendix I.Irrawaddy dolphins prefer coastal areas associated with the muddy, brackish waters at river mouths, ranging offshore as far as the extent of the freshwater plume – often only a few km but more than 10 km at the Pipavav Port. In creek and mangrove channels, the species is most often observed at channel confluences and divergences and downstream of sharp meanders. They have been seen in the same area as finless porpoises in coastal waters of Arabian Sea. During the survey activity, no Asiatic lion was sighted however caution boards near pipavav port were seen indicating intrusion of Asiatic lion. Gir national forest is habitat for them which is approximately at the distance of 75 km from the project site. The wild mammals observed other than the domesticated ones are given in in the table below:
Table 6.10: Mammals in Study Area S. No. Common Name Scientific name Status as per IWPA 1972 1. 3 striped Palm Squirrel Funambulus palmarum (L) Schedule IV
2. 5 striped Palm Squirrel Funambulus pennanii Schedule IV 3. Bat Rousettus leschenaulti Schedule V 5. Common House Rat Rattus rattus Schedule V 4. Common Mongoose Herpestes edwardsii Schedule II 6. Hare Lepus nigrigolis dayanus Schedule IV 7. Monkey Macaca mulatta Schedule II 8. Nilgai (Blue Bull) Boselaphus tragocamelus Schedule-III 9. Spotted deer Axix axix Schedule-III
Domestic Animals The domestic animals observed in the study area were Cow, Buffalo, Goat, Dog, and Cat. At siyalbet, cat was dominant domesticated animal. List of domestic animal are given in the table below:
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Table 6.11: Domestic Animals in Study area
S. No. English/Hindi Name Scientific Name
1. Buffalo/ Bhains Bulbalus bulbalis 2. Cat/billi Felis catus 3. Chicken/Murga Gallus gallus domesticus 4. Cow/Gai Bos primigenius 5. Dog/Kutta Canis lupus familiaris 6. Goat/Bakri Capra aegagrus hircus
6.4 Fisheries In this section, based on the statistics collected from the Fisheries Department, Govt. of Gujarat, an attempt has been made to throw some light on the fishery potential and activities in the Gujarat coast in general and the project region in particular. The coast line of Gujarat is of 1600 km with a continental shelf area covering nearly 184, 000 km2. This is nearly 20-32 % of India’s’ coastline and continental shelf. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of Gujarat covers 214,000 km2. Nearly 65,000 km2 of the shelf is within 50 m depth contour from the seaboard and the rest is between 50 m and 200 m contour. This coastline is the longest in India after Andaman & Nicobar. The coast line of Gujarat covers 12 out of 25 districts in the state and starts from Kachchh (north) and ends in Valsad (south). According to the survey conducted by the Gujarat Fisheries Department, there are 260 marine fishing villages along the coast. The fishery of the region is assessed based on the data obtained from the Department of Fisheries, Govt. of Gujarat. The data presented in this report is taken from the Gujarat Government publication, "Gujarat Fisheries Statistics" (2012) which is the latest official release of the office of the Commissioner of Fisheries, Gandhinagar, Gujarat. The statistics cover the period of 2012 – 2013 (Table 9.1). The data collected directly from the State Fisheries, Fisheries Survey of India (FSI) Govt. of India and CMFRI for other periods are also included. According to Gujarat fisheries statistics the estimated annual landings in Gujarat are shown in the below table which shows gradual increase in fish production over the years during 2008 - 2013.
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Figure 6.6: Gujarat Marine fish production statistics
The surveys conducted by the FSI, Government of India and State Fisheries, Gujarat State have indicated that Junagadh, Porbandar, Valsad, Kutchh, Jamnagar and Amreli are all highly productive grounds. The highest landing was recorded from Junagadh district as shown below.
Figure 6.7: District wise Fish Production comparison
The annual potential yield of marine fishery resources of Gujarat state was estimated by Fishery Survey of India as 7.03 lakh metric tonnes, comprising demersal catch showing 4.55 lakh tonnes and pelagic catch showing 2.48 lakh tonnes. The specieswise production for overall Gujarat State is 6.93 lakh metric
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tones during 2012 - 2013 (Table 9.3). The important resource of this region is small sciaenids, Bombay duck, shrimp, ribbon fish, squid & cuttle fishes, catfish, rani fish, perches, clupeids, Coilia, seerfishes, sole, shark, carangids, white pomfret, prawns, Jew fish, mullet, silverbar, eel, tuna, leather jacket, thread fin and black pomfret as shown below:
Figure 6.8: Species wise Fish Production A recent estimate on the marine fish potential along Gujarat coast by FSI shows a total biomass of 4.55 lakh tonnes of demersal stocks in 0 to 300 m depth of which about 67% is in the inshore waters up to 50 m depth, 26% in 50 to 100 m depth and 6.5% in 100 to 200 m depth. Totally about 36090 nos. of mechanized (23927 nos.) and non-mechanized fishing boats (12163 nos.) are operated in Gujarat coast during 2011 - 12. The dominant fishing crafts are FRP boats (11857 nos.) followed by Trawlers (7470) and Gill netters (2109). The detailed total fisher folk population of Gujarat coast is given in the below table:
Figure 6.9: Fishing Boats operated at Gujarat’s ports
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Major commercial fishery in the Gulf of Khambhat region is constituted by Bombay duck followed by shrimp. Mudskipper, clupeids, mullets and cat fishes combined contributed to 21.88% of total fish catch in the Gulf.
Project Region: The project region has many fishing villages and fishermen community. Details of the same are given below:
Table 6.12: List of Fishing Villages in the study area Distance from the Direction from the Description Village Name project site project site (km) Victor 4.5 N Chanch Bunder 2.5 SSE Fishermen hutments and Shiyalbet 8.4 SSW village Pipavav 7.7 SSW Kathivadar 5.6 NNE Bherai 7.1 W
Villages having the highest fish catch are Rajula, Jafrabad and Khamba whose details are mentioned in the following table:
Table 6.13: Fishing Data of nearby villages S. No. Particulars Rajula Jafrabad Khamba 1. No. of fishing villages 5 5 5 2. No. of fishing landing centers 4 4 4 3. Fisherman population 1179 - - 4. No. of active fishermen 1882 3132 2638 (mechanized) 5. Fish production (MT/year) 2706 3038 3842 6. Mechanized boats 47 117 134 7. Non- Mechanized boats 74 90 87
Table 6.14: List of Fishes observed in the Study Area S. No. Common name Scientific name 1. Indian Conger Eel Conger cinereus 2. Milk Fish Chanos chanos 3. Blue Spot Grey Mullet Valamugil seheli 4. Grey Mullet Mugil cephalus
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5. Mullet Mugil dussumieri 6. Spade fish Ephippus orbis 7. Japanese Thread-fin bream Nemipterus japonicus 8. Long Spine Sea-bream Argyrops spinifer 9. Indian Salmon Eleutheronema tetradactylum 10. Bombay Duck (Bumla) Horpodon neherius 11. Jew fish Pseudoscioena sp. 12. Pristopomas sp.* 13. Diacanthus sp.* 14. Thread Fin Polynemus indicus 15. Mud Skipper Bolephthalmus 16. Indian shed (Chaksi) Hilsha ilisha 17. Seer fish (Chapri) Caranax atropus 18. Prawn Penaus indicus 19. Rock Porch Otolitoides brunnues 20. Golden Anchovy (Mendeli) Coilia dussumieri 21. Pomfret Pampus Chinensis 22. Ribbon fish Trichiurus savala 23. Leather Jacket Chorinemus lysan
No impact on Fisheries is envisaged as the fishing activity is not carried out in the Adopat creek.
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7. MODELING STUDY ON FLOW AND BED CHANGES DUE TO THE PROJECT
A separate Hydrodynamic Model Study is carried out for the proposed development activity by Environ Software Pvt. Ltd. to identify changes in the flow regime, accretion/erosion of sediments and bathymetry. The same is attached as separate annexure for the EIA study.
7.1 Summary and Conclusion Based on the modeling studies carried out to evaluate the impacts on the flow regime and sedimentation processes due to the proposed enhanced marine development facilities for Victor Port at Victor, Amreli, the following conclusions have been drawn.
HD Model
Modeling was carried out for neap and spring tide conditions in the offshore region of Victor, using available data on hydrological and oceanographic data. Simulation runs were carried out for various tidal conditions of neap and spring tides to predict the changes in flow regime due to the proposed development of enhanced marine facilities. The model generated tides (November of 2009) and currents (September of 2007) and are comparable to actual observations at Victor Port. The model has been run for various tidal conditions i.e. Low Water, Peak Flood, High Water and Peak Ebb to study the hydrodynamic behavior and flow regime in and around the proposed developments. From the flow modeling studies it can be concluded that there is no impact on flow regime except for small variation noticed at some localized areas where reclamation / dredging has taken place and at the jetty and channel location (where development activities are undertaken). There is no change in the flow regime in general in the rest of the domain. The changes observed in the flow regime are mainly local as seen from the figures and do not have an impact on the domain flow regime. Since the changes I the bed level is not very significant, no mitigation measures are required. It can be concluded from hydrodynamic model studies that the proposed activities does not have any significant impact to the shoreline abutting the project as well as no significant impact on the ecologically sensitive areas along the river stretch. It can be concluded from HD studies that there will not be any impact on creek system due to the proposed marine developments. From the flow modeling studies, it can be concluded that there will not be significant changes in the flow regime due to the proposed developments. Hence, changes in the sediment processes are not significant and also don’t have any impact on shoreline. Shore protection measures are not required as the flow characteristics is based on tidal flow phenomena and the hydraulic conditions are not modified by the proposed activities this will not have any impact on the shoreline morphology. To study the impact on hydrology pattern of the creek, we have considered the creeks in the upstream of the project as well as downstream and its is concluded from the HD studies that there will not be any impact on creek system due to the proposed marine developments.
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Sediment Transport Model
The model has been run continuously for 15 days taking account of neap and spring tide conditions for various seasons and the morphological changes due to erosion and deposition in the domain after the proposed development of enhanced marine facilities. The results discussed graphically. The changes in the rate of instantaneous erosion also predicted after proposed development is not significant and also it is limited to localized areas only. The instantaneous rate of erosion / deposition for various tidal conditions has been discussed graphically. From the results, it can be observed that the bed level rises slightly in the channel route and estimated to be of 0.03m per month. The changes in the rate of instantaneous deposition predicted after proposed development is not significant and also it is limited to localized areas only. The bed level changes are confined to the areas where development is taken place (i.e in the channel and the area where dredging has been carried out). From the model outputs, it can be inferred that the variation or change in the bed level for the proposed developments is in the range of 0.02 - 0.04 m per month and the total annual dredging maintenance quantity estimated as 1.8 mm3.
Dredge disposal studies
The estimated quantity of dredged material to be disposed is about 2.0 million m3 and is proposed to be disposed in open water at the identified disposal location ”DP” within 1 km radius in a predetermined sequential manner through direct disposal method (hopper dredger). It is assumed that the capacity of the Trailer Suction Hopper Dredger (TSHD) used for dredge disposal will be 4000 m3. Dredge disposal modeling studies were carried out for 4 months with continuous disposal of dredged material at and around 1 km radius of selected location i.e. “DP” predicted the sediment plume dispersion and bed level changes at various time levels. Whereas, in DP the sediment plume moves towards north-eastern and south-western side and not reaching to the northern coast. The maximum sediment concentration levels vary in between 2900 mg/l to 3430 mg/l during disposal time at dump location. It can be concluded from the model results that the disposed material will not be back to dredged channel and also concluded that sediment concentration levels come down to attain the ambient values (180-200 mg/l) within 5 days after stopping the disposal of dredged material. It can be concluded that the bed level change is limited to around 3.0 km either side of North East & South West direction from the dumping site. The bed level variation over the period of 4 months dumping is of the order of 0.466 m. The bed level has not increased than 0.466 m at any point of time after 4 months of dumping and it would be much less by spreading the dumping disposal point judiciously within the dump location so that there will be no chance of the dump material forming a hump in the region.
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From the results, it can be seen that DP location is more suitable for disposal of dredged material dumping since the spread of the dump material seem to be confined to smaller area (around 3.0 sq Km) compared to the relatively larger area. After dumping of 1.8 mm3 dredged material continuously for 4 months, it can be concluded that there was no heap formed near to the dump location and also observed that the maximum rise of bed levels is about 46 cm at the dumping location after 4 months. After 4 months of disposal of dredged material, it can be concluded that no changes has been observed in the coastal morphology due to the disposal of dredged material.
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8. IMPACT ASSESSMENT
8.1 Identification of Impacts: The proposed project will have marginal impacts on the following marine and aquatic parameters:
Water Environment Marine Ecology Hydrogeology Community
While the identification of the impacts provides the status of anticipated impact on the environment, the prediction of impact will give the extent to which these conditions can alter or improve the environment. Based on the prediction, mitigation measures can be evaluated to minimize the impact on the environment. The major activities which need the prediction of impacts are:
i. Construction and upgradation of port ii. Vessel and vehicle movement iii. Dredging of navigational channel & disposal iv. Accidental marginal oil spill due to cargo handling and storage v. Waste generation due to project activities vi. Social welfare activities
Table 8.1: Identification and Prediction of Impacts Activities Water Hydro Marine Community geology Ecology Construction and up- ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ gradation of port Vessels and Vehicle ✔ ✔ ✔ - Movement Dredging ✔ ✔ ✔ - Cargo handling and storage ✔ - - - Sewage generation ✔ - - - Solid Waste Disposal - - ✔ ✔ Employment Generation - - - ✔ Social Welfare activities - - - ✔
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Table 8.2: Impacts on Water Environment Impact Mitigation Measures Degradation of water quality due Strict control on cargo vessels not to release bilge water into the sea or to release of bilge water, on the land. Only deep sea disposal will be allowed. domestic sewage from the cargo Domestic sewage will be stored and treated offshore on the port ships. alongwith domestic sewage of port. The wastewater generated from the barges/vessels will be disposed off as per MARPOL convention. While appropriate regulations on ship discharges and provision of reception facilities are indispensable for proper control of emissions and effluent from ships, proper planning would be done according to the norms and requirement for the movements of the vessels to minimize the traffic. Since accidental spills are unavoidable, recovery vessels, oil fences, and treatment chemicals would be prepared with a view to minimizing dispersal. Periodical clean-up of floating wastes is also necessary for preservation of port water quality. Monitoring of water quality would be done on regular basis. Change in water quality due to Barricading and silk curtains for controlling Maintenance Dredging increase in turbidity in marine activity to specific areas. water. Low lying area is already predicted using hydrodynamic model study for Changes in sediment transport dumping the dredge material. pattern due to Maintenance In the project site, the flow is parallel to coast during flood and ebb tide Dredging and disposal of condition. Since, the hydraulic conditions are not modified by the dredged material. proposed activities this will not have any impact on the shoreline morphology. Spillage of cargo material into the Specific measures like cargo collection nets, emergency vessels and marine water due to emergency response plan will be undertaken. accidents/collision. Degradation of water quality due Domestic sewage will be treated in the septic tank/soak pit system. to release of domestic sewage. Sewage will not be allowed to release in the marine/sea water. Water quality of rain water may Closed drainage pipes with proper lined surfaces will be laid down for get degraded due to mixing of the drainage network. This will prevent mixing of the sewage with the sewage with rainwater due to run ground water/soil components due to any seepage/leakage of runoff. off.
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Table 8.3: Impacts on Marine Ecology Impact Mitigation Measures Fugitive emissions will form a Movement of transportation vehicles should be done in daytime only and layer in leaves/plants thus avoided in the nighttime to ensure the least disturbance. reducing the gaseous exchange Awareness program about mangroves and its importance will be process. This ultimately affects conducted for workers and nearby residents so that they will not disturb at the growth of plants and crop all. yield. Haul roads will be sprinkled with water which would reduce the dust emission, thus avoiding damage to the crops. It is proposed to include Azadirachta indica, Ficus religosa, Pongamia glabra and Ficus recimosa in the plantation program as they serve as sinks for gaseous emissions. The noise from transportation Use of exhaust silencers and optimized acoustical pipe lagging (acoustical activity will hinder the plant wrapping) to minimize compressor noise. growth and disturb local species. Green belt and community forestry will be encouraged to mitigate the There is no fishing activity carried noise level. out in the Adopat creek/vessel Plantation will be carried out on approach roads and nearby vicinity. channel. There are fishing ports However, the proponent will ensure that the fishing activity is not and fishermen hutments in the disturbed due to the proposed project. nearby vicinity at Chach village and Shiyal Bet. Fishing activity will not be disturbed by the cargo vessels and port activity as fishing carried out by the village fishermen is carried out in the deep sea and not in the Adopat Creek. Disturbance/ Destruction to the Low pollution and low noise dredgers shall be employed for maintenance marine ecosystem dredging. (Phytoplankton, Zooplankton, Regular monitoring of marine ecosystem will be done by third party and Hydrophytes, Fish, etc.) suggestions will be implemented and monitored. Maintenance dredging is to be The restoration of marine ecosystem will be ensured as a self- undertaken once in three years development. and will have a very minor impact Planting of green plants around a port may be an effective means to for short duration and temporary mitigate adverse effects on terrestrial habitat and land. phase.
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Table 8.4: Impacts on Hydrogeology Impact Mitigation Measures Variation in bed level about 0.03 Annual Maintenance shall be regularly carried out of about 1.28 mm3 m per month. Changes in sediment transport Barricading and silt curtains for controlling Maintenance Dredging pattern due to Dredging and activity to specific areas. disposal of dredged material Low lying area is already predicted using hydrodynamic model study for dumping the dredge material. Identifying adequate low lying areas for disposal of dredged material. Design of pipe network for A storm water drainage network will be developed maintaining the conveyance of sewage and rain natural drainage pattern without disturbing natural flow. water run-off may disrupt the natural drainage of the area. Water conservation and Regular maintenance of greenbelt will be done. maintenance of natural drainage pattern
Table: 8.5: Community Impacts Mitigation Measures
Direct and indirect employment Local agencies will be appointed for recruitment of the manpower generation due to port operation Preference should be given to local labour in terms of providing and related service sectors. employment for contract based works Revenue generated to the port Local service providers may be appointed for allied works and services. may trickle down to the local people and help in economical upliftment of the locality. Increase in transportation vehicles and traffic near the Mitigation measures suggested for noise environment will be strictly connected roadways. followed. Impacts on the noise However, the proponent will ensure that the fishing activity is not environment. disturbed due to the proposed project. There is no fishing activity carried out near the project site. There are fishing ports and fishermen
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hutments in the nearby vicinity at Chach village and Shiyal Bet. Fishing activity will not be disturbed by the cargo vessels and port activity as fishing carried out by the village fishermen is carried out in the deep sea and not in the Adopat Creek. Local people of nearby villages All the CSR activities will be based on the needs/requirements of the local will benefit from the CSR people activities to be undertaken by the CSR plan has been designed keeping in mind the socio-economic status of proponent. the local people Most of the welfare activities will be aimed at providing funds towards child and girl education, training and skill generation and infrastructure development
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9. MITIGATION MEASURES Though the proposed construction of approach trestle jetty may lead to certain impacts initially on the marine environment, they can be overcome by the following mitigation measures:
Construction and up-gradation of port: The clean, efficient and aesthetic construction techniques have to be adopted at offshore for the construction of approach piled jetty. While designing the marine facilities the following points need to be considered:
o Any kind of damming by rubbles or sheet piles either across the surf zone or at nearshore have to be avoided otherwise it would affect the flow of water and movement of sediment. o The scrap and construction waste materials should not be thrown into the water. o The bentonite clay or any other construction materials including chemical compounds should not be released into the sea. o In order to limit the damage at initial stage, the bed should not be disturbed much. Explosives should not be used. o The construction materials should be placed one above another by using proper hoisting machineries and should not be dropped on the seafloor. o Construction area should be barricaded properly and construction materials’ trucks should be covered properly.
Vessel and vehicle movement: The vessel movement should be tracked by VTMS developed by GMB. Beacon lights are to be fixed along the alignment of berthing so that the boats can sail safely at night. Adequate berthing space, tug assistance, navigational aids, etc. should be provided for proper maneuvering of the vessels in the navigational channel. Proper loading/unloading operations should be followed to prevent any injury to the manpower employed at the port.
Vehicles should be closed or covered depending on the type of cargo to be transported. Transportation activity should be carried out only during night time. Regular water sprinkling will be done to avoid dust generation from transportation. Only PUC vehicle will be used for the transportation of materials and equipment. Transportation vehicles should maintain speed limit at all times to avoid excessive dusting. The vehicles must be maintained in good repairs and checked thoroughly at least once a week by the competent person authorized for the purpose by the Management.
Dredging and disposal: The quantity of dredged material will be 1.8 mm3. These sediments can either used for rising level near Chach village for development of Chach village chowpati or it can be disposed at designated location of GMB at offshore where the Pipavav, Jafrabad and Shiyal bet dispose off their dredged material to be located at Latitude (N): 20o 53’ 53” and Longitude (E): 71o 33’ 23”. The technique adopted should not stir up the bed material in the water body while driving the piles. One of the most practical solutions to control the effects of dredging operations is to cover/barricade the dredging area by silt curtains.
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Oil spill due to cargo handling and storage: Oil spill contingency plan should be evaluated to handle accidental spill. The proponent shall have minimum equipment for undertaking the emergency contingency plan and it has to be facilitated with Oil Spill Response Equipment like Skimmers, Booms and Dispersants. It should also tie up with Coast Guard and the nearest ports for emergency operation. Since accidental spills are unavoidable, recovery vessels, oil fences, and treatment chemicals would be prepared with a view to minimizing dispersal.
Periodical clean-up of floating wastes is also necessary for preservation of port water quality. Monitoring of water quality would be done on regular basis for identifying traces of Oil & Grease. Pavements and roads made of RCC will be developed for prevention of oil and grease getting mixed with soil. Adequately lined/paved area will be provided for storage areas for avoiding contamination due to spillage/leakage. A separate closed labelled ‘Fuel Storage Area’ will be provided with pacca flooring and clearly marked. Any leaks/spills will be immediately cleared off. Only trained staff will be allowed to work for Oil Spills. One Oil and Debris recovery Tug for Oil Pollution control will be provided.
Waste generation due to project activities: Wastes will be stored in adequate storage yard with paved/lined surfaces. Used oil and discarded containers will be sold off to authorized refiners and recyclers respectively. Segregation and disposal of other solid wastes will be done for the wastes generated by the project. All the wastes generated will be handled as per Hazardous Waste Rules, 2016.
Social welfare activities: Local agencies will be appointed for recruitment of the manpower. Preference should be given to local labour in terms of providing employment for contract based works. Local service providers may be appointed for allied works and services. The proponent should ensure that the fishing activity is not disturbed due to the proposed project. The proponent should also carry out social welfare activities in the surrounding villages for social upliftment of the local population.
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10. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN The proposed project activities will have the impacts on the marine environment and it is necessary to draw an Environmental Management Plan (EMP), which needs to be followed as per the mitigation measures suggested in the earlier section. 10.1 Context and Scope
This EMP addresses the environmental issues associated with the project including potential effects to the water quality, sediment quality, pelagic and benthic producer habitats and the ecosystem integrity. The Environmental Management Plan has been prepared with the guidelines on proper locations of the marine facilities, appropriate design, regulation of boats movements, and preservation of nearshore ecology and protection of social life.
Objectives: The objectives of EMP framed on the guidelines of the MoEF&CC includes:
To maintain the stability of the coastline and not to have the impact on fishermen livelihood. To maintain or improve marine water and sediment quality in compliance with sediment and water quality guidelines documented. To maintain the integrity, ecological functions and environmental values associated with marine environment both coastal and offshore. To maintain the abundance, species diversity, spatial distribution and productivity of marine flora and fauna. To ensure that any impacts on locally significant marine communities are avoided, minimized and/or mitigated. To ensure that appropriate consideration is given to cumulative impacts so that the proposed activity does not cause damage to the sustainability of the ecosystem. To protect Specially Protected (Threatened) Fauna in accordance with the provisions of the Wildlife Conservation Act. To protect from storm surge and Tsunami. To monitor the impact of the proposed activity on the productivity of the region.
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10.2 EMP budget
The proposed EMP for the present project activities and the annual outlay of fund allocated for each plan are shown below:
Table 10.1: Cost Break-Up For Environment Management System (EMS) S. No. Major Heads Expenses (Rs. Lakhs) 1. Environment Management System 15.00 2. Occupational Health and Safety 10.00 3. Solid waste Disposal 3.50 4. Rain Water Harvesting And Sewage Network 5.00 5. Contingency 20.00 Total 53.50
Table 10.2: Cost Break-Up For Ecological Management Plan S. No. Major Heads Expenses (Rs. Lakhs) 1. Greenbelt Development 2.50 2. Mangrove Management Plan 6.00 3. Conservation Plan for Scheduled Fauna 50.00 4. Marine Environmental Management Plan 10.00
Total 68.50
Table 10.3: Recurring Cost Per Annum S. No. Major Heads Expenses (Rs. Lakhs/Annum) 1. Environment Management System 3.50 2. Occupational Health and Safety 5.00 3. Ecological Management Plan 7.50 4. Solid Waste Disposal 1.50 5. Rain Water Harvesting And Sewage Network 1.50 Total 19.00
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11. POST PROJECT MARINE ENVIRONMENT MONITORING The post project monitoring is an equally important aspect in Environmental Management Plan. In order to verify the outcome on the implemented mitigation measures and also to alter the proposed mitigation, the post project monitoring becomes inevitable.
11.1 Marine water and sediment quality monitoring Water and sediment samples collected at 1 km offshore have to be analyzed for various physical, chemical and biological parameters (phytoplankton and zooplankton) once in every 6 months (during June and December).
11.2. Habitat and ecosystem integrity Habitat and ecosystem integrity should be ensured on a continual basis. This can be monitored by periodical surveys by assessing the changes in the distribution of coastal vegetation, seaweed/sea grass beds and rocky ecosystem, if any, in the nearby areas.
Herbaria of plant species will have to be made indicating locations (Latitude and Longitude using GPS) and maintained at the project office periodically.
11.3 Monitoring of Marine Benthic fauna The benthic population and community structure around the waterfront area have to be monitored periodically to assess any change. Special attention has to be paid to monitor invasion of any non- indigenous marine species (NIMS) in the area. The collected data have to be statistically analyzed so that the diversity indices can be recorded. This will enable us to develop meaningful management plans in altering the discharge methods, if required.
Table 11.1: Summary of Monitoring, Review and Reporting Purpose Parameter Frequency
Water & Sediment quality
Measurements of levels of nutrients and heavy metals in To monitor impacts on water water and sediment samples Six monthly and sediment quality collected from sites at risk of pollution
Habitat and Ecosystem integrity
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Measurements of various parameters: phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthic population, To determine whether the primary production, bacteria of community structure, habitat health significance, nutrients and Six Monthly has been altered heavy metals. Subjecting them to statistical analyses to assess the change (if any) in species diversity, richness, evenness etc.
Marine Benthic Fauna
To determine the composition Benthic faunal composition in and distribution of major groups Six Monthly the water outfall region. of fauna
The results of monitoring can be reported to the relevant authority annually or as required which could include:
Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change Gujarat State Pollution Control Board
Monitoring program has to be continued during the construction and operational phases of the project. It should be repeated at periodic intervals after the commencement of the project, when the project is fully operational. The monitoring has to be organized with qualified and experienced environmental team. The automation in measuring the quality of discharged water has to be implemented as per details given below. Standard procedure shall be followed in sample collection and analysis.
Region to be monitored: Three stations, one at 1000 m distance upstream of the project site, second at 1000 m downstream from the project site. The third location can be at the Adopat Creek mouth.
Parameters to be monitored:
Water quality: Sampling can be carried out at 3 locations. The parameters which are to be analyzed are: Color, pH, Turbidity, Salinity, Dissolved oxygen, BOD, Total Dissolved Solids, Total suspended solids, Nitrate, Nitrite, Ammonical nitrogen, Iron, Chromium, Copper, Cadmium, Mercury, Lead, Zinc, Petroleum Hydrocarbons, Total Coliform and Feacal Coliform. Riverbed sediment quality: Sampling can be carried out at 3 locations. The parameters which are to be analyzed are: texture, Total organic carbon, Total nitrogen, Total Phosphorus, Calcium Carbonate, Cadmium, Mercury, Lead, Chromium, Phenols and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons.
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Biological parameters: Phytoplankton population, zooplankton population, benthic fauna, and the nature of fisheries in the area (by experimental trawling once in six months). Shoreline stability: The shoreline area for 2 km on either side of the project boundaries can be monitored during monsoon (August) and Fair-weather (March).
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REFERENCES
Rao, R.R., 1995, Atlas of Near-surface Thermohaline Fields of the tropical Indian Ocean from Levitus Climatology, NPOL, Cochin. Report of the Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management (ICMAM), 2002. Department of Ocean Development, Project Directorate, Chennai. Shore Protection Manual, 1975, CERC, US Army, Washington, D.C. Talwar, P.K. and R.K. Kacker. 1984. Commercial Sea fishes of India. Gopinathan, C.P. Training Manual on Phytoplankton Identification/ Taxonomy. FAO species identification sheets for Fishery purposes - Field Guide – Commercial Marine and Brackish water species of Pakistan. 1984. Published by FAO, Rome. P 200. Fishery Survey of India. 2009. Hand book for field Identification of fish species occurring in the Indian Seas Marine Fishery Resources. Ministry of Agriculture, Mumbai, P. 160. GSEAP (Gujarat state Environmental Action Programme), 2000. Coastal and Marine Environment Phase -1 report, March, 2000. Gujarat Ecology Commisison, Phase 1 Report. Gujarat Fisheries Statistics, 2010-2011. Office of the Commissioner of Fisheries, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar.
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