e-ISSN: 2582-5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:03/Issue:01/January-2021 Impact Factor- 5.354 www.irjmets.com ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER UTILIZATION DEVELOPMENT STAGE Himanshu Tamta *1, Ashwinee Kumar Singh*2, Ashu Tamta*3 *1Student, Soil And Water Conservation Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal , *2Student, Agricultural Engineering, Govind Ballabh Pant University Of Agriculture & Technology , Udham Singh Nagar, India *3Student, Civil Engineering,Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. ABSTRACT A Study of Groundwater Utilization development stage was carried out in District of . The groundwater inventory was also prepared for 16 years w.e.f. 2000 to 2015 to observe the stage of groundwater utilization development in . After Assessment it was observed that the overall groundwater utilization development stage was changed from semi critical in 2000 to critical in 2015 while it was semi critical in 2003 and 2010, critical in 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2011 and 2014 and over exploited in 2009, 2012 and 2013.

Keywords: Groundwater Assessment , Groundwater Inventory, Groundwater Components. I. INTRODUCTION

Ground water is the water that seeps through rocks and soil and is stored below the ground. The geological formation in which ground water is stored are called aquifers. Aquifers are typically made up of gravel, sand, sandstone or limestone. Water moves through these formation due to the large connected spaces that make them permeable. The area of the aquifer which is completely filled with water is called the saturated zone. The upper surface of saturated zone is called the water table. The water table can be as shallow as a foot below the ground or it can be a few hundred meters deep. Heavy rains can cause the water table to rise and conversely, continuous extraction of ground water can cause the water table to fall.

The net annual ground water availability for the entire country is 398 BCM. The overall contribution of rainfall to the country’s annual ground water resource is 68% and the share of other resources, such as canal seepage, return flow from irrigation, recharge from tanks, ponds and water conservation structures taken together is 32%.Due to the increasing population in the country, the national per capita annual availability of water has reduced from 1,816 cubic meter in 2001 to 1,544 cubic meter in 2011. This is a reduction of 15%.

Ground water utilization development stage is a ratio of the net annual ground water extraction to the net annual ground water recharge. It indicates the quantity of ground water available for further use.

According to the Central Ground Water Board, the level of ground water development stage is very high in the states of Delhi, Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan, where ground water development is more than 100%. This implies that in these states, the annual ground water consumption is more than annual ground water recharge. In the states of Himachal Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh and the Union Territory of Pondicherry, the level of ground water development is 70% and above. In rest of the states, the level of ground water development is below 70%. Over the years, usage of ground water has increased in areas where the resource

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This chapter deals with the estimation of different recharge and discharge components in Bijnor district is done on the basis of different parameters such as soil condition, climatic conditions and other parameters. Infiltration of water in the soil highly depends on the type of soil. Some of the parameters of the study area are discuss below in brief.

Description of Study Area

The Bijnor district is located in the state of Uttar Pradesh having Latitude 29° 2' N to 29° 58' N and Longitude 78° 0' E to 78° 57' E. It is situated at an Elevation of 271.68mamsl. The total area of Bijnor district is about 4049 sq. km. The district is divided into 5 tehsils namely – Bijnor, Nazibabad, , and Chandpur. The district Bijnor has eleven blocks namely- , Dhampur, , Jalilpur, Kirathpur, Kotwali, Mohmmadpur, Nazibabad, , Noorpur and . The index map of district Bijnor is shown in Fig. 1.

Fig.1 Index Map of Bijnor District

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This method is used to calculate the mean precipitation over an area. In this method the raingauge stations are joined to form a network of triangles. Perpendicular bisectors for each of the sides of the triangle are drawn. These bisectors form a polygon around each station and these polygons are known as Thiessen polygons. The area of Thiessen polygons is calculated by using overlay grid method.

If P1, P2, P3 ,………..,Pn are the rainfall magnitudes at Raingauge stations and A1, A2, A3, …….,An are the respective areas of the Thiessen polygons then the average rainfall over the catchment P’ is given by- P A P A  P AP  A...... P '  1 1 2 2 3 3 nn A A  AA ...... 1 2 3 n

Fig.2 Thiessen Polygons for Bijnor District

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Aquifer is a geologic formation which receives water from different sources like rainfall, seepage from water surface bodies and percolation from irrigated land. The aquifer water is depleted through pumping from the aquifer and evapotranspiration from groundwater surface. Different component of recharge and discharge were estimated for groundwater budgeting to maintain the groundwater resources indefinitely. A hydrologic equilibrium must exist between all waters entering and leaving the basin. If groundwater is regarded a renewable resource then only a certain quantity of water can be withdrawn annually from the groundwater reservoir.

The maximum amount of water which can be extracted from an underground reservoir depends on its safe yield. Any more withdrawal beyond the safe yield will lower down the water table which would increase the cost of pumping as well as it would affect the supply of water to be bounded. It is therefore, necessary to limit the exploitation of groundwater to the safe yield of the aquifer. For the assessment of safe yield the following balance equation was used:

Recharge - Discharge = ±∆ Storage

The categorization of the area in respect of groundwater utilization development stage has been done on the basis of definitions used by the Groundwater Department of U.P. as below:

Utilization of groundwater resources up to 65 % - safe.

Utilization of groundwater resources from 65 to 85 % - semi critical.

Utilization of groundwater resources from 85 to 100 % - critical.

Utilization of groundwater resources above 100 % -over exploited.

Estimation of Groundwater Recharge

A general equation for recharge, R may be given as:

R= Rr+Ri +Rg+Rs+Rt …(3.1)

Where,

Rr= Recharge due to rainfall (ha-m),

Ri= Recharge due to return flow of irrigation water (ha-m),

Rg = Groundwater inflow into the area (ha-m),

Rs = Influent seepage from rivers (ha-m),

Rt = Seepage from tanks and ponds (ha-m).

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Recharge due to rainfall, Rr

The values of recharge due to rainfall may be calculated on the basis of U.P.I.R.I Formula.The formula given by U.P. Irrigation Research Institute, Roorkee, on the basis of studies in western U.P. is as follows:

P = 3.47(R- 38)0.40 … (3.2)

Where,

P= Rainfall penetration (cm)

R= Annual rainfall (cm)

Recharge due to return flow of irrigation water, Ri

Recharge due to return flow of irrigation water, applied to the field, has been assumed to be 35 percent of the total water applied for Irrigation (Singhal et al. 1974). The irrigation water was calculated using Table 1.

Table 1. Unit drafts (ha m) for different minor Irrigation structures

Season Type Annual Monsoon Non-monsoon Govt. Tube Well 4.50 13.50 18 Private Tube Well 0.40 1.20 1.60 Open Well 0.18 0.37 0.55 Rahats 0.23 0.69 0.92 Pump-sets On Bore 0.47 0.93 1.40

Groundwater Inflow into the area, Rg

Due to lack of Information regarding transmissibility of the aquifers, it has been assumed that groundwater inflow into the area is equal to the groundwater outflow from the area under study.

Influent seepage from the rivers, Rs

Due to lack of river discharge data, it has been assumed that influent seepage from river during monsoon equals to the effluent seepage to the river during the non-monsoon period. The data related to wetted perimeter and discharge of tail and head of canal were not available, therefor, the seepage data of canals were obtained directly from Canal Irrigation Department of U.P.

Seepage from tanks and ponds, Rt

Recharge due to seepage from tanks and ponds may be taken as 15 ha-m/day/106 m2 of the wetted area (Nabi Hasan et al. 1983) but the methodology adopted by the groundwater Department of UP. has been used and the seepage was obtained by multiplying the factor by 1.44, average water spread area and 60 percent of the number of days of the year.

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Estimation of Groundwater Discharge

A general equation for groundwater discharge may be written as:

D=Es+Og+Et+Tp …(3.6)

Where,

Es= Effluent seepage to rivers (ha-m)

Og= Groundwater outflow from the area (ha-m)

Et= Evapotranspiration losses from groundwater reservoir (ha-m)

Tp = Groundwater Pumpage through wells (ha-m)

Effluent seepage to rivers, Es

It has been assumed that effluent seepage to rivers during non-monsoon months equals influent seepage from river during monsoon months.

Groundwater outflow from the area, Og

Due to lack of information regarding transmissivity of aquifers, it has been assumed that groundwater inflow into the area equals the groundwater outflow from the area under study.

Evapotranspiration losses, Et

The total evapotranspiration losses in the area under study are composed of two components:

(i) Evapotranspiration losses from the high water table area where the water table was within the root-zone.

(ii) Evapotranspiration losses from the area occupied by orchards and forests. In the area where the water table was up to l m depth from groundwater surface, it was assumed that plants would draw about one third of their consumptive use requirement from groundwater reservoir. In the area where the water table ranges from 1.0 to 1.5 m the contribution from groundwater reservoir has been taken as one fifth of the consumptive use. The evapotranspiration losses from the area occupied by the orchards and forests may be estimated by using the formula:

E= K x Epan ….(3.7)

Where,

K = Evapotranspiration coefficient taken as 1.0 for orchards and forests.

Ep = Pan evaporation.

Groundwater Pumpage through wells, Tp

It includes groundwater withdrawal through minor irrigation units and groundwater withdraws for domestic use, livestock consumption, industrial and other uses. Considerable pumpage of groundwater takes place through tube wells, open wells with pumping sets and other water lifting devices. www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science [1217] e-ISSN: 2582-5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:03/Issue:01/January-2021 Impact Factor- 5.354 www.irjmets.com For the estimation of water requirement for domestic use the W.H.O Norms of water consumption that is 135 lit/day per capita was used. The groundwater requirement for industrial use was considered as 1.0 percent of irrigation uses as per guidelines laid down by Groundwater Department of U.P. Groundwater pumpage for livestock and poultry consumption has been computed on the basis of following norms of W.H.O for per capita consumption:

Table 2. W.H.O. norms for livestock water consumption

Livestock Water Consumption(l/day) Cattle 55 Donkeys/Horse 30 Pigs 15 Goat/Sheep/Poultry 5 Others 15

The groundwater requirement for livestock was assumed to be 10 percent of the total requirement as major portion of water consumption by livestock is considered for the surface water resources. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The groundwater inventory was prepared for 16 years w.e.f. 2000 to 2015 to observe the stage of groundwater utilization development in Bijnor district. The detailed results and discussions of the study are as follows –

Estimation of Different Components of Groundwater Recharge

Various components contributes to the groundwater recharge. The estimated values of these components are discussed below. The estimated recharge components of groundwater recharge are given in Table 3. Table 3. Blockwise groundwater recharge components (ha-m) in Bijnor district for the period w.e.f. 2000 to 2015 Year - 2000 Recharge due Recharge due to return Seepage Seepage from Gross Net S.no. Block to rainfall flow of irrigation from canals tanks & ponds recharge recharge 1 Afzalgarh 12148.78 2864.52 0.00 0.00 15013.30 12761.30 2 Dhampur 8282.03 4082.33 0.00 0.00 12364.36 10509.70 3 Haldaur 7759.98 4207.63 448.74 6.75 12423.10 10559.63 4 Jalilpur 9002.20 7466.63 0.00 4.29 16473.12 14002.15 5 Kirathpur 4369.71 3033.45 1166.72 0.00 8569.88 7284.40 6 Kotwali 15345.53 4166.39 134.62 0.00 19646.54 16699.56 7 Mohmmadpur 12854.81 4125.10 1002.19 23.61 18005.70 15304.85 8 Nazibabad 12636.45 3296.88 3006.56 0.00 18939.89 16098.91 9 Nehtaur 4385.65 2993.62 179.50 0.00 7558.76 6424.95 10 Noorpur 8499.45 5781.93 0.00 2.45 14283.84 12141.26 11 Seohara 5064.98 3166.10 0.00 0.00 8231.08 6996.42 2001 1 Afzalgarh 8492.28 2832.32 0.00 0.00 11324.60 9625.91 2 Dhampur 5792.39 4064.76 0.00 0.00 9857.15 8378.58 3 Haldaur 5363.23 4184.11 448.74 7.04 10003.12 8502.65 4 Jalilpur 6298.95 4647.17 0.00 4.30 10950.42 9307.86 5 Kirathpur 2701.82 2963.66 1166.72 0.00 6832.20 5807.37 6 Kotwali 10399.73 4137.27 134.62 0.00 14671.62 12470.88 7 Mohmmadpur 8719.29 4195.66 1002.19 21.46 13938.60 11847.81 8 Nazibabad 9147.66 3246.62 3006.56 0.00 15400.84 13090.71 9 Nehtaur 2197.51 2928.10 179.50 0.00 5305.10 4509.34 10 Noorpur 5913.24 5692.54 0.00 2.48 11608.26 9867.02 11 Seohara 3266.48 3175.55 0.00 0.00 6442.03 5475.73

2002 1 Afzalgarh 9170.33 4303.36 0.00 0.00 13473.68 11452.63 2 Dhampur 6282.42 5451.18 0.00 0.00 11733.60 9973.56 www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science [1218] e-ISSN: 2582-5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:03/Issue:01/January-2021 Impact Factor- 5.354 www.irjmets.com

3 Haldaur 6973.61 4423.44 448.74 7.04 11852.83 10074.91 4 Jalilpur 6857.63 7290.55 0.00 4.30 14152.48 12029.61 5 Kirathpur 3643.41 2590.14 1166.72 0.00 7400.27 6290.23 6 Kotwali 12973.44 5474.51 134.62 0.00 18582.57 15795.18 7 Mohmmadpur 10014.09 4379.76 1002.19 21.46 15417.49 13104.87 8 Nazibabad 12045.46 2985.62 3006.56 0.00 18037.64 15332.00 9 Nehtaur 4297.20 4084.64 179.50 0.00 8561.34 7277.14 10 Noorpur 6466.52 6299.95 0.00 2.48 12768.95 10853.61 11 Seohara 4079.13 4760.30 0.00 0.00 8839.42 7513.51 2003 1 Afzalgarh 11041.75 4327.44 0.00 0.00 15369.18 13063.81 2 Dhampur 7785.00 5479.74 0.00 0.00 13264.74 11275.03 3 Haldaur 8847.49 4446.96 448.74 7.05 13750.24 11687.70 4 Jalilpur 8694.33 7328.63 0.00 4.36 16027.32 13623.22 5 Kirathpur 5272.37 2602.46 1166.72 0.00 9041.56 7685.32 6 Kotwali 14743.99 5504.75 134.62 0.00 20383.36 17325.86 7 Mohmmadpur 11059.23 4402.72 1002.19 23.82 16487.96 14014.76 8 Nazibabad 13827.93 3001.86 3006.56 0.00 19836.35 16860.90 9 Nehtaur 5317.12 4106.48 179.50 0.00 9603.10 8162.63 10 Noorpur 7582.14 6321.98 0.00 2.48 13906.60 11820.61 11 Seohara 5741.92 4786.06 0.00 0.00 10527.98 8948.78 2004 1 Afzalgarh 8089.94 4336.08 0.00 0.27 12426.29 10562.35 2 Dhampur 5105.85 5494.30 0.00 4.41 10604.56 9013.87 3 Haldaur 6705.44 4460.96 335.72 7.93 11510.06 9783.55

4 Jalilpur 5114.86 7348.18 0.00 4.57 12467.62 10597.47 5 Kirathpur 3634.77 2610.30 872.87 0.15 7118.09 6050.38 6 Kotwali 12969.58 5514.46 100.72 0.37 18585.12 15797.35 7 Mohmmadpur 10519.77 4415.60 749.78 23.82 15708.97 13352.62 8 Nazibabad 11277.40 3006.78 2249.33 1.22 16534.73 14054.52 9 Nehtaur 3972.31 4118.24 134.29 1.75 8226.59 6992.60 10 Noorpur 6294.05 6340.46 0.00 2.69 12637.20 10741.62 11 Seohara 3807.37 4790.66 0.00 0.37 8598.40 7308.64 2005 1 Afzalgarh 10424.46 4364.64 0.00 0.27 14789.37 12570.97 2 Dhampur 6803.80 5518.38 0.00 4.41 12326.59 10477.60 3 Haldaur 6482.48 4467.12 335.72 7.93 11293.26 9599.27 4 Jalilpur 7090.75 7352.10 0.00 5.19 14448.04 12280.83 5 Kirathpur 2335.60 2615.90 872.87 0.15 5824.52 4950.85 6 Kotwali 14958.97 5548.62 100.72 0.37 20608.67 17517.37 7 Mohmmadpur 12441.10 4432.96 749.78 23.82 17647.66 15000.51 8 Nazibabad 12621.62 3017.98 2249.33 1.33 17890.26 15206.72 9 Nehtaur 4206.05 4135.04 134.29 1.75 8477.13 7205.56 10 Noorpur 7609.00 6342.14 0.00 2.69 13953.83 11860.75 11 Seohara 3157.01 4820.90 0.00 0.37 7978.28 6781.54 2006 1 Afzalgarh 8285.14 4370.24 1540.16 0.27 14195.81 12066.44 2 Dhampur 5317.65 5523.98 770.08 4.41 11616.12 9873.70 3 Haldaur 5236.21 4489.52 1155.12 7.93 10888.78 9255.47 4 Jalilpur 5438.47 7368.90 0.00 5.19 12812.56 10890.67 5 Kirathpur 2458.63 2675.82 3003.31 0.15 8137.91 6917.22 6 Kotwali 12283.31 5559.82 346.54 0.37 18190.04 15461.53 7 Mohmmadpur 10349.90 4451.44 2579.77 23.82 17404.94 14794.20

8 Nazibabad 9680.65 3045.42 3888.90 1.33 16616.31 14123.86 9 Nehtaur 3753.52 4151.84 462.05 1.75 8369.16 7113.78 10 Noorpur 6178.57 6353.34 0.00 2.69 12534.60 10654.41 11 Seohara 2892.20 4832.10 1540.16 0.37 9264.83 7875.10 2007 1 Afzalgarh 9176.91 4398.24 691.24 0.27 14266.66 12126.66 2 Dhampur 6274.65 5529.58 345.62 4.41 12154.26 10331.12 3 Haldaur 6812.43 4523.12 3076.02 7.93 14419.50 12256.58 4 Jalilpur 6837.74 7402.50 673.96 5.19 14919.39 12681.48 5 Kirathpur 3876.92 2703.82 2747.68 0.15 9328.57 7929.29 6 Kotwali 12758.04 5616.94 2574.87 0.37 20950.21 17807.68 7 Mohmmadpur 10093.44 4485.04 2384.78 23.82 16987.08 14439.02 8 Nazibabad 11185.01 3051.02 4510.34 1.33 18747.70 15935.55 9 Nehtaur 4352.71 4179.84 1261.51 1.75 9795.82 8326.45 10 Noorpur 6494.00 6381.34 293.78 2.69 13171.80 11196.03 www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science [1219] e-ISSN: 2582-5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:03/Issue:01/January-2021 Impact Factor- 5.354 www.irjmets.com

11 Seohara 4283.60 4832.10 691.24 0.37 9807.31 8336.21 2008 1 Afzalgarh 9421.02 4403.84 631.60 0.27 14456.73 12288.22 2 Dhampur 6708.53 5548.62 473.70 4.41 12735.26 10824.97 3 Haldaur 5700.24 4529.84 3126.42 7.93 13364.43 11359.77 4 Jalilpur 7546.58 4613.70 1436.89 5.19 13602.36 11562.00 5 Kirathpur 3087.57 2710.54 2510.61 0.15 8308.86 7062.53 6 Kotwali 11021.36 5716.62 2810.62 0.37 19548.97 16616.63 7 Mohmmadpur 8636.48 4511.92 2526.40 23.82 15698.62 13343.83 8 Nazibabad 9759.48 3082.94 4121.19 1.33 16964.94 14420.20 9 Nehtaur 3832.24 4187.12 1452.68 1.75 9473.79 8052.72 10 Noorpur 6127.19 6387.50 600.02 2.69 13117.40 11149.79 11 Seohara 3828.65 4866.26 631.60 0.37 9326.88 7927.85

2009 1 Afzalgarh 6774.59 4419.66 688.07 0.27 11882.59 10100.20 2 Dhampur 4440.42 5568.92 553.45 4.41 10567.20 8982.12 3 Haldaur 3313.98 4587.80 3081.35 4.21 10987.33 9339.23 4 Jalilpur 4648.64 7433.86 1540.67 5.14 13628.32 11584.07 5 Kirathpur 1814.01 2656.36 2378.32 0.15 6848.84 5821.51 6 Kotwali 8430.65 5716.34 2797.15 0.37 16944.50 14402.82 7 Mohmmadpur 7708.48 4593.12 2542.86 0.00 14844.46 12617.79 8 Nazibabad 5442.57 3139.36 3904.04 1.33 12487.30 10614.20 9 Nehtaur 1652.26 4178.02 1450.93 1.75 7282.96 6190.52 10 Noorpur 4894.34 6404.30 703.03 2.90 12004.56 10203.88 11 Seohara 2301.66 4924.78 688.07 0.37 7914.88 6727.65 2010 1 Afzalgarh 10519.24 4432.26 688.07 0.27 15639.84 13293.86 2 Dhampur 7330.34 5516.70 553.45 4.41 13404.89 11394.16 3 Haldaur 7671.67 4662.84 3081.35 4.21 15420.07 13107.06 4 Jalilpur 8113.55 7301.84 1540.67 5.13 16961.19 14417.01 5 Kirathpur 4512.33 2789.78 2378.32 0.15 9680.57 8228.49 6 Kotwali 14697.50 5726.98 2797.15 0.37 23221.99 19738.69 7 Mohmmadpur 11346.32 4541.18 2542.86 0.00 18430.36 15665.81 8 Nazibabad 12610.51 3178.84 3904.04 1.33 19694.72 16740.51 9 Nehtaur 5690.19 4258.24 1450.93 1.75 11401.11 9690.94 10 Noorpur 7247.13 6496.28 703.03 2.90 14449.34 12281.93 11 Seohara 5021.72 4814.74 688.07 0.37 10524.90 8946.16 2011 1 Afzalgarh 7439.67 4420.50 688.07 0.27 12548.51 10666.23 2 Dhampur 5122.05 5654.88 553.45 4.41 11334.78 9634.56 3 Haldaur 5532.90 4690.84 3081.35 4.21 13309.30 11312.90

4 Jalilpur 5614.27 7297.92 1540.67 5.05 14457.91 12289.23 5 Kirathpur 2844.56 2735.74 2378.32 0.15 7958.77 6764.96 6 Kotwali 11150.86 5638.64 2797.15 0.37 19587.02 16648.96 7 Mohmmadpur 8459.50 4669.14 2542.86 0.00 15671.50 13320.78 8 Nazibabad 9974.61 3258.64 3904.04 1.33 17138.62 14567.83 9 Nehtaur 4255.02 4255.30 1450.93 1.75 9963.00 8468.55 10 Noorpur 5194.69 6535.76 703.03 2.90 12436.37 10570.92 11 Seohara 3230.08 4945.92 688.07 0.37 8864.43 7534.77 2012 1 Afzalgarh 4570.29 4446.26 688.07 0.27 9704.88 8249.15 2 Dhampur 2858.01 5694.22 553.45 4.41 9110.08 7743.57 3 Haldaur 4135.73 4701.48 3081.35 4.21 11922.76 10134.35 4 Jalilpur 2828.26 7326.48 1540.67 5.05 11700.47 9945.40 5 Kirathpur 1225.65 2756.18 2378.32 0.15 6360.30 5406.26 6 Kotwali 8593.59 5680.78 2797.15 0.37 17071.89 14511.10 7 Mohmmadpur 6386.96 4700.78 2542.86 0.00 13630.60 11586.01 8 Nazibabad 8333.61 3278.94 3904.04 1.33 15517.93 13190.24 9 Nehtaur 2947.76 4275.46 1450.93 1.75 8675.90 7374.52 10 Noorpur 3563.71 6575.24 703.03 2.90 10844.87 9218.14 11 Seohara 1361.12 4986.52 688.07 0.37 7036.08 5980.67 2013 1 Afzalgarh 6323.46 3928.89 688.10 0.27 10940.72 9299.61 2 Dhampur 3602.25 5156.83 553.45 4.41 9316.93 7919.39 3 Haldaur 3950.68 4616.36 3081.35 4.21 11652.59 9904.71 4 Jalilpur 2253.68 6807.57 1540.67 5.05 10606.98 9015.93 5 Kirathpur 3308.80 2653.49 2378.42 0.15 8340.86 7089.73 6 Kotwali 8140.20 5145.49 2797.26 0.37 16083.32 13670.82 www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science [1220] e-ISSN: 2582-5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:03/Issue:01/January-2021 Impact Factor- 5.354 www.irjmets.com

7 Mohmmadpur 5299.16 4422.11 2542.86 0.00 12264.13 10424.51

8 Nazibabad 10054.91 3122.49 3904.20 1.33 17082.93 14520.49 9 Nehtaur 2731.82 3993.29 1450.93 1.75 8177.79 6951.12 10 Noorpur 2487.65 6067.12 703.03 2.90 9260.70 7871.59 11 Seohara 2915.21 4461.94 688.07 0.37 8065.59 6855.75 2014 1 Afzalgarh 8479.72 3943.59 688.07 0.27 13111.65 11144.90 2 Dhampur 4832.04 5168.10 553.45 4.41 10557.99 8974.30 3 Haldaur 6098.75 4616.36 3081.35 4.21 13800.66 11730.56 4 Jalilpur 4661.17 6760.88 1540.67 5.05 12967.78 11022.61 5 Kirathpur 4747.80 2659.58 2378.32 0.15 9785.85 8317.97 6 Kotwali 10731.01 5133.38 2797.15 0.37 18661.90 15862.62 7 Mohmmadpur 7730.29 4391.52 2542.86 0.00 14664.67 12464.97 8 Nazibabad 13327.50 3125.64 3904.04 1.33 20358.51 17304.73 9 Nehtaur 3677.08 4019.54 1450.93 1.75 9149.30 7776.90 10 Noorpur 4277.62 5996.28 703.03 2.90 10979.83 9332.85 11 Seohara 3913.92 4453.19 688.07 0.37 9055.55 7697.21 2015 1 Afzalgarh 7927.08 3940.65 688.07 0.27 12556.07 10672.66 2 Dhampur 4514.78 5153.89 553.45 4.41 10226.52 8692.55 3 Haldaur 6082.19 4616.85 3081.35 4.21 13784.59 11716.91 4 Jalilpur 4547.36 6759.90 1540.67 5.05 12852.99 10925.04 5 Kirathpur 4634.18 2658.11 2378.32 0.15 9670.76 8220.15 6 Kotwali 10496.32 5125.05 2797.15 0.37 18418.88 15656.05 7 Mohmmadpur 7781.85 4391.52 2542.86 0.00 14716.23 12508.80 8 Nazibabad 13870.92 3120.74 3904.04 1.33 20897.03 17762.48 9 Nehtaur 3504.00 4015.13 1450.93 1.75 8971.81 7626.04 10 Noorpur 4111.86 5993.27 703.03 2.90 10811.06 9189.40 11 Seohara 3651.28 4448.78 688.07 0.37 8788.50 7470.22

Recharge due to rainfall, Rr

The recharge due to rainfall is shown in Table 3. During the study period, in Bijnor district, the maximum recharge due to rainfall was 15345.52 ha-m in block Kotwali in the year 2000 while minimum recharge was estimated as 1225.65 ha-m in Block Kirathpur in year 2012.

Recharge due to return flow of irrigation water, Ri

During the period of study, in Bijnor district the maximum recharge due to return flow of irrigation water was 7466.63 ha-m in block Jalilpur in 2000 while it was minimum as 2590.14 ha-m in block Kirathpur in the year 2000.

Groundwater inflow into the area, Rg

Due to lack of information regarding to transmissivity of aquifers, it has been assumed that the groundwater inflow into the area is equal to the groundwater outflow from the area under study. Therefore, the resultant recharge due to groundwater inflow into the area has been taken as zero.

Seepage from Canals, Rs

The maximum seepage from canals was found to be 4510.341 ha-m in block in the year 2007 while it was minimum as 0.00 ha-m in the blocks where canals were not available.

Seepage from tanks and ponds, Rt

During the period of study w.e.f. 2000 to 2015 the maximum seepage from tanks and ponds was found to be 23.82 ha-m in block Mohmmadpur in the years 2006, 2007 and 2008 while it was minimum as 0.147 ha-m in block Kirathpur during the year 2004 to 2012. www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science [1221] e-ISSN: 2582-5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:03/Issue:01/January-2021 Impact Factor- 5.354 www.irjmets.com Estimation of Different Components of Groundwater Discharge

The values of different components of groundwater discharge are given in Table 4.

Table 4. Blockwise groundwater discharge components (ha-m) in Bijnor district for the period w.e.f. 2000 to 2015. Year - 2000 Domestic S.no. Block Irrigation use Industrial use Livestock use Gross draft Net draft use 1 Afzalgarh 8184.34 81.84 15.43 752.56 9034.17 6323.92 2 Dhampur 11663.80 116.64 12.32 845.41 12638.17 8846.72 3 Halduar 12021.80 120.22 17.84 750.24 12910.10 9037.07 4 Jalilpur 21333.23 213.33 22.46 852.35 22421.37 15694.96 5 Kirathpur 8667.00 86.67 15.97 568.77 9338.42 6536.89 6 Kotwali 11903.97 119.04 20.31 1154.25 13197.57 9238.30 7 Mohmmadpur 11786.00 117.86 17.69 825.57 12747.12 8922.98 8 Nazibabad 9419.67 94.20 20.44 1045.66 10579.97 7405.98 9 Nehtaur 8553.20 85.53 13.18 703.87 9355.78 6549.05 10 Noorpur 16519.81 165.20 18.37 939.71 17643.08 12350.16 11 Seohara 9046.01 90.46 8.40 615.43 9760.30 6832.21 2001 1 Afzalgarh 8092.34 80.92 15.43 752.56 8941.25 6258.88 2 Dhampur 11613.60 116.14 12.32 845.41 12587.47 8811.23 3 Halduar 11954.60 119.55 17.84 750.24 12842.23 8989.56 4 Jalilpur 13277.63 132.78 22.46 852.35 14285.22 9999.65 5 Kirathpur 8467.60 84.68 15.97 568.77 9137.02 6395.92 6 Kotwali 11820.77 118.21 20.31 1154.25 13113.54 9179.48 7 Mohmmadpur 11987.60 119.88 17.69 825.57 12950.74 9065.52 8 Nazibabad 9276.07 92.76 20.44 1045.66 10434.93 7304.45 9 Nehtaur 8366.00 83.66 13.18 703.87 9166.71 6416.70 10 Noorpur 16264.41 162.64 18.37 939.71 17385.13 12169.59 11 Seohara 9073.01 90.73 8.40 615.43 9787.57 6851.30

2002 1 Afzalgarh 12295.30 122.95 15.43 752.56 13186.24 9230.37 2 Dhampur 15574.80 155.75 12.32 845.41 16588.28 11611.80 3 Halduar 12638.40 126.38 17.84 750.24 13532.86 9473.00 4 Jalilpur 20830.15 208.30 22.46 852.35 21913.26 15339.28 5 Kirathpur 7400.40 74.00 15.97 568.77 8059.15 5641.40 6 Kotwali 15641.45 156.41 20.31 1154.25 16972.43 11880.70 7 Mohmmadpur 12513.60 125.14 17.69 825.57 13482.00 9437.40 8 Nazibabad 8530.35 85.30 20.44 1045.66 9681.75 6777.23 9 Nehtaur 11670.40 116.70 13.18 703.87 12504.16 8752.91 10 Noorpur 17999.85 180.00 18.37 939.71 19137.92 13396.55 11 Seohara 13600.85 136.01 8.40 615.43 14360.69 10052.48 2003 1 Afzalgarh 12364.10 123.64 15.30 752.56 13255.61 9278.92 2 Dhampur 15656.40 156.56 12.22 845.41 16670.60 11669.42 3 Halduar 12705.60 127.06 17.49 750.24 13600.39 9520.27 4 Jalilpur 20938.95 209.39 21.80 852.35 22022.49 15415.75 5 Kirathpur 7435.60 74.36 15.38 568.77 8094.11 5665.88 6 Kotwali 15727.85 157.28 19.94 1154.25 17059.32 11941.52 7 Mohmmadpur 12579.20 125.79 17.41 825.57 13547.97 9483.58 8 Nazibabad 8576.75 85.77 19.56 1045.66 9727.73 6809.41 9 Nehtaur 11732.80 117.33 12.88 703.87 12566.88 8796.82 10 Noorpur 18062.80 180.63 18.15 939.71 19201.29 13440.90 11 Seohara 13674.45 136.74 8.45 615.43 14435.07 10104.55 2004 1 Afzalgarh 12388.80 123.89 15.30 752.56 13280.55 9296.39 2 Dhampur 15698.00 156.98 12.22 845.41 16712.62 11698.83

3 Halduar 12745.60 127.46 17.49 750.24 13640.79 9548.55 4 Jalilpur 20994.80 209.95 21.80 852.35 22078.90 15455.23 5 Kirathpur 7458.00 74.58 15.38 568.77 8116.73 5681.71 6 Kotwali 15755.60 157.56 19.94 1154.25 17087.35 11961.14 7 Mohmmadpur 12616.00 126.16 17.41 825.57 13585.14 9509.60 8 Nazibabad 8590.80 85.91 19.56 1045.66 9741.93 6819.35 9 Nehtaur 11766.40 117.66 12.88 703.87 12600.82 8820.57 www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science [1222] e-ISSN: 2582-5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:03/Issue:01/January-2021 Impact Factor- 5.354 www.irjmets.com

10 Noorpur 18115.60 181.16 18.15 939.71 19254.62 13478.23 11 Seohara 13687.60 136.88 8.45 615.43 14448.35 10113.84 2005 1 Afzalgarh 12470.40 124.70 14.53 970.21 13579.84 9505.89 2 Dhampur 15766.80 157.67 14.33 1067.33 17006.12 11904.29 3 Halduar 12763.20 127.63 14.25 964.73 13869.80 9708.86 4 Jalilpur 21006.00 210.06 17.95 1081.55 22315.56 15620.89 5 Kirathpur 7474.00 74.74 12.37 742.46 8303.57 5812.50 6 Kotwali 15853.20 158.53 28.56 1529.44 17569.74 12298.82 7 Mohmmadpur 12665.60 126.66 17.48 1066.04 13875.77 9713.04 8 Nazibabad 8622.80 86.23 20.94 1375.19 10105.16 7073.61 9 Nehtaur 11814.40 118.14 12.99 857.02 12802.55 8961.78 10 Noorpur 18120.40 181.20 15.86 1247.71 19565.17 13695.62 11 Seohara 13774.00 137.74 13.47 771.77 14696.98 10287.88 2006 1 Afzalgarh 12486.40 124.86 14.53 970.21 13596.00 9517.20 2 Dhampur 15782.80 157.83 14.33 1067.33 17022.28 11915.60 3 Halduar 12827.20 128.27 14.25 964.73 13934.44 9754.11 4 Jalilpur 21054.00 210.54 17.95 1081.55 22364.04 15654.83 5 Kirathpur 7645.20 76.45 12.37 742.46 8476.48 5933.54 6 Kotwali 15885.20 158.85 28.56 1529.44 17602.06 12321.44

7 Mohmmadpur 12718.40 127.18 17.48 1066.04 13929.10 9750.37 8 Nazibabad 8701.20 87.01 20.94 1375.19 10184.34 7129.04 9 Nehtaur 11862.40 118.62 12.99 857.02 12851.03 8995.72 10 Noorpur 18152.40 181.52 15.86 1247.71 19597.49 13718.24 11 Seohara 13806.00 138.06 13.47 771.77 14729.30 10310.51 2007 1 Afzalgarh 12566.40 125.66 14.81 970.21 13677.08 9573.96 2 Dhampur 15798.80 157.99 14.70 1067.33 17038.82 11927.17 3 Halduar 12923.20 129.23 14.35 964.73 14031.51 9822.06 4 Jalilpur 21150.00 211.50 18.02 1081.55 22461.07 15722.75 5 Kirathpur 7725.20 77.25 12.45 742.46 8557.36 5990.15 6 Kotwali 16048.40 160.48 28.71 1529.44 17767.04 12436.92 7 Mohmmadpur 12814.40 128.14 17.75 1066.04 14026.33 9818.43 8 Nazibabad 8717.20 87.17 21.03 1375.19 10200.59 7140.42 9 Nehtaur 11942.40 119.42 13.07 857.02 12931.91 9052.33 10 Noorpur 18232.40 182.32 15.99 1247.71 19678.42 13774.89 11 Seohara 13806.00 138.06 13.89 771.77 14729.72 10310.80 2008 1 Afzalgarh 12582.40 125.82 14.81 970.21 13693.24 9585.27 2 Dhampur 15853.20 158.53 14.70 1067.33 17093.76 11965.63 3 Halduar 12942.40 129.42 14.35 964.73 14050.90 9835.63 4 Jalilpur 13182.00 131.82 18.02 1081.55 14413.39 10089.37 5 Kirathpur 7744.40 77.44 12.45 742.46 8576.75 6003.73 6 Kotwali 16333.20 163.33 28.71 1529.44 18054.68 12638.28 7 Mohmmadpur 12891.20 128.91 17.75 1066.04 14103.90 9872.73 8 Nazibabad 8808.40 88.08 21.03 1375.19 10292.71 7204.89 9 Nehtaur 11963.20 119.63 13.07 857.02 12952.92 9067.04 10 Noorpur 18250.00 182.50 15.99 1247.71 19696.19 13787.34

11 Seohara 13903.60 139.04 13.89 771.77 14828.30 10379.81 2009 1 Afzalgarh 12627.60 126.28 14.81 974.33 13743.02 9620.11 2 Dhampur 15911.20 159.11 14.70 1067.33 17152.34 12006.64 3 Halduar 13108.00 131.08 14.35 964.73 14218.16 9952.71 4 Jalilpur 21239.60 212.40 18.02 1081.55 22551.56 15786.09 5 Kirathpur 7589.60 75.90 12.45 742.46 8420.40 5894.28 6 Kotwali 16332.40 163.32 28.71 1529.44 18053.88 12637.71 7 Mohmmadpur 13123.20 131.23 17.75 1066.04 14338.22 10036.75 8 Nazibabad 8969.60 89.70 21.03 1375.93 10456.26 7319.38 9 Nehtaur 11937.20 119.37 13.07 857.02 12926.66 9048.66 10 Noorpur 18298.00 182.98 15.99 1247.71 19744.67 13821.27 11 Seohara 14070.80 140.71 13.89 771.77 14997.17 10498.02 2010 1 Afzalgarh 12663.60 126.64 14.81 974.33 13779.38 9645.56 2 Dhampur 15762.00 157.62 14.70 1067.33 17001.65 11901.15 3 Halduar 13322.40 133.22 14.35 964.73 14434.70 10104.29 4 Jalilpur 20862.40 208.62 18.02 1081.55 22170.59 15519.41 5 Kirathpur 7970.80 79.71 12.45 742.46 8805.42 6163.79 www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science [1223] e-ISSN: 2582-5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:03/Issue:01/January-2021 Impact Factor- 5.354 www.irjmets.com

6 Kotwali 16362.80 163.63 28.71 1529.44 18084.58 12659.21 7 Mohmmadpur 12974.80 129.75 17.75 1066.04 14188.34 9931.84 8 Nazibabad 9082.40 90.82 21.03 1375.93 10570.19 7399.13 9 Nehtaur 12166.40 121.66 13.07 857.02 13158.15 9210.70 10 Noorpur 18560.80 185.61 15.99 1247.71 20010.10 14007.07 11 Seohara 13756.40 137.56 13.89 771.77 14679.62 10275.74 2011 1 Afzalgarh 12630.00 126.30 15.29 974.33 13745.92 9622.15 2 Dhampur 16156.80 161.57 15.00 1067.33 17400.69 12180.49

3 Halduar 13402.40 134.02 14.30 964.73 14515.45 10160.81 4 Jalilpur 20851.20 208.51 18.08 1081.55 22159.34 15511.54 5 Kirathpur 7816.40 78.16 12.43 742.46 8649.45 6054.62 6 Kotwali 16110.40 161.10 28.73 1529.44 17829.68 12480.77 7 Mohmmadpur 13340.40 133.40 17.91 1066.04 14557.75 10190.43 8 Nazibabad 9310.40 93.10 21.13 1375.93 10800.57 7560.40 9 Nehtaur 12158.00 121.58 13.34 857.02 13149.93 9204.95 10 Noorpur 18673.60 186.74 16.30 1247.71 20124.34 14087.04 11 Seohara 14131.20 141.31 14.00 771.77 15058.28 10540.80 2012 1 Afzalgarh 12703.60 127.04 15.29 974.33 13820.26 9674.18 2 Dhampur 16269.20 162.69 15.00 1067.33 17514.22 12259.95 3 Halduar 13432.80 134.33 14.30 964.73 14546.15 10182.31 4 Jalilpur 20932.80 209.33 18.08 1081.55 22241.76 15569.23 5 Kirathpur 7874.80 78.75 12.43 742.46 8708.44 6095.91 6 Kotwali 16230.80 162.31 28.73 1529.44 17951.28 12565.90 7 Mohmmadpur 13430.80 134.31 17.91 1066.04 14649.06 10254.34 8 Nazibabad 9368.40 93.68 21.13 1375.93 10859.15 7601.40 9 Nehtaur 12215.60 122.16 13.34 857.02 13208.11 9245.68 10 Noorpur 18786.40 187.86 16.30 1247.71 20238.27 14166.79 11 Seohara 14247.20 142.47 14.00 771.77 15175.44 10622.81 2013 1 Afzalgarh 11225.40 112.25 11.95 1208.61 12558.21 8790.75 2 Dhampur 14733.80 147.34 17.67 1162.84 16061.65 11243.15 3 Halduar 13189.60 131.90 9.55 1163.09 14494.14 10145.90 4 Jalilpur 19450.20 194.50 12.52 1270.19 20927.41 14649.19 5 Kirathpur 7581.40 75.81 8.00 893.16 8558.37 5990.86 6 Kotwali 14701.20 147.01 52.20 1838.41 16738.82 11717.18

7 Mohmmadpur 12634.60 126.35 17.91 1321.02 14099.88 9869.91 8 Nazibabad 8921.40 89.21 27.24 1775.38 10813.23 7569.26 9 Nehtaur 11409.40 114.09 13.72 993.41 12530.62 8771.44 10 Noorpur 17334.64 173.35 11.76 1458.63 18978.38 13284.86 11 Seohara 12748.40 127.48 32.18 924.30 13832.36 9682.65

2014 1 Afzalgarh 11267.40 112.67 11.97 1230.94 12622.98 8836.09 2 Dhampur 14766.00 147.66 18.39 1171.17 16103.22 11272.25 3 Halduar 13189.60 131.90 9.31 1181.35 14512.16 10158.51 4 Jalilpur 19316.80 193.17 12.24 1287.31 20809.52 14566.66 5 Kirathpur 7598.80 75.99 7.81 907.01 8589.61 6012.73 6 Kotwali 14666.80 146.67 56.27 1866.80 16736.54 11715.58 7 Mohmmadpur 12547.20 125.47 17.07 1066.04 13755.78 9629.05 8 Nazibabad 8930.40 89.30 28.35 1813.56 10861.61 7603.13 9 Nehtaur 11484.40 114.84 14.01 1005.70 12618.95 8833.27 10 Noorpur 17132.04 171.32 11.70 1477.73 18792.79 13154.95 11 Seohara 12723.40 127.23 35.57 938.29 13824.49 9677.15 2015 1 Afzalgarh 11259.00 112.59 11.99 1253.67 12637.25 8846.08 2 Dhampur 14725.40 147.25 19.14 1179.55 16071.34 11249.94 3 Halduar 13191.00 131.91 9.08 1199.89 14531.88 10172.32 4 Jalilpur 19314.00 193.14 11.96 1304.67 20823.77 14576.64 5 Kirathpur 7594.60 75.95 7.62 921.08 8599.25 6019.47 6 Kotwali 14643.00 146.43 60.65 1895.63 16745.71 11722.00 7 Mohmmadpur 12547.20 125.47 17.24 1369.06 14058.97 9841.28 8 Nazibabad 8916.40 89.16 29.51 1852.56 10887.63 7621.34 9 Nehtaur 11471.80 114.72 14.30 1018.15 12618.97 8833.28 10 Noorpur 17123.64 171.24 11.65 1497.08 18803.61 13162.52 11 Seohara 12710.80 127.11 39.33 952.49 13829.73 9680.81

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Effluent seepage to rivers, ES

It has been assumed that effluent seepage to rivers during non-monsoon months equals the influent seepage from river during monsoon months.

Groundwater outflow from the area, Og

Due to lack of information regarding transmissivity of aquifers it has been assumed that groundwater inflow into the area equals to the groundwater outflow from the area under study.

Evapotranspiration losses, Et

Since, the water table depth in the study area was more than 2 m, the evapotranspiration losses were not considered in the estimation of groundwater discharge.

Groundwater pumpage through wells

During the period of study, maximum irrigation draft was 21333.23 ha-m in block Jalilpur in the year 2000 while it was minimum as 7400.40 ha-m in block Kirathpur in the year 2002.The maximum draft for domestic use was 1895.63 ha-m in block Kotwali in the year 2015 while it was minimum as 568.77 ha-m in block Kirathpur during the period 2001 to 2004. The maximum draft for livestock was 60.65 ha-m in block Kotwali in the year 2015 while it was minimum as 7.62 ha-m in block Kirathpur in the year 2015. The maximum draft for industrial use was 213.33 ha-m in block Jalilpur in the year 2000 and it was minimum as 74.00 ha-m in block Kirathpur in the year 2002 in Bijnor district.

Groundwater Inventory

The groundwater inventory of Bijnor district for the period w.e.f. 2000 – 2015 is given in Table 5. The difference between net recharge and net draft would give the groundwater balance. The ratio of net draft to net recharge gives the value of groundwater utilization development stage.

Table 5. Groundwater inventory in Bijnor district for the period w.e.f. 2000 to 2015 Year - 2000 Stage of Net recharge Net draft S.no. Block Balance development Category (ha-m) (ha-m) (%) 1 Afzalgarh 12761.30 6323.92 6437.38 49.56 Safe 2 Dhampur 10509.70 8846.72 1662.99 84.18 Semi Critical 3 Haldaur 10559.63 9037.07 1522.56 85.58 Critical 4 Jalilpur 14002.15 15694.96 -1692.81 112.09 Over exploited 5 Kirathpur 7284.40 6536.89 747.51 89.74 Critical 6 Kotwali 16699.56 9238.30 7461.25 55.32 Safe 7 Mohmmadpur 12119.81 8922.98 3196.83 73.62 Semi Critical 8 Nazibabad 16098.91 7405.98 8692.93 46.00 Safe 9 Nehtaur 6424.95 6549.05 -124.10 101.93 Over exploited 10 Noorpur 12141.26 12350.16 -208.90 101.72 Over exploited 11 Seohara 6996.42 6832.21 164.21 97.65 Critical Overall groundwater utilization development stage of district as a whole 77.82 Semi Critical 2001 1 Afzalgarh 9625.91 6258.88 3367.03 65.02 Semi Critical www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science [1225] e-ISSN: 2582-5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:03/Issue:01/January-2021 Impact Factor- 5.354 www.irjmets.com

2 Dhampur 8378.58 8811.23 -432.65 105.16 Over exploited 3 Haldaur 8502.65 8989.56 -486.91 105.73 Over exploited 4 Jalilpur 9307.86 9999.65 -691.79 107.43 Over exploited 5 Kirathpur 5807.37 6395.92 -588.54 110.13 Over exploited 6 Kotwali 12470.88 9179.48 3291.40 73.61 Semi Critical 7 Mohmmadpur 11847.81 9065.52 2782.30 76.52 Semi Critical 8 Nazibabad 13090.71 7304.45 5786.26 55.80 Safe 9 Nehtaur 4509.34 6416.70 -1907.36 142.30 Over exploited

10 Noorpur 9867.02 12169.59 -2302.57 123.34 Over exploited 11 Seohara 5475.73 6851.30 -1375.57 125.12 Over exploited Overall groundwater utilization development stage of district as a whole 92.47 Critical 2002 1 Afzalgarh 11452.63 9230.37 2222.26 80.60 Semi Critical 2 Dhampur 9973.56 11611.80 -1638.24 116.43 Over exploited 3 Haldaur 10074.91 9473.00 601.90 94.03 Critical 4 Jalilpur 12029.61 15339.28 -3309.68 127.51 Over exploited 5 Kirathpur 6290.23 5641.40 648.83 89.69 Critical 6 Kotwali 15795.18 11880.70 3914.48 75.22 Semi Critical 7 Mohmmadpur 13104.87 9437.40 3667.47 72.01 Semi Critical 8 Nazibabad 15332.00 6777.23 8554.77 44.20 Safe 9 Nehtaur 7277.14 8752.91 -1475.77 120.28 Over exploited 10 Noorpur 10853.61 13396.55 -2542.94 123.43 Over exploited 11 Seohara 7513.51 10052.48 -2538.97 133.79 Over exploited Overall groundwater utilization development stage of district as a whole 93.23 Critical 2003 1 Afzalgarh 13063.81 9278.92 3784.88 71.03 Semi Critical 2 Dhampur 11275.03 11669.42 -394.39 103.50 Over exploited 3 Haldaur 11687.70 9520.27 2167.43 81.46 Semi Critical 4 Jalilpur 13623.22 15415.75 -1792.52 113.16 Over exploited 5 Kirathpur 7685.32 5665.88 2019.45 73.72 Semi Critical 6 Kotwali 17325.86 11941.52 5384.33 68.92 Semi Critical 7 Mohmmadpur 14014.76 9483.58 4531.18 67.67 Semi Critical 8 Nazibabad 16860.90 6809.41 10051.48 40.39 Safe 9 Nehtaur 8162.63 8796.82 -634.18 107.77 Over exploited 10 Noorpur 11820.61 13440.90 -1620.29 113.71 Over exploited 11 Seohara 8948.78 10104.55 -1155.77 112.92 Over exploited Overall groundwater utilization development stage of district as a whole 83.39 Semi Critical

2004 1 Afzalgarh 10562.35 9296.39 1265.96 88.01 Critical 2 Dhampur 9013.87 11698.83 -2684.96 129.79 Over exploited 3 Haldaur 9783.55 9548.55 234.99 97.60 Critical 4 Jalilpur 10597.47 15455.23 -4857.76 145.84 Over exploited 5 Kirathpur 6050.38 5681.71 368.67 93.91 Critical 6 Kotwali 15797.35 11961.14 3836.21 75.72 Semi Critical 7 Mohmmadpur 13352.62 9509.60 3843.03 71.22 Semi Critical 8 Nazibabad 14054.52 6819.35 7235.17 48.52 Safe 9 Nehtaur 6992.60 8820.57 -1827.97 126.14 Over exploited 10 Noorpur 10741.62 13478.23 -2736.61 125.48 Over exploited 11 Seohara 7308.64 10113.84 -2805.20 138.38 Over exploited Overall groundwater utilization development stage of district as a whole 98.36 Critical 2005 1 Afzalgarh 12570.97 9505.89 3065.08 75.62 Semi Critical 2 Dhampur 10477.60 11904.29 -1426.68 113.62 Over exploited www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science [1226] e-ISSN: 2582-5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:03/Issue:01/January-2021 Impact Factor- 5.354 www.irjmets.com

3 Haldaur 9599.27 9708.86 -109.59 101.14 Over exploited 4 Jalilpur 12280.83 15620.89 -3340.06 127.20 Over exploited 5 Kirathpur 4950.85 5812.50 -861.65 117.40 Over exploited 6 Kotwali 17517.37 12298.82 5218.56 70.21 Semi Critical 7 Mohmmadpur 15000.51 9713.04 5287.47 64.75 Safe 8 Nazibabad 15206.72 7073.61 8133.11 46.52 Safe 9 Nehtaur 7205.56 8961.78 -1756.22 124.37 Over exploited 10 Noorpur 11860.75 13695.62 -1834.87 115.47 Over exploited 11 Seohara 6781.54 10287.88 -3506.35 151.70 Over exploited Overall groundwater utilization development stage of district as a whole 92.82 Critical 2006 1 Afzalgarh 12066.44 9517.20 2549.24 78.87 Semi Critical

2 Dhampur 9873.70 11915.60 -2041.90 120.68 Over exploited 3 Haldaur 9255.47 9754.11 -498.64 105.39 Over exploited 4 Jalilpur 10890.67 15654.83 -4764.15 143.75 Over exploited 5 Kirathpur 6917.22 5933.54 983.68 85.78 Critical 6 Kotwali 15461.53 12321.44 3140.09 79.69 Semi Critical 7 Mohmmadpur 14794.20 9750.37 5043.83 65.91 Semi Critical 8 Nazibabad 14123.86 7129.04 6994.82 50.48 Safe 9 Nehtaur 7113.78 8995.72 -1881.93 126.45 Over exploited 10 Noorpur 10654.41 13718.24 -3063.83 128.76 Over exploited 11 Seohara 7875.10 10310.51 -2435.40 130.93 Over exploited Overall groundwater utilization development stage of district as a whole 96.62 Critical 2007 1 Afzalgarh 12126.66 9573.96 2552.70 78.95 Semi Critical 2 Dhampur 10331.12 11927.17 -1596.05 115.45 Over exploited 3 Haldaur 12256.58 9822.06 2434.52 80.14 Semi Critical 4 Jalilpur 12681.48 15722.75 -3041.27 123.98 Over exploited 5 Kirathpur 7929.29 5990.15 1939.13 75.54 Semi Critical 6 Kotwali 17807.68 12436.92 5370.76 69.84 Semi Critical 7 Mohmmadpur 14439.02 9818.43 4620.58 68.00 Semi Critical 8 Nazibabad 15935.55 7140.42 8795.13 44.81 Safe 9 Nehtaur 8326.45 9052.33 -725.89 108.72 Over exploited 10 Noorpur 11196.03 13774.89 -2578.86 123.03 Over exploited 11 Seohara 8336.21 10310.80 -1974.59 123.69 Over exploited Overall groundwater utilization development stage of district as a whole 87.98 Critical 2008 1 Afzalgarh 12288.22 9585.27 2702.95 78.00 Semi Critical 2 Dhampur 10824.97 11965.63 -1140.66 110.54 Over exploited 3 Haldaur 11359.77 9835.63 1524.14 86.58 Critical

4 Jalilpur 11562.00 10089.37 1472.63 87.26 Critical 5 Kirathpur 7062.53 6003.73 1058.81 85.01 Critical 6 Kotwali 16616.63 12638.28 3978.35 76.06 Semi Critical 7 Mohmmadpur 13343.83 9872.73 3471.10 73.99 Semi Critical 8 Nazibabad 14420.20 7204.89 7215.31 49.96 Safe 9 Nehtaur 8052.72 9067.04 -1014.32 112.60 Over exploited 10 Noorpur 11149.79 13787.34 -2637.55 123.66 Over exploited 11 Seohara 7927.85 10379.81 -2451.96 130.93 Over exploited Overall groundwater utilization development stage of district as a whole 88.62 Critical 2009 1 Afzalgarh 10100.20 9620.11 480.09 95.25 Critical 2 Dhampur 8982.12 12006.64 -3024.52 133.67 Over exploited 3 Haldaur 9339.23 9952.71 -613.48 106.57 Over exploited 4 Jalilpur 11584.07 15786.09 -4202.02 136.27 Over exploited 5 Kirathpur 5821.51 5894.28 -72.77 101.25 Over exploited 6 Kotwali 14402.82 12637.71 1765.11 87.74 Critical 7 Mohmmadpur 12617.79 10036.75 2581.04 79.54 Semi Critical 8 Nazibabad 10614.20 7319.38 3294.82 68.96 Semi Critical 9 Nehtaur 6190.52 9048.66 -2858.14 146.17 Over exploited 10 Noorpur 10203.88 13821.27 -3617.40 135.45 Over exploited 11 Seohara 6727.65 10498.02 -3770.37 156.04 Over exploited Overall groundwater utilization development stage of district as a whole 109.42 Over exploited 2010 1 Afzalgarh 13293.86 9645.56 3648.30 72.56 Semi Critical www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science [1227] e-ISSN: 2582-5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:03/Issue:01/January-2021 Impact Factor- 5.354 www.irjmets.com

2 Dhampur 11394.16 11901.15 -507.00 104.45 Over exploited 3 Haldaur 13107.06 10104.29 3002.77 77.09 Semi Critical 4 Jalilpur 14417.01 15519.41 -1102.40 107.65 Over exploited 5 Kirathpur 8228.49 6163.79 2064.70 74.91 Semi Critical

6 Kotwali 19738.69 12659.21 7079.49 64.13 Safe 7 Mohmmadpur 15665.81 9931.84 5733.97 63.40 Safe 8 Nazibabad 16740.51 7399.13 9341.38 44.20 Safe 9 Nehtaur 9690.94 9210.70 480.24 95.04 Critical 10 Noorpur 12281.93 14007.07 -1725.14 114.05 Over exploited 11 Seohara 8946.16 10275.74 -1329.57 114.86 Over exploited Overall groundwater utilization development stage of district as a whole 81.40 Semi Critical 2011 1 Afzalgarh 10666.23 9622.15 1044.08 90.21 Critical 2 Dhampur 9634.56 12180.49 -2545.92 126.42 Over exploited 3 Haldaur 11312.90 10160.81 1152.09 89.82 Critical 4 Jalilpur 12289.23 15511.54 -3222.31 126.22 Over exploited 5 Kirathpur 6764.96 6054.62 710.34 89.50 Critical 6 Kotwali 16648.96 12480.77 4168.19 74.96 Semi Critical 7 Mohmmadpur 13320.78 10190.43 3130.35 76.50 Semi Critical 8 Nazibabad 14567.83 7560.40 7007.43 51.90 Safe 9 Nehtaur 8468.55 9204.95 -736.40 108.70 Over exploited 10 Noorpur 10570.92 14087.04 -3516.12 133.26 Over exploited 11 Seohara 7534.77 10540.80 -3006.03 139.90 Over exploited Overall groundwater utilization development stage of district as a whole 96.56 Critical 2012 1 Afzalgarh 8249.15 9674.18 -1425.03 117.27 Over exploited 2 Dhampur 7743.57 12259.95 -4516.38 158.32 Over exploited 3 Haldaur 10134.35 10182.31 -47.96 100.47 Over exploited 4 Jalilpur 9945.40 15569.23 -5623.83 156.55 Over exploited 5 Kirathpur 5406.26 6095.91 -689.65 112.76 Over exploited 6 Kotwali 14511.10 12565.90 1945.21 86.60 Critical 7 Mohmmadpur 11586.01 10254.34 1331.67 88.51 Critical

8 Nazibabad 13190.24 7601.40 5588.83 57.63 Safe 9 Nehtaur 7374.52 9245.68 -1871.16 125.37 Over exploited 10 Noorpur 9218.14 14166.79 -4948.65 153.68 Over exploited 11 Seohara 5980.67 10622.81 -4642.14 177.62 Over exploited Overall groundwater utilization development stage of district as a whole 114.42 Over exploited 2013 1 Afzalgarh 9299.61 8790.75 508.86 94.53 Over exploited 2 Dhampur 7919.39 11243.15 -3323.76 141.97 Over exploited 3 Haldaur 9904.71 10145.90 -241.19 102.44 Over exploited 4 Jalilpur 9015.93 14649.19 -5633.26 162.48 Over exploited 5 Kirathpur 7089.73 5990.86 1098.87 84.50 Over exploited 6 Kotwali 13670.82 11717.18 1953.64 85.71 Critical 7 Mohmmadpur 10424.51 9869.91 554.60 94.68 Critical 8 Nazibabad 14520.49 7569.26 6951.23 52.13 Safe 9 Nehtaur 6951.12 8771.44 -1820.32 126.19 Over exploited 10 Noorpur 7871.59 13284.86 -5413.27 168.77 Over exploited 11 Seohara 6855.75 9682.65 -2826.91 141.23 Over exploited Overall groundwater utilization development stage of district as a whole 107.91 Over exploited 2014 1 Afzalgarh 11144.90 8836.09 2308.81 79.28 Semi Critical 2 Dhampur 8974.30 11272.25 -2297.96 125.61 Over exploited 3 Haldaur 11730.56 10158.51 1572.06 86.60 Critical 4 Jalilpur 11022.61 14566.66 -3544.05 132.15 Over exploited 5 Kirathpur 8317.97 6012.73 2305.25 72.29 Semi Critical 6 Kotwali 15862.62 11715.58 4147.04 73.86 Semi Critical 7 Mohmmadpur 12464.97 9629.05 2835.92 77.25 Semi Critical 8 Nazibabad 17304.73 7603.13 9701.61 43.94 Safe 9 Nehtaur 7776.90 8833.27 -1056.36 113.58 Over exploited

10 Noorpur 9332.85 13154.95 -3822.10 140.95 Over exploited 11 Seohara 7697.21 9677.15 -1979.93 125.72 Over exploited Overall groundwater utilization development stage of district as a whole 91.64 Critical 2015 1 Afzalgarh 10672.66 8846.08 1826.58 82.89 Semi Critical 2 Dhampur 8692.55 11249.94 -2557.39 129.42 Over exploited www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science [1228] e-ISSN: 2582-5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:03/Issue:01/January-2021 Impact Factor- 5.354 www.irjmets.com

3 Haldaur 11716.91 10172.32 1544.59 86.82 Critical 4 Jalilpur 10925.04 14576.64 -3651.60 133.42 Over exploited 5 Kirathpur 8220.15 6019.47 2200.67 73.23 Semi Critical 6 Kotwali 15656.05 11722.00 3934.05 74.87 Semi Critical 7 Mohmmadpur 12508.80 9841.28 2667.52 78.67 Semi Critical 8 Nazibabad 17762.48 7621.34 10141.13 42.91 Safe 9 Nehtaur 7626.04 8833.28 -1207.24 115.83 Over exploited 10 Noorpur 9189.40 13162.52 -3973.13 143.24 Over exploited 11 Seohara 7470.22 9680.81 -2210.59 129.59 Over exploited Overall groundwater utilization development stage of district as a whole 92.76 Critical

Transformation of Groundwater Utilization Development Stage

Transformation of blocks of district Bijnor from one category to another category of groundwater utilization development during the study period w.e.f. 2000 to 2015 is given in Table 6. Table 6.Transformation of groundwater stage in Bijnor district for the period w.e.f. 2000 to 2015 Stage S.No. Block 2000 2015 1 Afzalgarh Safe Semi Critical 2 Dhampur Semi Critical Over exploited 3 Haldaur Critical Critical 4 Jalilpur Over exploited Over exploited 5 Kirathpur Critical Semi Critical 6 Kotwali Safe Semi Critical 7 Mohmmadpur Semi Critical Semi Critical 8 Nazibabad Safe Safe 9 Nehtaur Over exploited Over exploited 10 Noorpur Over exploited Over exploited 11 Seohara Critical Over exploited

Yearly variation in number of blocks under different groundwater utilization development stage is shown in Figure 3.

safe semi critical critical over exploited

10

8 6 4

NumberofBlocks 2 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Year

Fig. 3 Number of Blocks under different groundwater utilization development stage in Bijnor District www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science [1229] e-ISSN: 2582-5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:03/Issue:01/January-2021 Impact Factor- 5.354 www.irjmets.com IV. CONCLUSION On the basis of this study, the following conclusions were drawn –

 The overall groundwater utilization development stage was changed from semi critical in 2000 to critical in 2015 while it was semi critical in 2003 and 2010, critical in 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2011 and 2014 and over exploited in 2009, 2012 and 2013.  It may be observed from Table 6 that four blocks during the period of study from the year 2000 to 2015 were found to be transformed from lower category of groundwater utilization development stage to higher category of groundwater utilization development stage (Afzalgarh from safe to semi critical; Dhampur from semi critical to over exploited; Kotwali from safe to semi critical and Seohara from critical to over exploited). Six blocks namely Haldaur (critical); Jalilpur (over exploited); Mohmmadpur (semi critical); Nazibabad (safe); Nehtaur (over exploited) and Noorpur (over exploited) remained in the same category of groundwater utilization development stage. Only one block namely Kirathpur was found to be transformed from higher (critical) to lower (semi critical) category of groundwater utilization development stage. IV. REFERENCES [1] Agarawal, C.K., Bhargava, A.N., Singh, P.R. and Chhabra, S.S. 1990. Estimation of recharge to groundwater due to return flow of irrigation in eastern Yamuna canal command area using nuclear technique- A case study. Proceeding of All India Seminar on Groundwater Investigation. Management and Geophysical Techniques, held at Lucknow on 11 - 12 December,pp. 44-48. [2] Bhargav, K.S., Dobaria, K.D. and Tank, U.N. 2006. Ground water management through well recharge in kutch Journal of Agricultural Engineering Year : 2006 (43). [3] Ceya, E., Rudolphb, D.L., Parkinc, G.W. and Aravenab, R.1998. Quantifying groundwater discharge to a small perennial stream insouthern Ontario, CanadaJournal of Hydrology (210): 21–37. [4] Chauhan, P.S.1985. 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Effective approach to calculate Groundwater Return flow to a river from irrigation areas DOI,10. www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science [1231]