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October 1953 2 1000 714712 ! BUDGET AND REPORTS DIVlSION October 1953 2 ON AUTHORIZED E!, ; 0;RNL Programs-Contd. a. The chemistry of nuclear reactors. b . General separations technology associated with radioactive materials . C. Chemical methods for the separation of isotopes. d. Chemistry of uqanium raw materials. e. Instrumentation and hot laboratory research. One of the current programs under category by for example, is Thorex - I chemical development program for the separation of U-233, Pa-233, and the recovery of thorium from irradiated thorium metal. This process study was initiated at ORNL during F'Y 1952 and will probably be taken through the pilot plant demonstration phase during FY 1955. The Thorex process is of importance for the fissionable U-233 which it separates, of course, but will also be of importance in connection with converters and breeder type reactors which may be developed with thorium as the breeding material. Pro ram 6000 B i olo&ine Oak Ridge National Laboratory cooperates closely with (a) Argonne National Laboratory on research with chemical compounds of promise as materials pro- viding radiation protection to living organisms, (b) project "Greenhouse" in establishing the danger from atomic bomb explosion; (c) other AEC Laboratories on the use of isotopes in metabolism studies and in ion-exchange methods for preparation of special products; (d) the British Atomic Energy Project in the study of mouse genetics and related fields; (e) the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology; (f) National Institutes of Health; (g) the pathology and physiology group of the U. S. Navy; (h) the Isotope Division of AEC by supplying labeled sugars for sale; (i) Southern Universities; (1) Oak Edge Institute of Nuclear Studies; and (k) with the Division of Biology and Medicine in a program of biological experiments at the Nevada Proving Ground. Mouse Genetics Mice of hown hereditary characteristics are being used to investigate the long-term effects of exposure to radiations. Three different dose levels of x-irradiation are currently used for the evaluation of herediatry effects in mice for comparison with what is presently born in less-complicated animal species. With knowledge gained by these experiments, it is expected that a better prediction of the effects of human exposure to radiation can be made. To this program isidded an investigation of danage to the mouse embryo by x-irradiation applied to the pregnant mother. These studies at ORNL of radiation effects upon various stages of the mouse embryo during development i. can be in part correlated with recent reports of damage to the human embryo shown through studies of survivingbinfants in Hiroshima. This program is being extended, to incorporate an evaluation of neutron effects. \ ... .. - ~ , . ... ORNL Programs-Contd . Cytogenetics Among the more notable effects of radiation upon living material are the chromosome breaks and aberrations and other changes within the nucleus of the living cell. These may cause damage in critical organs, block of cell division, failure of tissue growth and function, or changes in the hereditary constitution of surviving cells. The degree to which such changes occur in the nucleus also serves as a clue to the dosage for many forms of radiation. These effects are under investigation in several plant and animal species, am studies are in progress to determine the extent to which diffusing oxygen and changes in humidity alter this cell damage. This field of study also in- volves the examination of changes in rates of cell division, survival, re- production and death in the protozoan, Paramecium, in the fruit-fly, Drosophila, in the Tradescantia plant and in grasshopper neuroblasts as a result of irradiation, using*these several organism as versatile tools. Radiation Protection A survey is being made of chemical compounds which promise to be useful in causing adegreeaf protection against radiation damage in living material. These have been tested on microorganisms, principally bacteria, and prelimin- ary experiments show that some of them may be used for radiation protection in the mammal. Biochemistry Through the use of ion-exchange methods, the chemical nature of nucleic acids is being determined in preparation foiran extensive study of the mode of nucleic acid disruption as a result of irradiation. The nucleic acids are components of nucleo-proteins which are themselves the substances which make up the nuclear structure of cells and the genetic material which controls heredity in all living organisms. Studies are also in progress to determine thg synthetic pathways in plant and animal cells for the building of compounds useful in cell structure or for the gain of energy by the organism. From this work, a portion of which is accomplished through use of tagged atoms, new concepts are emerging as to the nucleic acid structure of proteins and the pathways by which the living cell makes use of 2- and 4-carbon organic . acids for producing source of potential energy. Pathology and Physiology Long-term effects due to exposure to a31 kinds of ionizing radiations, such L as cancer-indiction, cataract development, and other radiation-induced diseases, are under study in the pathology and physiology section of ORNL. .In addition to this, the immediate action of high-level radiation upon whole organ systems is under investigation in the laboratory mammal. This includes , the determination of changes in endocrine function, the premeability of the I . blood-vascular system, the lymphatic system, and in the production of diseases i such as leukemia as a result of exposure to radiations. - ORNL Programs-Contd . Reactor Development - Supplement School of Reactor Technology The School of Reactor Technology was established for the purpose of training engineers and scientists in the field of reactor theory and technology, in preparation for their engaging directly in reactor research and/or develop. ment. This represents an effort to enable appropriate governmental agencies, their contractors, and private industrial organizations to participate actively in this new and important field of industrial development and to stimulate more effective participation in those organizations already actively engaged in the field. Of equal importance, the School accepts selected recent college engineering graduates for supplementary training specihcally in reactor development work and thus provides a new source of young trained personnel for the AEC reactor development program. The first formal class of ORSORT, 26 representatives from industry and 20 graduate students, completed the 1950-51 session in August 1951. The second class, 30 representatives from industry and 38 graduate students completed the 1951-52 session in August 199. The 1952-53 class included 31 graduate student and 50 representatives of industry and government agencies. The class of 1953- 5L includes 32 graduate students and L8 representatives of industry and govern- ment agencies. It is expected that the School enrollment will be maintained at a level of 80 during the 19SL-55 session. 8019 .. .- . I .^ - .- . .. .--- i... , . .:- :. -. ; .- . _._ i Tho Hoalth Rr7rlca program at OlBlt dcnr not graatly ahrye I- vu to par In fimldn of developant rupportinq routine prokatlea to laboratory parsonxwl or in the goneral area protection y&mt radiation hama. Homer, in health ph;yslca ducation, la the darolopnt of new instnrmentrtion, axi in application to imta roseor.& problas, the program do- chpngo to sme degree a8 now procedures and needs ariae. Health Phyaic8 at ORNL has starbed, organlred, and distributed Mor- mation that aids in the establistsent of madmm level8 for radiation exposure and radioactive contadnation in plant and laboratory. IJm instruments and techniques have been developed for radiation meamre- mento especially in the field of neutron dosinetry, ad in the Pnelyair of radioactive constituents present in inorganic and organic material of importance to health. Survey, laboratory, adpilot-plant 6tudie8 are in progrtsa on dispersion, localization and behavior of radio- active wastes In water supply systw and in lakes ond atreama. A pilot plant investigation is being aade on adrptation of mutixw sanitary engine& a&-water-treatment processee to the concentration and removal of mdioacti~nutefialafrom water supplies. In conjunction with studiea being completed by TVA, ,the conditionsz.of the ,limplogg, bo+,any the fieh population, and the food organisme of Whiteoak Lake and the CUnch River are under investigation with xwpct to detection of q possible effect of radioactive contamination. To date no gross changes have been identified as a result of chemical nste entering Whiteoak Creek from the OREa area. The Health ?kysicr Division hae developed method8 for assex uraniln ad plutonium in air and water and In biological fluids, and under- taking a program on studiea of particle siae adparticle distribution in air. The purpose of this latter program is to determine more ao- curately the nature of radioactive materials which escape into the atmosphere from various operations, their control, and evaluation of the means for rmovzl use of filters and precipltatora. A program of rervlcsa to all laboratory group8 is always fi operation to advlra and consult on such problcars a8 the coordination of health physic8 rsquirauents wlth the construction of new facilities, the fmproveopent of instrumentation for constant rir-monitoring equiplent, evaluation of rrdiation hasard in operatiom and experiments,fihe estimation of shielding
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