Coll. Antropol. 31 (2007) 3: 869–890 Original scientific paper

The Ecological Aspect of Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology of Population in

Sulejman S. Red`i}

Center of Ecology and Natural Resources, Faculty of Science University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

ABSTRACT

This paper contains first systematical revision of the results on traditional use of wild medicinal and aromatic herbs on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) – west of Balkan Peninsula; Southeast of Europe. There have been de- tected 227 belonging to 71 different families, which are being used with ethno therapeutic purpose. Results were obtained by method of open ethno botanical interview which comprised 150 persons, whose average age was 63. Me- dicinal plants in ethno therapy are being used either in fresh, raw or dried condition. Different herbal parts, depending on period of vegetation season, sometimes even in winter, are basis for preparation of infusions (59%), decoct (19%), tinc- tures (4%). Especially original are balms known as Bosnian »mehlems«, which are fresh cuted herbal parts mixed with lukewarm resin, raw cow butter or honey. In ethno therapy are mostly being used aerial plant organs. Majority of herbs is being used for treatment of illnesses of respiratory (22%), gastrointestinal (19%) and urinary and genital system (9%), for treatment of skin conditions (11%), as well as for nervous system and heart diseases (16%). The most original plants on the field of ethno pharmacology, comparing with ethno therapy practice of other regions, are as follows: Ballota nigra, Aesculus hippocastanum, Calluna vulgaris, Centaurea cyanus, Euphrasia rostkoviana, Geranium robertianum, Gen- tiana asclepiadea, Helichrysum italicum, Lycopodium clavatum, Marrubium vulgare, Nepeta cataria, Populus tremula, Ruta graveolens, Tamus communis, Teucrium montanum, T. chamaedrys, and endemic plants Gentiana lutea subsp. symphyandra, Teucrium arduini, Micromeria thymifolia, Satureja montana, S. subspicata, Rhamnus fallax and Viola elegantula. There haven’t been noticed significant differences in the frequencies of medicinal plants use among different ethnical groups. But, it has been perceived that longer ethno therapeutic tradition possess inhabitants of sub- and Medi- terranean areas, as well as inhabitants of the mountain areas of B&H, regardless their ethnicity.

Key words: human ecology, folk medicine, ethno therapy, wild medicinal plants, natural resources, Balkan

Introduction Modern man’s relationship toward his diet and medi- ural resources in his surroundings since Neolithic days, cal treatment since centuries ago is the most important especially to the wild medicinal flora. part of both human ecology and process of anthropo- Despite the fact that we are living at the beginning of genesis1–7. the 21st century medicinal aspect of vascular flora has Man – Homo sapiens recens has been using wild flora been insufficiently investigated10. It has been estimated in his diet since centuries ago, in the medicinal treat- that only 1% of vascular flora has been investigated on ments, too. On the basis of human relationship toward its pharmacological and physiological activity. On the use of wild flora with both healing and supplementary other hand, the number of various pathological condi- diet purposes could be made conclusions on process of tions of human organism that couldn’t be covered by con- anthropogenesis and ethno genesis, especially in some ventional pharmaceutical means has been increasing. regions of the Earth 8,9. Thus, on the territory of Bosnia Ordinary people tend to avoid standard pharmaceuticals and Herzegovina (B&H) man has been turned to the nat- whenever it is possible and to replace them with an ade-

Received for publication October 24, 2005

869 S. S. Red`i}: Ethnotherapy in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Coll. Antropol. 31 (2007) 3: 869–890 quate phyto pharmaceuticals. For these reasons the in- use of medicinal plants in a healing process has had terest for phytotherapy and research in this field has translation in Bosnian language of famous Al-Kanun been increasing over the last decades. A wise man said papers25. New experiences from the neighboring coun- »There is a plant for every disease; it just has to be dis- tries and Montenegro26, Croatia27, and some oth- covered«. Our environment is still rich in various plants ers, came later on. containing potential medicals even for the most danger- Today, at the beginning of the 21st century, the inter- ous diseases. Those plants just have to be discovered. est for phyto pharmaceuticals becomes more pointed out. Starting point of this kind of investigations should be Almost everybody tries to find a good medicine, healthy complex ethno botanical research. The results of these meal or delicious spice in wild growing plants. This could have by now revealed numerous secrets insufficiently have tremendous economic importance, which is con- known to the modern science. Finally, the most impor- firmed by many authors28–33. tant are the active principles contained in certain plant. The results of the investigations on flora of B&H that A wise man also said »The most important thing is to kill were carried out during the last 20 years34,35 have shown the pain«. The chemical composition, microscopy fea- that the number of potentially medical, edible, vitamin tures of questioning or its pharmaceutical aren’t and aromatic plant species and fungi is even larger. How- so important. This statement is true. Therefore, ethno ever, a large number of plants and fungi still have to be botanical investigations have got importance. There are investigated in taxonomical sense by modern instru- numerous sources from all over the world that confirm ments and techniques. The first step in this process afore named facts11–16. The connection between ethno should be to create ethno botanical inventory of wild spe- botany and phytochemistry17 as well as ethno botany and cies that are medicinal or aromatic by modern ethno bo- ethnopharmacology18–20 becomes closer and closer every tanical methods. day. Integration of ethno botany and phytochemistry be- comes a modern dream. In order to develop successful herbal therapy it is nec- essary to carry out basic systematical investigations of A very same situation is in B&H, the country with for growing wild vascular flora that exhibits certain physio- centuries long tradition, the country with a large number logical and pharmacological activity, and therefore could of different cultures, customs and a very high number of be used in preparation of certain phyto pharmaceuticals. plants, too. Medicinal plants represent a very important 21 These lead us to the special goal and objective of this pa- potential resource for development of the economy . per, which is the establishment of national ethno botani- Area of B&H has been inhabited since Neolithic age. cal database on biological, ecological, ethnopharmaco- From that period originate numerous cultural monu- logical and pharmaceutical/technological aspects of plant ments which are witnesses of the ancient civilizations. resources in B&H. This paper covers the results of the Ever since, through the history, nations from this area first two years of undertaken ethno botanical investiga- have been linked to their environment. They have used tions in B&H. fruits of the nature in their daily diet and healing prac- The objectives of this paper are: tice. The first written records about use of plants in the • Inventory and making records on medicinal and aro- medicine in this area could be found in the documents of matic herbs usage by Bosnian community Bosnian Franciscans from 1150. They have recorded their knowledge about healing of the volk in several well • Assessment of usage of the wild medicinal and aro- known medicinal books22. matic plants; • During Ottoman period, from 1435, the list of medici- Assessment of the most common plants that are being nal plants has been enriched with new plant species in- used in B&H; troduced from the Asia. A large number of these plants • Gathering of data on preparatory procedures for her- have been used as medicinal plants or as a spices23. Even bal drugs; today, numerous plant species from that part of the world • Analysis of for medicinal and aromatic herbs; are favorite medical, edible, and horticultural plants or • Analysis of plant’s ecology, which means analysis of spices. About 1878, after Austro-Hungarian occupation ecological conditions of places inhabited by growing of the country when some new influences came into life wild medicinal and aromatic herbs; both in culture and customs, the list of plants used in tra- • ditional medicine has been expanded as well as experi- To determine ecologic and plant geographic areas that ences in the phytotherapy. Around that time have been are rich by medicinal plants used with ethno therapeu- opened first chemist’s shops that salad all known medici- tical purposes; nal herbs. • To determine geographical areas and groups of people that use the medicinal plant in ethno therapy the most The usage of medicinal plants in treatment of various frequently. animal and human diseases has continued since then, based on the past experiences. The first document of • To determine biogeography-ecological areas of B&H, Bosnian famous herb’s collector24 has been written at as well as habitat types inhabited by plants used in the beginning of the 20th century. In those papers were ethno therapy; recorded all known plants and prescriptions for treat- • Estimation of conservatory status for the most used ment of diseases in Herzegovina. Significant influence on medicinal herbs on the territory of B&H.

870 S. S. Red`i}: Ethnotherapy in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Coll. Antropol. 31 (2007) 3: 869–890

Material and methods one of the richest European countries. Considering rela- tively small country area, B&H is one of the countries Study area with the highest level of species diversity or biodiversity. B&H is situated in the north western part of Balkan Besides, B&H is one of the richest countries consider- 2 Peninsula with total land area of 51,129 km and inhab- ing the number of endemic plant species. It was esti- 35 ited by population of 4 600 000 . The total length of the mated that there are some 500 species and land boundaries is 1,459 km and coastline 20 km. Neigh- even more algae and blue-green algae36. The level of their boring countries are (932 km) to the north, west, investigation is still extremely very low. According to the and south, and Serbia and Montenegro (527 km) to the official data, only 40 vascular plant species has been in east (Figure 1). use as official medicinal herbs in B&H37,38. The similar This is mainly hilly/mountainous region. Only 5% of situation is with fungi. According to the ethno botanical the total country area belongs to plains, 24% to hills, 42% sources, up to 350 plant species was in use35.. to mountains and 29% to karsts. Karsts fields cover some 19% of the karsts area. Mean altitude above sea level is Data collection around. 500 m (from the sea level in Neum-Klek to the Field work Maglic Mt top 2,387 m). Intensive ethno botanical and floristic investigations The climate is very heterogeneous: Mediterranean in all parts of B&H have been carried out by author of sub-Mediterranean, temperate continental, continental this paper during the last 15 years. However, intensive and mountainous climate. Hydrological network is rich fieldwork took place in seasons: spring, summer and with numerous rivers belonging to the Black Sea conflu- early autumn, starting in the year 2000 to 2004. They ence (Una, Vrbas, Bosna and Drina), and rivers belong- have included all important transects: ing to the Adriatic Sea confluence (Neretva, Trebi`at, Trebi{nica). a. from the Adriatic sea in the south to the river Sava in the north – Neum (village Hutovo, 5 informants); From plant geographic standpoint, this area belongs Stolac (village @egulja, 6 informants); Trebinje (vil- to the three regions: Mediterranean with Adriatic prov- lages Trebinjska {uma, Lastva, 8 informants); Sa- ince, Euro siberian-boreo American with Illyrian prov- rajevo (villages Obhod`a, Bu~a Potok, Miljevi}i and ince, Moesian province, and the province of relic pine for- Vu~ija Luka, 22 informants); Tuzla (villages Stupari ests. The highest peaks belong to the alpine-high Nordic and Husino, 21 informants); Br~ko (villages Mao~a region with high Dinaric province more than 50% of the and Bosanska Bijela, 10 informants); territory is covered with natural forests. The rest is cov- ered by the meadows, rocky grassland and arable land. b. from the river Una in the west to the river Drina in From an ecological standpoint, the largest part of the the east – Biha} (villages Ripa~, Lohovo, Martin Brod country is clean and acceptable, due to this being suit- and Klokot, 15 informants); Banja Luka (villages Vin- able for utilization of plant resources from their natural ac, Torlakovac, Barevo, Surjan and Manja~a, 41 infor- habitats in dietary and healing purposes. mants); Zvornik (village Drinja~a and Kriva Drina, 4 informants); and B&H has got about 5,000 vascular plants, including species, subspecies and varieties, then about 3,000 spe- c. from 0 m to 1,800 m above sea level – periodically in- cies of blue-green algae and other algae, as well as from habited by people – Bjela{nica Mt. (6 informants), 3,000–5,000 fungi and lichen species. This makes B&H Vranica Mt. (7 informants), and Vla{i} Mt. (5 infor- mants). Besides, a large number of ethno botanical experiences have been collected during vegetation’s mapping of the entire B&H territory39–41. Basic method used for data gathering was open ethno botanical interview. Form of ethno botanical interview contained as follows: • Name and age of person being interviewed • Area/Region • Time of interview took place • Local / scientific name of medicinal herb • Herbal part being used • Preparation procedure • Purpose of usage • Habitat type • Other important observations (such as estimation of conservation state) There have been interviewed over 150 adults, whose Fig. 1. Geographical position of investigated area. average age was 63, and which were in any way involved

871 S. S. Red`i}: Ethnotherapy in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Coll. Antropol. 31 (2007) 3: 869–890 in gathering and use of medicinal herbs in ethno therapy. Data analyses These persons were members of different ethnical groups. These researches have been carried out in order to Approximately 60% of these were Muslims, 39% Catho- gather data on: lics and Orthodox, and few Jewess or members of other · Number of medicinal and aromatic plant used in eth- ethnical groups. Gender ratio was as follows: around 70% no therapy were female and 30% male. Besides, by every field trip in- · terviewed were also persons which for any reason used to Local herb names spend some time in nature, and on the other hand, which · Number of plant families and the most frequent fami- were familiar with usage or importance of wild flora in lies healing or dietary purposes (mountaineers, shepherds, · The most frequent plant species mentioned in these medicinal herb’s pickapers). In many occasions, collected investigations herbal material was shown by author to the locals (in the · Types of habitats and plant communities where regis- villages, suburbs, mountain settlements, camping plac- tered species live es), and for each specimens that was recognized to be in · Plant parts (drugs) use in ethno therapy collected were all related data, in- · Medicinal usage cluding photos and herbarized material. Communication · Forms and presence of preparations with locals wasn’t copped with any kind of difficulty due · to the fact that entire population of the investigated area Conservatory status. uses the same local language. Moreover, all interviewed persons, except few of them, were freely willing to make Results ethno botanical dialog. By these dialogs, author has ex- pressed his deepest respect to each interviewed individ- General data on medicinal plants – the most ual, especially to its ethno botanical knowledge. High frequently named plants level of co-operation was achieved for author is well This paper is focused onto ethno botanical usage of known to the locals as author of numerous TV shows on growing wild plants which was analyzed on the ground of nature and medicinal herbs. data obtained through the interviews of autochthonous population. Although some of the named herbs were also All plant material was placed within herbaria and used as an additional food, paper is concerned only with stored in the Herbaria of medicinal flora at the Center of its medicinal usage. Ecology and Natural Resources at the Faculty of Science, During these investigations it have been recorded 227 University of Sarajevo (CEPRES HERB!) and in the Her- vascular plants of wild flora that have significant impor- baria of the National Museum of B&H (SARA!). Each de- tance in ethno phytotherapy in B&H. Overview of these termined specimen has got its own herbaria number plants along with its main data was given in the Table 1. (voucher specimens code). Besides one lichen all other species are vascular plants. Laboratory work The most frequent used plants in the whole B&H are: Achillea millefiolium (130 times), Agrimonia eupatoria Entire plant material was determined by the author, (115 times), Artemisia absinthium (113 times), Althaea some questioning taxa have been finally determined by officinalis (76 times), Arctostaphyllos uva-ursi (67 tim- comparing them with relevant specimens from SARA es), Betula pendula (56 times), Capsella bursa-pastoris and CEPRES HERB herbaria and thanks to the lite- 42–46 (46 times), Centaurium umbellatum (66 times), Cra- rature . Nomenclature of plant species was made in taegus monogyna (101 times), Equisetum arvense (46 47 accordance with Flora Europaea . Habitat types were times), Gentiana symphyandra (35 times), Glychyrhiza determined on the basis of species ecological inclination glabra (14 times), Hypericum perforatum (115 times), toward certain plant community, according to the meth- Malva silvestris (104 times), Matricaria chamomilla (112 48 odology of Braun-Blanquet . Traditional way of usage times), Melissa officinalis (27 times), Mentha longifolia and preparation were estimated on the basis of lite- (26 times), Ononis spinosa (46 times), Helichrysum ita- 49 rature . Determination of ecological conditions was car- licum (27 times), Orchis morio (32 times), Origanum ried out according to the author’s judgment, and syn- vulgare (56 times), Polygonum aviculare (36 times), Po- taxonomy according to Oberdorfer50. It is important to tentilla erecta (27 times), Rosa canina (97 times), Rubus point out that in some cases recorded were many modes fruticosus (46 times), Ruta graveolens (27 times), Salvia of usage and preparation procedures for certain herb, officinalis (56 times), Sambucus nigra (68 times), Sa- thus spectrum of present species concerned only the tureja montana (34 times), Teucrium montanum (58 most frequent ones, whereby less frequent ones were times), Thymus serpyllum (123 times), Tussilago farfara named in Table 1. Categories of medicinal herb’s usage (86 times), Urtica dioica (71 times), Vaccinium myrtillus were developed on the basis of human’s functional sys- (53 times), Valeriana officinalis (34 times) and other tems and consultation with experienced local herbalists plant species mentioned less than 20 times. For the first (Table 5). Categorization of herb’s part being used, as time in B&H, as a medicinal herbs used by ordinary people, well as way of its preparation and usage purpose was recorded were following species: Aconitum toxicum, Adonis made following primary elements. vernalis, Antennaria dioica, Ballota nigra, Calamintha

872 S. S. Red`i}: Ethnotherapy in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Coll. Antropol. 31 (2007) 3: 869–890

TABLE 1 MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC WILD FLORA OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA USAGE IN ETHNO THERAPY

Voucher Scientific plant Local plant Plant family Plant Habitat/** Use in human Preparation specimens name name part Commu- therapy and or/ used* nity Administration process 110101 Abies alba Mill. Jelika, jela Pinaceae R, F F., V.-P. For a serious wounds Resin, Bosnian balm 210101 Achillea Hajdu~ka trava, Asteraceae AP Arrh. Wounds, stomach, Fresh juice, millefolium L. spori{, kunica (=Compositae) liver infusion 210201 Aconitum toxicum Bosanski jedi} Ranunculaceae RH Aden. Rheumatism Infusion, Reichb. external usage 220101 Acorus calamus L. I|irot Araceae RH Ph. Stomach disorders Infusion, tincture 310101 Adiantum capillus – Vilina vlas Adiantaceae AP Ad. Plug, kidney, Infusion veneris L. menstrual problems 210202 Adonis vernalis L. Gorocvjet Ranunculaceae AP Sec. Heart disorder, urine Infusion, excretion problems tincture 210301 Aesculus Divlji kesten Hippocastanaceae S Q.p. Skin diseases, blood Decoction hippocastanum L. vessels, rheumatism 210401 Agrimonia eu Petrovac Rosaceae AP P.s., Gall disorder, against Infusion patoria L. B.e. roundworm 220201 Agropyron repens (L.) Pirika Poaceae RH Agr., Urine excretion, Infusion P. Beauv. (=Gramineae) P.m. rheumatism 210501 Ajuga reptans L. Ivica Lamiaceae AP Arrh. Diarrhea, wound Infusion, (=Labiatae) traditional balm 210402 Alchemilla Virnjak, Rosaceae AP, L Arrh. Liver disorder, Infusion vulgaris L. gospin pla{t menstruation problem, skin diseases 220301 Allium ursinum L. Strimu`a, Alliaceae AP, BU F. Respiratory system Fresh plant medvje|i luk disorder with yogurt 210601 Althaea officinalis L. Bijeli sljez Malvaceae L, R Bid. Cough, skin disorder, Maceration tonic 220501 Anacamptis Ka}un Orchidaceae T Arrh., Cough, strengthen Decoction, pyramidalis (L.) piramidalni, B.e. potency traditional L.C.Rich. beverage,

210701 Angelica An|elika Apiaceae R Art., Stomach hardship Tincture, archangelica L. (=Umbelliferae) Onop. disorder, skin diseases infusion 210102 Antennaria dioica Srcopuc Asteraceae AP Vacc. Against bleeding, Infusion (L.) Gaertn. (=Compositae) stomach disorders 210901 Anthyllis Ranjenik Fabaceae AP Art. Wound, contusion, Infusion vulneraria L. (=Leguminosae) skin disorder 210103 Arctium lappa L. ^i~ak, repuh Asteraceae R Onop. Skin disorder, root Decoction (=Compositae) of hair regeneration, diabetes 210801 Arctostaphylos Mlivnjak Ericaceae L, R P.s. Kidney and urinary Infusion uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. system disorder 210104 Artemisia Pelin Asteraceae AP Art. Appetite improvement, Infusion, absinthium L. (=Compositae) leucorrhea, against of tincture, nematodes powder, 210105 Artemisia Metlika, Asteraceae SH Onop. Nervous system Infusion vulgaris L. divlji pelin (=Compositae) disorders (continued on next page)

873 S. S. Red`i}: Ethnotherapy in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Coll. Antropol. 31 (2007) 3: 869–890

TABLE 1 MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC WILD FLORA OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA USAGE IN ETHNO THERAPY

Voucher Scientific plant Local plant Plant family Plant Habitat/** Use in human Preparation specimens name name part Commu- therapy and or/ used* nity Administration process 210100 europaeum L. Kopitnjak AP, R F., Q.p. Asthma, alcoholism Infusion 210110 Asperula odorata L. Lazarkinja Rubiaceae AP F. Water disease, Infusion catarrh lung, 210121 Atropa belladona L. Velebilje Solanaceae L, R Atr., E.a. Respiratory system Smoking disorder of leaves serious asthma 210502 Ballota nigra L. Crna kopriva Lamiaceae AP Onop. Hysteria Infusion (=Labiatae) 210131 Berberis vulgaris L. @utika, Berberidaceae B, L, P.s. Hepatitis, Infusion, {im{irika bleeding, tonic decoction, 210141 Betula pendula Roth. Breza Betulaceae F, J, L Q.r.-p., Bet. Urinary system, fever Infusion 210106 Bidens tripartita L. Koziji rogovi Asteraceae AP Bid., Serious coldness, Infusion (=Compositae) Ch. respiratory system disorders. skin diseases 210503 Calamintha Marulja Lamiaceae AP Q.p. Sedative, tonic Infusion officinalis Moench (=Labiatae) 210107 Calendula Neven Asteraceae FL Ch. Cancer of lung, liver Infusion, arvensis L. (=Compositae) and skin disorders decoction, 210084 Calluna vulgaris (L.) Vris Ericaceae AP C.-U. Kidney disorders, Infusion Hull. urinary infections, strengthen sex potency 210151 Capsella bursa-pastorisRusoma~a Brassicaceae AP Ch. Internal bleeding Fresh juice, (L.)Med. (=Cruciferae) Infusion 210108 Carlina acaulis L. Vilino sito Asteraceae AP B.e. Catarrh of stomach, Infusion (=Compositae) recovery 210702 Carum carvi L. Kim Apiaceae F Arrh. Stomach diseases Infusion, oil (=Umbelliferae) 210160 Castanea sativa Mill. Kesten, maron Cupuliferae L Q.r.-p. Inflammation of Infusion, tonsillitis Decoction 210109 Centaurea cyanus L. Razli~ak Asteraceae FL C.c. Eye disease, Infusion (=Compositae) liver disorder 210170 Centaurium Ki~ica, `enski Gentianaceae AP E.a. Stomach disorders, Infusion, umbellatum Gilib. kantarion fever, women diseases tincture, alcoholic beverage 410000 Cetraria islandica Islandska Parmeliaceae AP S.t. Cough, inflammation Maceration, Achr. mahovina of urinary system Powder 210180 Chamaenerion Kiprovina Onagraceae AP, L E.a. Stomach disorders, Infusion angustiL (L.)Scop. vrbolika liver and prostate gland inflammation 210190 Chelidonium Rosopas Papaveraceae AP Ch. Wart on skin, Fresh juice, majus L. cancer of lung infusion, 210110 Cichorium intybus L. Cikorija, Asteraceae R Art. Water disease Infusion vodopija (=Compositae) 210111 Cnicus benedictus L. Bla`eni ~kalj Asteraceae L Ch. Cancer of stomach Infusion, (=Compositae) Tincture 220601 Colchicum Mrazovac Liliaceae S Mol., Gout, rheumatism, Tincture, autumnale L. Arrh. neuralgia Infusion 210703 Conium Kukuta Apiaceae AP Onop., Face neuralgia, lymph Tincture, maculatum L. (=Umbelliferae) Glech. glands inflammation. Infusion 220602 Convallaria \ur|evak Liliaceae AP Q.p. Heart – tachycardia, Tincture majalis L. neurosis (continued on next page)

874 S. S. Red`i}: Ethnotherapy in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Coll. Antropol. 31 (2007) 3: 869–890

TABLE 1 MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC WILD FLORA OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA USAGE IN ETHNO THERAPY

Voucher Scientific plant Local plant Plant family Plant Habitat/** Use in human Preparation specimens name name part Commu- therapy and or/ used* nity Administration process 210210 Cornus mas L. Drijen Cornaceae F Q.p. Chronic diarrhea Fresh fruit, syrup, infusion 210191 Corydalis cava (L.) Mla|a, Papaveraceae BU F. Stomach ulcer Powder, Schweigg.&Koerte {upaljka Decoction 210161 Corylus avellana L. Lijeska Cupuliferae L, B, F., Q.p. Widen vein on leg Decoction, S Infusion 210220 Cotinus coggygria Ruj Anacardiaceae L Q.p. Skin diseases, fever Infusion Scop. 210403 Crataegus Jednosjemeni Rosaceae FL, L P.s. Heart diseases Infusion, monogyna Jacq. glog Tincture 210404 Crataegus Crveni Rosaceae FL, L, P.s. Heart diseases Infusion, oxyacantha L. glog F Tincture 220070 Crocus neapolitanus [afran Iridaceae ST F., Q.r.-p. Women disease, Infusion, (L.) Hill cough, hysteria tincture, syrup 210230 Cyclamen Ciklama Primulaceae T Q.p. Respiratory system Maceration purpurascens Miller disorders 210240 Cynoglossum officinale Mi{inac, Boraginaceae AP,L, Art. Burn, bone fracture Maceration L. mali gavez R external 210122 Datura stramonium L. Ku`njak, Solanaceae L Ch. Asthma, neurosis Smoking tatula of the leaves 210704 Daucus carota L. Divlja mrkva Apiaceae R, F Art. Stomach diseases, Infusion (=Umbelliferae) hepatitis 210250 Digitalis ambigua Velelisni Scrophulariaceae L E.a. Heart diseases, blood Mild infusion, Murr. naprstak circulatory disorders Tincture 210251 Digitalis ferruginea Pustikara Scrophulariaceae L P.s., Heart diseases Mild infusion, L. Orig. Tincture 210252 Digitalis lanata Vunasti Scrophulariaceae L O.-C.o., Heart diseases Mild infusion, Ehrh. naprstak Orig. Tincture 310201 Dryopteris filix-mas Mu{ka Aspidiaceae RH F., V.-P. Against of worm in Infusion (L.)Schott. paprat stomach 210260 Drosera rotundifolia L.Rosulja Droseraceae AP S.f. Whooping cough, Infusion atherosclerosis 310301 Equisetum Poljska Equisetaceae AP P.m., C.c. Urinary system Infusion arvense L. preslica disorders, prostate gland inflammation 210705 Eryngium Kotrljan Apiaceae R B.e. Water disease, Infusion campestre L. (=Umbelliferae) hepatitis 210253 Euphrasia rostkoviana Vidac Scrophulariaceae AP B.e. Strengthen of Infusion Hayne (=E. officinalis eyesight L.) 210270 Fagus sylvatica L. Bukva Fagaceae J F. Fever, recovery Decoction, infusion 210405 Filipendula ulmaria Suru~ica Rosaceae FL Mol. Rheumatism, Infusion, (L.) Maxim. water disease tincture, syrup 210406 Fragaria vesca L. Jagoda Rosaceae L, RH P.s., E.a. Recovery, diarrhea Infusion, {umska Decoction 210294 Frangula alnus Miller Kru{ina Rhamnaceae B Aln., Chronic constipation Decoction Q.r.-p.

(continued on next page)

875 S. S. Red`i}: Ethnotherapy in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Coll. Antropol. 31 (2007) 3: 869–890

TABLE 1 MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC WILD FLORA OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA USAGE IN ETHNO THERAPY

Voucher Scientific plant Local plant Plant family Plant Habitat/** Use in human Preparation specimens name name part Commu- therapy and or/ used* nity Administration process 210340 Fraxinus excelsior L. Bijeli jasen Oleaceae L, M F. Catalyze of perspire Infusion proess, fever 210341 Fraxinus ornus L. Crni jasen Oleaceae M Q.p. Constipation Infusion 210200 Fumaria Dimnja~a Fumariaceae AP Ch. Blood recovery, tonic Infusion, officinalis L. (=Papaveraceae fresh juice p.p.) 210902 Galega officinalis L. Piskavica Fabaceae AP Agr. Diabetes Decoction (=Leguminosae) 210526 Galeopsis segetum Smrdljiva Lamiaceae AP Ch. Respiratory system Infusion Necker kopriva (=Labiatae) disorders 210171 Gentiana asclepiadea Trava od Gentianaceae R F., V.-P. Liver diseases Infusion, L. utrobice decoction, tincture 210172 Gentiana Lincura Gentianaceae R S.t. Stomach and heart Macerate, symphyandra Murb. dinarska disorders, recovery decoction, tincture 210350 Geranium Zdravac Geraniaceae RH A.f. Stomach disorders Infusion, macrorrhizum L. planinski Decoction 210351 Geranium Iglica, Geraniaceae AP F. Male fertility Infusion robertianum L. zdravac improvement 210407 Geum urbanum L. Bla`enak Rosaceae RH, P.a., Heart diseases, Decoction, (=R) Glech. recovery tincture, infusion 210504 Glechoma Dobri~ica Lamiaceae AP Glech., Respiratory system Infusion hederacea L. (=Labiatae) Art. disorders, hysteria 210123 Gnaphalium Smilika Asteraceae AP, Mol. Stomach diseases, Decoction, uliginosum L. (=Compositae) FL diabetes Syrup 210903 Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Sladi} Fabaceae R Agr. Stomach diseases, Infusion (=Leguminosae) liver inflammation 210254 Gratiola officinalis L. Proljevak Scrophulariaceae AP Mol. Provocation of Infusion vomiting, 220505 Gymnadenia conopsea Vranjak, Orchidaceae T B.e., Lung diseases, Decoction, (L.) R.Br. salep Arrh. strengthen of sex Traditional potency Beverage 210360 Hedera helix L. Br{ljan Araliaceae L Q.p. Gall disorders, Infusion skin diseases 210112 Helichrysum italicum Smilje Asteraceae FL S.-Ch. Liver and gall Infusion (Roth.) G.Don (=Compositae) disorders, cough 201203 Helleborus odorus Kukurjek Ranunculaceae RH, P.s., F. Liver and skin disease Decoction, Waldst. & Kit. R Infusion 210204 Hepatica nobilis Jetrenjarka Ranunculaceae AP, Q.p., F. Hepatitis, gall stone Infusion Schreb. L melting 210370 Herniaria hirsuta L. Sitnica, Caryophyllaceae AP S.-Ch., Urinary system and Infusion kilavica B.e. kidney disorders 210113 Hieracium pilosella L. Runjika, Asteraceae AP, R B.e. Urinary system, Infusion ze~ija loboda (=Compositae) prostate gland 210380 Humulus lupulus L. Hmelj Cannabaceae «FL« P.a., P.s. Hysteria, against Infusion of libido 210123 Hyoscyamus niger L. Bunika crna Solanaceae L Onop. Asthma, neurosis Smoking the leaves 210390 Hypericum Kantarion `uti, Gutiferae AP Orig., Stomach disorders, skin Infusion, oil perforatum L. B.e. diseases, neurosis (continued on next page)

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TABLE 1 MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC WILD FLORA OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA USAGE IN ETHNO THERAPY

Voucher Scientific plant Local plant Plant family Plant Habitat/** Use in human Preparation specimens name name part Commu- therapy and or/ used* nity Administration process 210505 Hyssopus officinalis Miloduh, Lamiaceae AP, S S.-Ch. Lung diseases Infusion L. isop (=Labiatae) 210114 Inula helenium L. Anduz, oman Asteraceae R Atr. Lung diseases, Inhalation (=Compositae) skin diseases on smoke, decoction 220071 Iris florentina L. Perunika bijela Iridaceae RH Amph., Cough, stomach Decoction, Sec. diseases Syrup 220072 Iris germanica L. Perunika Iridaceae RH Amph., Cough, stomach Decoction, ljubi~asta Sec. diseases Syrup 210400 Juglans regia L. Orah Juglandaceae L P.a. Liver diseases, skin Decoction, disorders, strengthen Infusion of sex potency 110301 Juniperus communis Kleka Cupressaceae «F« Jun., Kidney and urinary Decoction L. obi~na V. - P. system disorders 110302 Juniperus oxycedrus L.Crvena Cupressaceae «F« Jun., Skin diseases Decoction kleka Q.p. 110303 Juniperus sabina L. Planinska Cupressaceae «F« V.-P. Venereal diseases Decoction somina 210506 Leonurus cardiaca L. Srda~ica Lamiaceae AP Glech., Heart diseases Infusion, (=Labiatae) Ch. Tincture 210710 Levisticum officinale Selen, Apiaceae R Ch. Lung diseases, Infusion, Koch ljup~ac (=Umbelliferae) neurosis fresh the leaves 310201 Lycopodium clavatum Crvoto~ina Lycopodiaceae »S« V.-P. Liver diseases, wound Powder L. 210527 Lycopus europaeus L. Vu~ija noga Lamiaceae AP Mol. Heart diseases, Infusion (=Labiatae) lung inflammation 210233 Lysimachia vulgaris L.Protivak Primulaceae AP Mol. Diarrhea, regulation Infusion of menstrual cycle 210420 Lythrum salicaria L. Vrbi~ica Lythraceae AP Mol. Diarrhea, skin diseases Infusion 210602 Malva moschata L. Sljez livadski Malvaceae FL, L Arrh. Cough, skin diseases Maceration 210603 Malva silvestris L. Crni sljez Malvaceae FL, L Ch. Cough, skin diseases Maceration 210507 Marrubium O~ajnica Lamiaceae AP Art., Heart diseases, Infusion vulgare L. (=Labiatae) B.e. stomach diseases 210115 Matricaria recutita L. Kamilica, Asteraceae FL Ch. Stomach diseases, Infusion tritica (=Compositae) skin disorders, Compress for eye (= M. chamomilla L.) 210904 Melilotus officinalis Kokotac Fabaceae AP Onop. Skin diseases, eyes, Infusion (L.) Lam. (=Leguminosae, fatigue Paplionaceae) 210508 Melissa officinalis L. Mati~njak, Lamiaceae L Q.p. Nervous and heart Infusion limun trava (=Labiatae) diseases 210509 Mentha longifolia (L.) Dugolisna Lamiaceae AP Bid. Stomach diseases Infusion Huds. nana (=Labiatae) 210510 Mentha arvensis L. Njivska nana, Lamiaceae L Ch. Stomach diseases, Infusion metvica (=Labiatae) heart disorders 210511 Mentha pulegium L. Verem trava Lamiaceae AP Bid. Nervous diseases Infusion (=Labiatae) 210410 Menyanthes trifoliata Gorka Menyanthaceae L C.d. Nervous diseases, Infusion, L. djetelina stomach hardship Tincture (continued on next page)

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TABLE 1 MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC WILD FLORA OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA USAGE IN ETHNO THERAPY

Voucher Scientific plant Local plant Plant family Plant Habitat/** Use in human Preparation specimens name name part Commu- therapy and or/ used* nity Administration process 210512 Micromeria thymifolia Timjanoliki Lamiaceae AP S.-Ch. Stomach and lung Infusion (Scop.) Fritsch. vrisi} (=Labiatae) diseases 210430 Morus alba L. Bijeli dud Moraceae L, F P.a. Diabetes Infusion 210431 Morus nigra L. Crni dud Moraceae F P.a. Diabetes Infusion 210152 Nasturtium officinale Dragu{ac Brassicaceae L, AP Pot. Recovery, bronchial Fresh juice R. Br. (=Crucuferae) asthma 210513 Nepeta cataria L. Ma~ija Lamiaceae AP Onop. Hysteria, for barren Infusion metvica (=Labiatae) woman 210205 Nigella sativa L. ^urekot, Ranunculaceae S Ch. Excretion of urine, Infusion, Ma~kovi Women fertility im- Powder brkovi provement 210440 Nuphar lutea Sm. Lopo~ Nymphaeaceae RH Pot. Neurosis, heart Infusion, hardship tincture, decoction 210905 Ononis spinosa L. Gladi{ika, Fabaceae R B.e. Melting of kidney Infusion, oil ze~ji trn (=Leguminosae, stone Papilionaceae) 220502 Orchis morio L. Salep, ka}un Orchidaceae T B.e. Cough, strengthen of Decoction sex potency 220503 Orchis simia Lam. Ka}un Orchidaceae T B.e., Cough, strengthen of Decoction Arrh. sex potency 210514 Origanum vulgare L. Mravinac Lamiaceae AP Orig. Cough Infusion (=Labiatae) 210450 Paeonia officinalis L. Bo`ur Paeoniaceae RH Q.p. Epilepsy, neurosis Infusion, Decoction 210294 Paliurus spina-christi Dra~a Rhamnaceae F Pal. Diarrhea, recovery Powder, Mill. Decoction 210193 Papaver rhoeas L. Boliglava, Papaveraceae FL Sec. Neurosis, serious Infusion bulka cough 210706 Pastinaca sativa L. Pa{trnjak Apiaceae F Arrh. Stomach malignant Decoction, (=Umbelliferae) diseases Infusion 210116 Petasites hybridus (L.) Repuh Asteraceae L Aden. Liver diseases, Infusion, P.Gaertn., B.Meg. et (=Compositae) stomach disorders, Decoction Schreb. plague 210707 Peucedanum Pukovica Apiaceae L Orig. Epilepsy, nervous Infusion oreoselinum (L.) (=Umbelliferae) diseases Moench 210124 Physalis alkekengi L. Ljoskavac Solanaceae F P.s. Urine excretion, asthma Infusion 210708 Pimpinella saxifraga Bedrenika Apiaceae R B.e. Cough, stomach Infusion, L. (=Umbelliferae) hardship Maceration 110103 Pinus heldreichii Munika Pinaceae Re, P.h.-n. Contusion, wounds Resin, Christ SH Traditional Balm 110104 Pinus mugo Turra Planinski Pinaceae Re, Pin.m. Wounds Resin, bor SH traditional balm 110105 Pinus nigra J.F. Crni bor Pinaceae Re, P.h.-n. Wounds, rheumatism Resin, Arnold SH traditional balm 110106 Pinus silvestris L. Bijeli bor Pinaceae Re, Pin.sil., Wound, rheumatism Resin, SH V. - P.. traditional balm (continued on next page)

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TABLE 1 MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC WILD FLORA OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA USAGE IN ETHNO THERAPY

Voucher Scientific plant Local plant Plant family Plant Habitat/** Use in human Preparation specimens name name part Commu- therapy and or/ used* nity Administration process 220504 Planthera bifolia (L.) Vimenjak Orchidaceae T F., V.-P. Cough Decoction, Rchb. Traditional Beverage 210460 Plantago lanceolata L. Mu{ka Plantaginaceae L, R Arrh., Cough, skin diseases Infusion bokvica Agr. 210461 Plantago media L. Srednja Plantaginaceae L B.e. Cough, wounds Fresh juice, bokvica Infusion 210462 Plantago major L. @enska Plantaginaceae L, R P.m. Stomach ulcer, wounds Fresh juice, bokvica Infusion 220604 Polygonatum odoratum Pokosnica Liliaceae RH F., Q.p. Bone fracture Decoction, (Mill.) Druce Infusion 210321 Polygonum aviculare Troskot Polygonaceae AP P.m. Prostate gland Infusion L. inflammation 210322 Polygonum bistorta L. Sr~enjak, Polygonaceae R Arrh. Serious diarrhea, Decoction, sr~anica bleeding Infusion 210323 Polygonum Papreni Polygonaceae AP Bid. Prostate gland, Infusion, hydropiper L. lisac bleeding Decoction 210330 Populus nigra L. Bijela Salicaceae Bu P.a. Diabetes Infusion toplola 210331 Populus tremula L. Jasika Salicaceae Bu Q.r.-p. Hepatitis Decoction, Infusion 210408 Potentilla erecta (L.) Trava od Rosaceae RH Nard., Diarrhea, wounds, Decoction, Raeusch. srdobolje Mol., S.f. bleeding Infusion 210231 Primula veris L. Jaglac Primulaceae R B.e., Cor. Cough Decoction, (Incl. P. officinalis Maceration (L.) Hill.) 210515 Prunella vulgaris L. Celin~ica Lamiaceae AP Glech., Anthrax, bleeding Infusion (=Labiatae) P.s. 210409 Prunus spinosa L. Trnjina Rosaceae FL, F P.s. A serious diarrhea Maceration, syrup, cigarette 210241 Pulmonaria Plu}njak Boraginaceae L, AP F. Cough, wounds Infusion, officinalis L. Decoction 210300 Punica granatum L. Nar Punicaceae B O.-C.o. Diarrhea, stomach Decoction, worms Infusion 210271 Quercus cerris L. Hrast cer Fagaceae B Q.p. Thinness, psoriasis Decoction, Maceration 210272 Quercus petraea Hrast Fagaceae B F. Thinness, recovery Decoction, (Matt.) Liebl. kitnjak Maceration 210273 Quercus pubescens Hrast Fagaceae B Q.p. Recovery, skin Decoction, Willd. medunac diseases Maceration 210274 Quercus robur L. Hrast Fagaceae B Q.r.-p. Recovery, skin diseases Decoction, lu`njak Maceration 210280 Reseda luteola L. Katanac, Resedaceae AP Ch. Sting of poisonous Infusion rezeda snake 210290 Rhamnus Pasdrijen Rhamnaceae B Q.p. Chronic constipation Infusion, cathartica L. Decoction 210291 Rhamnus fallax Boiss. Balkanska Rhamnaceae B Rh.f. Mange, skin diseases Decoction kru{ina with milk 210300 Ribes grossularia L. Ribizla Grossulariaceae F F. Prostate gland Infusion inflammation, urinary system disorders (continued on next page)

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TABLE 1 MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC WILD FLORA OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA USAGE IN ETHNO THERAPY

Voucher Scientific plant Local plant Plant family Plant Habitat/** Use in human Preparation specimens name name part Commu- therapy and or/ used* nity Administration process 210410 Rosa canina L. [ipurak Rosaceae F P.s. Diarrhea, roundworm, Infusion, recovery maceration, decoction 210411 Rosa arvensis Huds. Divlje ru`e Rosaceae FL, F P.s., Skin diseases Maceration, Q.p. Decoction 210112 Rubia peregrina L. Bro}ac Rubiaceae AP Q.i. Kidney diseases, Decoction, hepatitis Infusion 210412 Rubus idaeus L. Malina Rosaceae F E.a. Recovery, diarrhea, Infusion skin diseases 210413 Rubus fruticosus L. Kupina Rosaceae L, F P.s. Serious diarrhea, Decoction, skin diseases maceration, infusion 210320 Rumex crispus L. Masnik Polygonaceae L, F Agr. Diarrhea, Decoction, skin diseases Maceration 220605 Ruscus aculeatus L. Veprina Liliaceae RH O.-C.o. Hemorrhoids, blood Decoction vessels 220606 Ruscus hypoglossum Veprina Liliaceae RH F. Skin diseases, water Decoction L. mekolisna disease 210470 Ruta graveolens L. Ruta, sedef Rutaceae AP S.-Ch. Heart disorders Fresh juice, Infusion 210332 Salix alba L. Bijela vrba Salicaceae B S.al. Heart disorders Decoction 210333 Salix fragilis L. Krta vrba Salicaceae B S.al. Fever Decoction 210334 Salix purpurea L. Rakita Salicaceae B S.p. Fever Decoction 210528 Salvia officinalis L. Kadulja Lamiaceae L S.-Ch. Respiratory systemand Infusion (=Labiatae) skin diseases 210529 Salvia pratensis L. Kadulja Lamiaceae L B.e. Skin diseases Infusion livadska (=Labiatae) 210480 Sambucus nigra L. Bazga, Caprifoliaceae FL F., S.al. Fever, neurosis Infusion zoha 210414 Sanguisorba Dinjica, Rosaceae R Mol. Sting of snake, Fresh juice, officinalis L. krvara diabetes Decoction 210709 Sanicula europaea L. Milogled Apiaceae R, AP F. Bleeding, serious Infusion (=Umbelliferae) wounds 210371 Saponaria officinalis Sapunja~a Caryophyllaceae R Bid. Plug serious disease, Decoction, L. deep wound Infusion 210516 Satureia montana L. Vrijesak Lamiaceae AP S.-Ch. Blood diseases – Infusion bijeli (=Labiatae) leukemia 210517 Satureia subspicata Vrijesak Lamiaceae AP S.-Ch. Blood diseases, Infusion Bartl. ex Vis. crveni (=Labiatae) plug disorders 210490 Sedum acre L. @uti Crassulaceae AP S.-Ch. Plug serious diseases, Fresh juice `ednjak skin wart 210491 Sempervivum hirtum ^uvarku}a Crassulaceae L, Su. Amph. Ear inflammation, Fresh juice, L. `uta skin diseases decoction 210153 Sinapis arvensis L. Sla~ica Brassicaceae S Ch. Heart burn, skin Seed with (=Cruciferae) diseases a little water 210154 Sisymbrium officinale Stri`ica Brassicaceae L Sis. Chronic hoarseness Infusion (L.) Scop. (=Cruciferae) 210125 Solanum Razvodnik, Solanaceae S Aln., P.a. Coldness, rheumatism Infusion dulcamara L. piskavica 210126 Solanum nigrum L. Pomo}nica Solanaceae AP Ch. Swelling, skin Compress crna disorders (continued on next page)

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TABLE 1 MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC WILD FLORA OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA USAGE IN ETHNO THERAPY

Voucher Scientific plant Local plant Plant family Plant Habitat/** Use in human Preparation specimens name name part Commu- therapy and or/ used* nity Administration process 210117 Solidago virgaurea L. Zlatica Asteraceae AP E.a., F. Prostate gland Infusion (=Compositae) inflammation, urinary system disorders 210415 Sorbus torminalis (L.) Brekinja Rosaceae F F. Diarrhea, recovery Decoction Crantz 210518 Stachys officinalis (L.) ^istac Lamiaceae AP Q.r.-p. Blood diseases Infusion Trevis. (=Labiatae) 210243 Symphytum officinale Gavez crni Boraginaceae R Bid. Bone fracture, Decoction L. baldness disorders with milk 220080 Tamus communis L. Blju{t Dioscoreaceae RH Q.p. Serious asthma, Fresh root rheumatism with honey 210118 Tanacetum Vrati} Asteraceae FL, L Aden. Neurosis and nervous Infusion macrophyllum (=Compositae) system disorders (Waldst. & Kit.). Sch. Bip.ultz 210119 Tanacetum vulgare L. Vrati} Asteraceae FL Atr. Mange and worms Infusion (=Compositae) 210120 Taraxacum officinale Masla~ak, Cichoriaceae R Arrh., Liver disorders, Infusion, Weber radi} (=Compositae) Agr. diabetes Decoction with milk 110201 Taxus baccata L. Tisa Taxaceae W F. Against of spell Dried small Branch 210121 Telekia speciosa Koloto~ Asteraceae R Atr. Bronchial asthma Inhalation on (Schreb.) Baumg. (=Compositae) root smoke 210519 Teucrium arduini L. Arduinijeva Lamiaceae AP A.f. Stomach diseases Infusion iva (=Labiatae) 210520 Teucrium chamaedrys Duba~ac Lamiaceae AP B.e. Diarrhea Fresh juice, L. (=Labiatae) Infusion 210521 Teucrium montanum Iva trava Lamiaceae AP S.-Ch. Liver and stomach Infusion L. (=Labiatae) diseases 210522 Teucrium polium L. Iva Lamiaceae AP S.-Ch. Stomach diseases Infusion mediteranska (=Labiatae) 210523 Teucrium scordium L. Iva, duba~ac Lamiaceae AP Agr. Diarrhea Infusion (=Labiatae) 210524 Thymus serpyllum L. ^ubra, Lamiaceae AP B.e. Neurosis, cough, Infusion, majkina du{ica (=Labiatae) stomach diseases Powder 210525 Thymus pulegioides L. Timijan, Lamiaceae AP B.e., Neurosis, cough, Infusion, majkina du{ica (=Labiatae) S.-Ch. stomach diseases Powder 210500 Tilia cordata Miller Sitnolisna lipa Tiliaceae FL Q.p. Cough, fever Infusion 210501 Tilia platyphyllos Krupnolisna Tiliaceae FL F. Cough, fever Infusion Scop. lipa 210122 Tussilago farfara L. Podbjel Asteraceae L, FL Onop. Cough, serious Infusion (=Compositae) lung diseases 210510 Urtica dioica L. Kopriva, `ara Urticaceae L Onop. Anemia, kidney and Fresh juice, skin disorders infusion, decoction 210802 Vaccinium myrtillus L. Borovnica Ericaceae F Vacc. Diabetes Infusion 210803 Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. Brusnica Ericaceae L Vacc. Kidney diseases Infusion 210520 Valeriana officinalis Odoljen Valerianaceae R Aden., Neurosis, heart Tincture L. Ph. diseases 210521 Valeriana montana L. Planinski Valerianaceae R F. Neurosis, Tincture odoljen heart disorders (continued on next page) 881 S. S. Red`i}: Ethnotherapy in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Coll. Antropol. 31 (2007) 3: 869–890

TABLE 1 MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC WILD FLORA OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA USAGE IN ETHNO THERAPY

Voucher Scientific plant Local plant Plant family Plant Habitat/** Use in human Preparation specimens name name part Commu- therapy and or/ used* nity Administration process 220522 Veratrum album L. ^emerika Liliaceae R Aden. Louse and skin Infusion, bijela diseases Decoction 210255 Verbascum Divizma Scrophulariaceae FL Onop. Lung tuberculosis Infusion phlomoides L. 210256 Verbascum thapsus L. Divizma Scrophulariaceae FL Onop. Lung tuberculosis Infusion 210530 Verbena officinalis L. Verbena Verbenaceae AP Art. Fever, rheumatism Infusion 210257 Veronica officinalis L. ^estoslavica Scrophulariaceae AP V.-P. Sting of snake, Infusion catarrh of lung 210482 Viburnum opulus L. ^ibukovina Caprifoliaceae B Aln. Against of spontaneous Infusion, abortions Decoction 210540 Vinca minor L. Zimzelen Apocynaceae L F., Q.p. Hemorrhoids, malaria Infusion, Powder 210550 Viola biflora L. Dvocvjetna Violaceae FL Pin.m. Cough, skin diseases Infusion ljubi~ica 210551 Viola odorata L. Ljubica Violaceae FL P.s. Cough, skin diseases Infusion, mirisna Decoction 210552 Viola elegantula Lijepa Violaceae FL Arrh. Cough, skin diseases Infusion Schott ljubi~ica 210553 Viola tricolor L. Danino}, Violaceae AP Arrh., Cough, skin diseases Infusion ma}uhica Sec. 210560 Viscum album L. Imela bijela Loranthaceae AP F. Epilepsy, heart Maceration, hardship Infusion

officinalis, Centaurea cyanus, Chamaenerion angusti- TABLE 2 folium, Galega officinalis, Gnaphalium uliginosum, Mic- MEDICINAL PLANTS USE IN ETHNOTHERAPY romeria thymifolia, Ruscus aculeatus, R. hypoglossum, Number Proportion Salvia pratensis, Teucrium arduiini, and Valeriana mon- Medicinal usage of species (%) tana. Respiratory system disorders 51 22.46 Gastrointestinal tract disorders 43 18.94 Medicinal use of analyzed plants Skin system diseases 26 11.45 Liver and bladder disorders 22 9.69 Analyzed plants are being used for treatment of a Urogenital tract disorders 22 9.69 wide range of human diseases. Its medicinal usage is pre- Nervous system disorders 21 9.25 sented in Table 2. Cardiovascular system disorders 16 7.07 Since ancient time, majority of herbal drugs have be- Metabolism (strengthening of the 12 5.29 organism) disorders ing used for treatment of respiratory illnesses such as cough, inflammation of throat, bronchus or lungs (up to Blood system disorders 7 3.08 27%). Besides, 19% of all detected plants have being used Rheumatism 4 1.76 for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders (stomach ill- Senses (eyes, ears) disorders 3 1.32 nesses, ulcer of stomach and intestine, strengthening of Total: 227 100 appetite). It has been found that 11% of these plants have being used for treatment of different kind of skin conditions (wounds, inflammations, psoriasis etc.). Sig- nificant proportion of plants has also being used for Herbal parts being used and mode of its treatment of urinary system infections, kidney’s inflam- preparation mation, bacterial infections, prostate disorders, strength- ening of sexual potentials (9%). It has been perceived A various vegetative organs, such as leaves, , that people quite often use plants to prevent insomnia, root, fruits, rhizome, over ground flowering parts, under- nervous tensions, stress (9%) or to strengthen heart ground parts, essential oils, resin, bark, bulbs, and in muscle and treat its rhythm disorders (7%). smaller proportion other herbal parts (Table 3). Mostly

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TABLE 3 used in order to get fresh juices and about 8% to prepare MEDICINAL PLANT PART USES some kind of tincture or macerate. There are only few Number Proportion cases when person is being treated by inhalation on Usage plant part of species (%) smoke which is being produced by slow burning process Herba (Aerial part) 73 32.16 of certain medicinal plant. Special attention should pay to the preparation of balms, so called mehlems, which are Folium (Leaf) 34 14.98 being used for wound’s healing, skin diseases, rheuma, Radix (Root) 27 11.89 schiatic or as cosmetic’s product. Flos () 22 9.69 Rhizoma (Rhizome) 16 7.05 Diversity of medicinal plants Fructus (Fruit) 14 6.17 Plant taxonomy Cortex (Bark) 11 4.85 Taxonomically analyzed, all detected plants origin Tuber and bulb 7 3.08 from 71 different plant families (Table 5). There is only Aetheroleum (Oil) 5 2.2 one species, Cetraria islandica, which belongs to the Semen (Seed) 4 1.76 family Parmeliaceae (Lichenes) and all the rest are vas- cular plants. Ferns (Pteridophyta) are presented with Colophonium/lignum 41.76 four species belonging to the four different families. Co- (Colophony, resin/wood) niferous division (Pinophyta) is presented with nine spe- Stigmae/spore 2 0.88 cies originating from three families. Majority of herbs Manna/pix 2 0.88 make Magnoliophytina, of which Dicotyledones (Mag- Gemmae (Buds) 2 0.88 noliatae) are 196 species from 57 families. The most fre- Pyroleum 1 0.44 quent ones are species of Labiatae (13%), then Com- Glandullae (Gland) 1 0.44 positae (10%), Rosaceae (7%) and Umbelliferae family (4%). Monocotyledones (Liliopsida) are 31 species from 6 Stipes 1 0.44 families, of which the most numerous are Liliaceae and Lichen 1 0.44 Orchidaceae (5%). Total: 227 100 Ecology and habitats Detected plants inhabit, from ecology standpoint, qui- are being used over ground flowering parts (32%) and te different places, whose main characteristics were de- leaves (15%). Reason for such herbal part’s usage is prob- termined on the basis of syntaxonomic order that certain ably simplicity of its detection and collection. But, on the plant’s community belongs too. All plants were com- other hand, root is often used herbal part (12%) and flow- prised within 53 vegetation orders (Table 6). The largest ers (10%). proportion belongs to the following orders: Fagetalia, Determined plants species, or more precisely their Brometalia erecti, Quercetalia pubescentis, Prunetalia spi- parts, have been used for preparation of various forms nosae, Arrhenatheretalia, Scorzonero-Chrysopogonetalia, used in the treatment of above mentioned diseases (Ta- Adenostyletalia, Onopordetalia, and Chenopodietalia and ble 4). in smaller proportion some of the other vegetation orders (Table 6). The most frequent way of preparation procedure was to make infusion or decoct (almost 80%) due to simplicity of the procedure. Approximately 7% of plants are being Discussion List of used plants TABLE 4 MEDICINAL PLANTS PREPARATIONS The determined list of plants in accordance with the modern propositions about use of medicinal plants from Preparation Number of species Proportion (%) native populations represents main group of plants that Infusion 134 59.03 includes species well known in traditional phytotherapy. Decoction 44 19.38 It comprises species that have been used or are still in use in phytotherapy in some parts of B&H. After compar- Fresh juice 16 7.05 ison with species used in neighboring countries26,27,49 it is Tincture 9 3.96 concluded that there is high similarity among them. Maceration 9 3.96 There has been established significant similarity in the Ointment 7 3.09 way of usage of certain plants in B&H and some parts of 14 51–53 Smoking/ Croatia , as well as in and Turkey , and 52.20 54 Inhalation on smoke some other region . This indicates similar ethno genesis of people of Balkan peninsula. There is also a significant Powder 3 1.32 number of species used in official pharmacy38. Besides Total: 227 100 them, there are also plant species that have been used for

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TABLE 5 TABLE 6 FREQUENCY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS FAMILIES ECOLOGY AND HABITATS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS

Number Proportion Number Proportion Ecological Order Botanical family of species (%) of species (%) Lamiaceae 30 13.21 Fagetalia 26 11.45 Asteraceae 23 10.13 Brometalia erecti 17 7.51 Rosaceae 15 6.61 Quercetalia pubescentis 16 7.06 Apiaceae 10 4.41 Chenopodietalia 14 6.17 Scrophulariaceae 83.54Prunetalia spinosae 13 5.73 Liliaceae 62.64Arrhenatheretalia 12 5.30 Solanaceae 62.64Scorzonero-Chrysopogonetalia 11 4.87 Pinaceae 52.21 Adenostyletalia 10 4.41 Fagaceae 52.21 Onopordetalia 10 4.41 Ranunculaceae 52.21 Epilobietalia angustifoliae 93.96 Salicaceae 52.21 Molinietaliia 83.52 Orchidaceae 52.21 Bidentetalia 73.08 Fabaceae 52.21 Artemisietalia 73.08 Violaceae 41.77 Agrostetalia 52.20 Polygonaceae 41.77 Quercetalia robori-petraeae 52.20 Rhamnaceae 41.77 Populetalia albae 52.20 Brassicaceae 41.77 Vaccinietalia 31.32 Ericaceae 41.77 Papaveraceae 31.32Plantaginetalia majoris 31.32 Plantaginaceae 31.32Ostryo-Carpinetalia orientalis 31.32 Boraginaceae 31.32Glechometalia hederaceae 31.32 Primulaceae 31.32Amphoricarpetalia 31.32 Cupressaceae 31.32Vaccinio-Picetalia 31.32 Iridaceae 31.32Alnetalia glutinosae 31.32 Gentianaceae 31.32Secalinetalia 20.88 Malvaceae 31.32Nardetalia 20.88 Valerianaceae 20.88Arabidetalia flavescentis 20.88 Cupuliferae 20.88Juniperetalia 20.88 Tiliaceae 20.88Potametalia 20.88 Crassulaceae 20.88Origanetalia 20.88 Moraceae 20.88Pinetalia heldreichii-nigrae 20.88 Caryophyllaceae 20.88dctlparPinetalia mugi 20.88 Geraniaceae 20.88Seslerietalia tenuifoliae 20.88 20.88 Oleaceae Salicetalia albae 20.88 Rubiaceae 20.88 Other 11 orders presented with 11 4.84 Caprifoliaceae 20.88one species Other families presented 35 15.42 Total: 227 100 with one species Total 227 100

group of plants that includes more than 200 species of potentially medicinal plants30. They should be systemati- ages in the ethno therapy, but they aren’t so well known. cally investigated regarding their pharmacognosy, phar- Significant attention should be in coming investigations macology, pharmaceutical and technological potentials. paid to these plants. This list has a large possibilities and chances in discover- Considering extremely high percentage of endemic ing of even new active principles. Similar proportions of species and poor knowledge on vascular plants, particu- potential medicinal plants have been determined during larly from high mountainous ecosystems and other less systematical investigations of medicinal flora on certain accessible habitats in B&H, it is possible to speak about mountains in B&H 31,32.

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Local plant names Angiosperm (Magnoliophytina) comprises 213 species The most common names of plant species are given in of 63 different plant families. Dicotyledonous (Magno- the Table 1. During these investigation it has been re- liatae) comprises 196 species of 165 genera. Although en- corded more than 1,000 various names. Even in the same tire flora of B&H is dominated by species of family region in use are various names for the same species. Asteraceae, in medicinal flora the most abundant are This is particularly the case with the species that are the species of family Lamiaceae (13%), with usage of it’s over most frequently used. For example, Achillea millefolium ground herbal organs, leaves and flowers. These are has the following local names: »kunica«, »spori{«, »and mostly ingredients for preparation of different kind of hajdu~ka trava«,« hajdu~ica«,« ajdu~ica«. The same case tea (infuse) which is common for treatment of respira- is with large number of other species. Some species have tory system illnesses, stomach discomfort, nervous ten- same local names, although they are completely different sion, such as genera: Mentha, Thymus, Origanum, Gle- species. For example, local name »macina trava« have choma, Ajuga, Calamintha, Salvia, Prunella. Species of species Valeriana officinalis and Nepeta cataria. The spe- genus Satureja (all endemics and inhabiting karsts) are cies Nepeta cataria has been mainly used in Herzegovina traditionally being used for treatment of lymphatic sys- for treatment of female’s sterility, and for the same pur- tem illnesses (Hodgkin syndromes), and it is believed poses has also been used Valeriana officinalis. The local also that they cure some forms of leukemia, especially name »bunika« has been used for species Atropa bella- Satureja montana. Species of genus Teucrium, especially dona and Hyosciamus albus. Also, local name »kacun« T. montanum, are being used for preparation of cold tea has been used in some parts of Bosnia for species Col- against wide range of internal illnesses, of which in this chicum autumnale, Orchis morio and Crocus vernus. manner the most treated ones are liver illnesses. Mentha Same local name »vris« has been used in certain parts for pulegium is being used for treatment of depressions, anx- the same species: Calluna vulgaris, Satureia montana, iety and insomnia. Species of family Compositae are Satureia subspicata, Vaccinium myrtillus. However, it is abundant in ethno therapy up to 10%. Mostly used parts necessary to be very careful in use of local names for they of these, for treatment of stomach illnesses, are roots, could vary significant from one place to another and leaves and flowers (Helichrysum, Artemisia). Urinary mark quite often completely different species. Some of system inflammations are successfully being treated with them could even be harmful for use in human phyto- Hieracium pilosella, and cough or illnesses of the lungs therapy. with Inula helenium. Root of Cichorium intybus is being used to improve secretion of excessive water from human Use of some taxonomic group of plants in ethno body, and Cnicus benedictus has proved itself as a medi- therapy cine for malignant illnesses of internal organs. Rosaceae There have been detected 227 plants, of which there family is next when it comes to the abundance of plants was only one Cetraria islandica belonging to the tal- in ethno therapy. In this paper listed were 15 species, of lophytes. In ethno therapeutic purpose entire aerial part which are being used following parts: leaves, flowers, of Cetraria is being prepared like some kind of decocts fruits and underground organs. They are mostly being and used for healing of anemia, cold and cough. All the used for preparation of teas, decocts and fresh juices, rest were vascular plants. In this area there was no re- with purpose to improve general state of organisms, to cord found on usage of mosses in ethno botany (Bryo- prevent diarrhea and to fight all sorts of inflammatory phytes). On the other hand, it has been detected more processes. Plant families coming next coincide mainly frequent usage of ferns. Lycopodium clavatum is very with the local flora of vascular plants (Table 5). popular in treatment of liver illnesses. Beside traditional usage of Equisetum arvense in treatment of urinary in- Monocotyledons (Liliatae) comprise 17 species of 11 flammations and kidney’s stone, it is common to use it to genera. Dominant ones are Liliaceae (six species) and fight heavy cough. Adiantum capilus veneris is believed Orchidaceae (five species). Rhizome of genus Polygo- to have magical powers in treatment of female reproduc- natum is being used for preparation of decocts assigned tive system. Dryopteris filix-mas have since ancients be- to treat bone fractures. Rhizome of genus Ruscus is be- ing used for making syrup against gastric parasites (Ne- ing used to prepare decocts for treatment of veins, pros- matodes) at children. tate illnesses and hemorrhoids. Although being toxic, Hills and mountains of B&H territory are covered seed of species Colchicum autumnale is usually being with coniferous woods, which has resulted with wide- mixed with other herbs in the way to prepare effective spread use of conifer in ethno therapeutic purposes (en- medicine against serious headache. Preparatory proce- tirely nine species). Resin of species Abies alba and genus dure for famous Bosnian drink »salep« requires under- Pinus is main ingredient for preparation of traditional ground organs from species of family Orchidaceae. These products: Bosnian mehlems, creams and compresses. are special decocts made of Orchis tubers, which are These are being used for healing of malignant wounds, slowly being cooked on temperate temperature for about serious contusions and rheuma. In some regions fresh ten hours. There are areas in B&H where it is still cus- resin is being chewed for gumms protection and against tom to organize evening sessions of salep drinking. Many infections of mouth cavity, throat, as well as for teeth people believe in its magical power to re-gain strength to strengthening. the males.

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Obtained spectrum of taxonomical position of species cocked with lid on for even longer period of time. Some has shown that dominant role play plants containing a people pour water on already used herbal mixture and wide spectrum of essential oils, bitter matters, tannins, boil it again. This is some kind of infusion. glycosides, alkaloids, and other active principles. It is None of the interviewed persons knew exactly how known that species from family Lamiaceae are rich in es- much of the herbs should be used in order to get the most sential oils. The similar situation is with species from effective infusion. Everyone did it, more or less, by its families Asteraceae and Apiaceae. Species from the fam- own judgment. ily Rosaceae are rich in various tannins. Spectrum of sys- Decoct or (»uvarak«) is being prepared in different tematic position indicates quite good spectrum of active ways. The most common way is to put certain amount of principles and pharmaceutical activity. Similar propor- solid herbal materials into the water, such as root, rhi- tions of plant families presence were obtained on some zome, fruit or seed and cook it on a mild temperature for locations that differed significant regarding its ecological as long as decocts mass thicken and turn into jelly. There and geographical conditions55–59. are also some cases when special decocts are being pre- After comparisons with the results of previous investi- pared. Thus bone’s fracture are being treated with decoct gations on taxonomy of medicinal and potentially medici- which is made of pulverized root and steam of Sym- 34 nal plant species in B&H it was determined 260 species phytum officinale. At first certain amount of herbal ma- from 71 families. The highest proportion have families terial is being boiled in water at a mild temperature for a Rosaceae, Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Ranunculaceae, Scro- few hours, when preparation is almost done, it is being phulariaceae and others from the class Magnoliopsida. removed from the temperature source and poured over with fresh goat’s milk in exact proportion as a starting Plant part uses and mode preparations water’s amount. Then it should be cooked again till mass Dominant role play species whose above aerial (ground) thicken enough. There is a similar preparatory proce- plants (herba), leaves (folium) and flower (flos) have dure for Arctium lappa root’s decoct. This preparation is been in use (Table 3). Climate have created suitable con- being used for hair root’s strengthening and treatment of ditions for development of geophytes. For these reasons skin conditions. are very frequent species whose underground organs Especially valuable is decoct of oak (Quercus sp.) (rhizoma et radix, tuber et bulbus) have been in use. which is being prepared by cooking of young oak’s bark, However, determined spectrum of usage parts indicates usually of Q. robur, in natural apple essig. Final decocts possibilities of wide use of these species in modern phy- mass is afterwards being added to raw lard or cow’s but- totherapy. ter and used for treatment of all sort of skin conditions, Medicinal plants in this region are being used in such as psoriasis. fresh, raw or dry condition. Inhabitants of local villages Species of genus Sempervivum have been used for often use fresh and raw herbs. Young and juicy leaves of preparation of special decoct by putting the juice of these Achillea millefolium and Plantago major are always be- species into the home made bread which is being done on ing used in fresh squashed condition. Yellow juice of the fire for two hours. This preparation is very effective Chelidonium majus, as well as of genera Sedum and in treatment of chronic inflammation of the middle ear. Sempervivum are also used exclusively in fresh condi- tion. Fresh and warmed up leaves of Arctium lappa and In this region quite often are applied fresh juices Petasites hybridus have been showing great success in gained from different plant’s parts. In the early spring, medicinal treatment of contusions and rheumatism. usually before shooting out of leaves, it is being made cut Fresh coniferous resin is being chewed. Fresh birch juice into birch’s bark Betula pendula and a cup is being has being drunk in early spring, before shooting off the placed underneath of the cut in order to collect fresh leaves, to improve function of the kidneys. Leaves of Nas- juice of birch. It supposes to be drunk before fermenta- turtium officinale have being consumed as an aphrodi- tion took place. siac over the whole year. Fruits of Physalis alkekengi In some regions, in the early spring, it is being cut have being consumed in order to improve urination, and into young shoot out of walnut’s root Juglans regia and even in certain cases to help healing asthma. For heart tip of it is being put into dark bottle which is afterwards muscles strengthening before meals consumed are fresh being buried 50 cm deep into the ground and left for a leaves of Ruta graveolens. few days. This preparation is used to treat gall’s stone Spectrum of usage of medicinal plants shows that and strengthen entire body after winter’s weaknesses. people mostly use simple preparations such as infusions, Besides, it is important to pay attention to traditional and certain varieties of decoctions. There is a similar sit- preparations used in the treatment of heavy wounds, uation in many others, even very distant areas60–62,most rheumatism, and malignant diseases. They are called probably, for being the simplest preparatory procedure. »mehlem« (Bosnian balm), and represent special mix- Infusion’s preparation is significantly different over tures of raisins of conifer in which are being dissolved the certain regions. There are areas where infusion has fresh plant parts. Wide known is a »mehlem« from fir being prepared by putting one spoon of herbs into boiling resin (Abies alba) that heals even the deepest wounds. water and cooking it for about few minutes. In other ar- In many cases Bosnian balm is being prepared by eas distinct amount of dried or fresh herbs is being putting fresh collected herbal juice into fresh cow’s but-

886 S. S. Red`i}: Ethnotherapy in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Coll. Antropol. 31 (2007) 3: 869–890 ter and creamed over hurting spot. In similar way are be- hippocastanum are being carried in the pockets by people ing treated heavy burns and disrupted skin, with balms who suffer chronic rheumatism and sciatica. Leaves of originating from following species: Plantago sp., Calen- Alchemilla sp. are being used in the form of tea to treat dula sp., Arctium lappa. There are few herbalists which liver cyrosis. Tea made of long time ago forgotten species are devoted only to preparation of Bosnian balms. Ballota nigra is being used to calm nervous system, Among ordinary people beloved are also tinctures achieving excellent results during the last war in B&H. which are being made by putting distinct amount of Cold compresses made with flowers of Centaurea cyanus herbs into pure brandy (made of plums and wine), and and Euphrasia rostkoviana are being used to treat eye leaving it for about ten days. Alcohol proportion in such diseases and to improve sight. Mild tincture prepared of tinctures ranges between 35% and 42%. It is advised to Gentiana asclepiadea roots is being used for diseases of drink one small cup of these before the meal. internal organs, especially liver and pancreas. Excellent cure for treatment of male sterility is believed to be tea Medicinal herbs usage in ethno therapy made of over ground plant’s part of species Geranium robertianum and Hypericum perforatum. On the other The analyzed species have been in use in prevention hand, female sterility has been treated with tea made of and treatment of various diseases from the simplest Nepeta cataria over ground parts and root of Valeriana ones, such as cold, to very serious ones, such as malig- officinalis since centuries ago. Stomach discomfort and nant diseases of internal organs, as well as for the str- disorders of heart’s rhythm are being treated with tea of engthening and maintenance of body beauty and condi- Marrubium vulgare over ground parts. Dried root of tion. Inula helenium is being burnt in order to create a smoke Wide spectrum of names for various diseases has been which is then inhalation to prevent acute respiratory sys- mentioned in investigations. Most of them is named in tem’s inflammation. Besides, this smoke is often being Table 1 whose conditions are classified in several groups. used during the religious ceremonies of Muslim’s com- The largest number of species has been used in treat- munity. Fresh rhizome of Cyclamen purpurascens is be- ment of chronic diseases of respiratory system, gastroin- ing pulverized and mixed with salbei’s honey (Salvia testinal tract, digestive organs, skin diseases etc. Other officinalis) for treatment of malignant lung’s diseases. groups make diseases of liver, bladder, and urogenital By removing of periderma from poplar’s bark (Populus tract. Next are cardiovascular system, nervous system, tremula) remains white part which is being prepared as and other, mainly chronic diseases (Table 2). During in- decoct that cures all forms of hepatitis. Decoct of Poly- vestigations it has been determined that certain species gonum bistorta rhizome represents medicine for treat- have been used for treatment of several diseases. ment of heart’s diseases, which is why locals name it There are many species in this area with high ethno »sr~enjak«, meaning »of the heart«. This is the most be- botanical and ethnopharmacological significance. But, loved plant among Bosnian highlanders. Decoct prepared some of them are more valuable than others. One of of Rumex crispus roots stops diarrhea, especially by little these is Gentiana symphyandra, a very popular plant in children. Similar usage have leaves of Teucrium cha- ethnomedicine, used as an excellent tonic, but in the cen- maedrys. During the recent war, when dysentery and en- tral Bosnia it has been used for successful treatment of ter colitis were widespread diseases and lack of official heart diseases. Extremely good results are achieved by medicines was undoubted fact, the best healing results usage of plum’s tincture in treatment of heart arrhyth- were achieved by usage of cold tea prepared with afore mia and serious ischemia. People avoiding consumption named herb. In sudden situations suffices to consume of alcohol use water extraction of gentian. These should 3–5 leaves of these bitter herb in order to improve pa- be drank before each meal (three times daily) over the tient’s condition. Thus people living in mountainous ar- period of 40 days. Teucrium montanum, the most popu- eas used to carry always few branches of this magical lar species in ethnomedicine has being used in treatment herb. When someone loses its voice it is advised to drink of stomach and liver diseases, and in some areas as an ex- Sisymbrium officinale tea, according to the people tales. cellent drug for heavy nervous disorders. To treat these So, even in this modern era, many singers visit herbalist it is advised to drink cold infusion several times a day in- asking to be treated with this herb in order to maintain stead of water over the period of 40 days. This herb has their voice’s quality. Asthma is being treated with fresh been beloved and highly rated among ordinary people for rhizome of Tamus communis that is previously mixed centuries, which is way it is custom to use proverb stat- with honey. Although being highly, in pharmacological ing that »iva makes living from a dead man«. Odorous sense, active herb, which is by some people used to treat flowers and leaves of endemic species Satureja montana, exclusively rheuma and sciatica, it is very appreciated as S. subspicata and Micromeria thymifolia are being used a medicine against malignant carcinoma. Indeed, there to prepare teas for treatment of respiratory system’s and have been recorded many cases of people being »signed lymphatic nodule’s inflammation and for betterment of off« by official medicine, which have extended their lives blood’s state. In Herzegovina were even registered sev- for next 4–5 years by simple usage of these herb. eral cases of young people being healed of leukemia by consuming these cold teas. Endemic species Teucrium At the end, Ruta graveolens is a wild plant cultivated arduini is being used in the form of tea to help healing by almost every house hold for being believed to be some stomach discomforts. Fruits of wild chestnut Aesculus kind of holly plant. If some quantity of its leaves eaten

887 S. S. Red`i}: Ethnotherapy in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Coll. Antropol. 31 (2007) 3: 869–890 each morning before the meal along with honey of Sa- of certain ecological groups of species indicate specific tureja montana or S. subspicata, serious heart difficulties ethno genesis and anthropogenesis in this region. Na- could be removed. During his investigation author has mely, since the human society has been developing in the recorded few cases of people being treated in these man- zone of orders Fagetalia (in the continental) and in the ner and stating to feel excellent, though some of them zone of order Quercetalia pubescentis (in Mediterranean have survived hard miocard’s infarct. and sub-Mediterranean part of BiH human beings have When parents want to protect newborns from chil- used the largest number of plant species just from those dren shock they put under baby’s neck a little branch of areas. Going on the vertical profile towards the highest Ruta graveolens. Adults quite often carry in the upper mountain peaks, the number of human settlements de- pocket of jacket small branch or a piece of yew wood creases as well as the density of human population. For (Taxus baccata), for a »good luck« and protection from these reasons the number of species from those ecosys- tems is a very small – ecosystems of dark coniferous evil forces. woods of order Vaccinio-Piceetalia. By comparing the achieved ethno botanical results Since the region of high mountain ecosystems was with similar research of other authors 63–67 established never inhabited, medicinal plants from this region have- were significant mark ups of ethno therapy in B&H n’t been in use. Beside species Gentiana symphyandra al- which are being reflected in completely different prepa- most no other species from the high mountainous tundra ration procedures and usage of medicinal herbs, as well of the Dinaric Alps has been used in the phytotherapy. as in specific list of species being used with these pur- However, the results of the investigations of medicinal poses. There have been recorded many cases of usage, flora on some Dinaric Alps mountains75 have shown high from taxonomy standpoint, the same species with en- 71–73 frequency of potentially medicinal plants that deserve tirely adverse ethnopharmacological purpose . These more attention since they contain significant sources of proves that, beyond reasonable doubt, on the territory of less known active principles. Due to the overexploitation B&H exist original forms of medicinal herbs usage, or ex- that took place in the past, and trend of currently in- ist of, so called Bosnian ethno therapy, which is in many creasing poverty, many medicinal herbs are now highly aspects well known and esteemed all around Balkan pen- endangered. Although being on the Red List, many of insula. This is indicated also by newly published data of them are still being exploited without any sort of control. World Health Organization which consider traditional, The most endangered species is Gentiana symphyandra 74 complementary and alternative medicinalpractice . whose root is much esteemed and being bought off in many stations all over the country. According to the Ecology and conservation status IUCN’s categorization76, this is highly endangered spe- Wide range of ecological conditions and habitat types cies that is under threat of distinction from its natural on the territory of B&H have led to the creation of com- habitat. Next on the list of endangered plants is Cen- pletely different vegetation cover on the horizontal pro- taurium umbellatum for by it’s over ground parts collec- file, moving from the South, sub-Mediterranean climate, tion disrupted gets also the root, which is very sensitive toward inland, and on the vertical profile, up hills high organ. All species of the family Orchidaceae (especially mountains. Because of that, different plants are being Orchis morio) are endangered because of tuber’s over- used in different biogeographically regions. It has been exploitation that takes place over the entire vegetation custom to travel in far places where can be found some season. Similar status have got Arctostaphyllos uva-ursi, important medicinal plants and prepared by local herbal- very rare plant which is intensively being used and col- ists. Thus, people travel into sunny Herzegovina to col- lected on the Bosnian territory, then Lycopodium clavat- lect odorous herbs, in the Sava river valley to dig Vale- um, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Primula veris, Pinus heldreichii, riana and Angelica roots, and into high mountains to Rhamnus fallax, Ruscus hypoglossum, Satureia subspi- find yellow gentian Gentiana symphyandra. cata, Tamus communis, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Menyanthes trifoliata and Acorus calamus. Intensive collection of The results of the analyses of ecological and phyto- Helichrysum italicum makes it more endangered day af- coenlogical belonging of determined plant species indicate ter day that they inhabit 53 various habitat’s and ecosystems types (Table 6), which points out ecological heteroge- neous and floristic richness of this area. Acknowledgement Majority of species grows in the ecosystems of broad- leaved deciduous woods of order Fagetalia, termophilous I owe gratitude to the people who have supported me meadows of order Brometalia erecti, termophilous woods during the hard field investigation, especially to Mr. of order Quercetalia pubescentis, shrub communities of Sedik Velic, technician of the Dep. of Pharmaceutical order Prunetalia spinosae, mesophilous meadows of or- Botany of the Faculty of Science University of Sarajevo. I der Arrhenatheretalia, sub Mediterranean rocky mead- am also thankful to Dr. Samir Dug, Dep. of Ecology and ows of order Scorzonero-Chrysopogenetalia, and tall herb’s Natural Resources of the Faculty of Science University of communities of order Adenostyletalia and nitrified habi- Sarajevo and to English language expert Ms. Sabina tats of order Onopordetalia. There is a certain correlation Trakic and Mr. Mirnes Zukanovic for efforts made during between presence and distribution of certain vegetation translation of this paper in English, and entire revision types in B&H and number of species. These proportions of original text written in Bosnian language.

888 S. S. Red`i}: Ethnotherapy in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Coll. Antropol. 31 (2007) 3: 869–890

Herewith I would like to express my deepest gratitude give an adequate final form to this paper, which would be to the reviewers for their useful suggestions in order to acceptable to the international audience.

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S. Red`i}

Center of Ecology and Natural Resources, Faculty of Science University of Sarajevo, 33–35 Zmaja od Bosne St., 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina e-mail: [email protected]

889 S. S. Red`i}: Ethnotherapy in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Coll. Antropol. 31 (2007) 3: 869–890

EKOLO[KI ASPEKT ETNOBOTANIKE I ETNOFARMAKOLOGIJE STANOVNI[TVA BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE

SA@ETAK

Ovaj rad sadr`i prve sistematski obra|ene rezultate tradicionalne uporabe divljih ljekovitih i aromati~nih biljaka na teritoriji Bosne i Hercegovine – B&H (zapadni dio Balkanskog poluotoka; jugoisto~na Evropa). Ustanovljeno je 227 biljaka koje spadaju u 71 biljnu familiju, a koje su bile upotrebljavane u etnoterapijske svrhe. Rezultati su ostvareni metodom direktnog etnobotani~kog intervjua koji je obuhvatio 150 osoba prosje~ne starosne dobi od 63 godine. Ljeko- vite biljke u etnoterapiji bile se kori{tene u svje`em, sirovom ili osu{enom stanju. Razli~iti biljni dijelovi zavisno od perioda vegetacijske sezone, ponekad i zimi, su osnova za pripremu infuzuma (59%), dekokta ili uvaraka (19%) i tink- tura (4%). Naro~ito su originalni melemi poznati kao bosanski »mehlemi« koji se prave od svje`e ubranih biljnih dijelo- va pomije{anih sa mlakom smolom, sirovim kravljim maslom ili medom. U etnoterapiji su naj~e{}e kori{teni nadzemni dijelovi biljke. Najvi{e biljaka upotrebljavano je u lije~enju bolesti respiratornog (22%), gastrointestinalnog (19%) i urogenitalnog sustava (9%). U lije~enju ko`nih oboljenja (11%), te `iv~anog sustava i sr~anih bolesti (16%). U usporedbi sa drugim podru~jima, utvr|ena je originalna upotreba u etnofarmakologiji sljede}ih biljnih vrsta: Ballota nigra, Aes- culus hippocastanum, Calluna vulgaris, Centaurea cyanus, Euphrasia rostkoviana, Geranium robertianum, Gentiana asclepiadea, Helichrysum italicum, Lycopodium clavatum, Marrubium vulgare, Nepeta cataria, Populus tremula, Ruta graveolens, Tamus communis, Teucrium montanum, T. chamaedrys i endemi~nih biljka Gentiana lutea subsp. symphy- andra, Teucrium arduini, Micromeria thymifolia, Satureja montana, S. subspicata, Rhamnus fallax i Viola elegantula. Nisu utvr|ene zna~ajne razlike u u~estalosti uporabe ljekovitih biljaka me|u razli~itim etni~kim skupinama. Me|utim, primije}eno je da stanovnici submediteranskog i mediteranskog podru~ja posjeduju du`u etnoterapijsku tradiciju, kao i stanovnici planinskih podru~ja B&H, bez obzira na njihovu etni~ku pripadnost.

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