of dust,of gas, and water that resulted from a scientists, materialized Earth outcollisions of Billions years of ago according to most look? distinctive it its gives What neighborhood. the in place no other It like clouds. looks white in shrouded a lovely, blue partially orb bright for you alook.Next see Mars rocky red, little, you hover of abelt asteroids, over it through making Jupiter. and after Then, Saturn giants, gas on by the Uranus, and Neptune past Belt, Kuiper of the debris icy the come through You system. solar to our galaxy adistant from in you flying are Imagine Why We Live Here Kid’s Out At The Point Activities For ThoughtFood Oceans And Humans Journeys ofThe Bottom Chain the Food Water And Land Motion In In Why The Ocean Matters The Inside Zone Point Reyes Seashore National is quite clearly Ocean this planet Earth when it How inappropriate tocall PLANET OCEAN

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NASA 2011 Why The Ocean Matters

1. The Earth has one ocean with many basins. O2 2. The ocean covers about 70% of the Earth’s surface, 1 and contains about 97% of the Earth’s water. 3 2 CO2 4 3. Half of Earth’s oxygen is produced in the sunlit ocean layers, and half of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is absorbed by the ocean. It’s the blue heart of the planet — and we should 4. Most rain, the source of much of our 5 drinking water, comes from the ocean. take care of our heart. It’s 6 what makes life possible 5. The ocean is a major influence on weather and climate. for us.

6. The ocean and ocean life shape the —Sylvia Earle shoreline features of the Earth. 8

7. Life in the ocean is diverse. The smallest known virus and the largest animal live in 7 the ocean. 8. Many geologic and geochemical cycles begin in ? the ocean. 9 9. Most of our knowledge of the ocean comes from shallower waters. Less than 5% has been explored. ? 10 10. Humans and all living things are inextricably connected to the ocean. In The Zone

The Atmosphere—(an ocean of water, in the air): Intertidal Zone (In Epipelagic Zone) • Tufted Puffins can dive up to 196 feet (60 m) • Pigeon Guillemots can dive up to 212 feet (65m) Splash Zone organisms depend on sea spray for moisture, adapted Epipelagic Zone—To 650 feet (200 m) below the to long periods of surface—The sunlit upper layer of the ocean exposure • Moon Jellyfish • Barnacles • Many Sharks • Ribbed Limpets • Dolphins High Tide Zone Mesopelagic Zone—To 3300 feet (1000 m) organisms covered at most high tides below the surface—The twilight zone • Turban Snails • Swordfish • Chiton • Wolf Eel Mid Tide Zone • Ochre Sea Star • Green Anemone

Bathypelagic Zone—To 13,000 feet Low Tide Zone (4,000 m) below the surface— most protection from The midnight zone (no sunlight) desiccation; inhabited • Anglerfish by the most number of species • Many Octopus • Dungeness Crab • Sea Hare

Abyssopelagic Zone—To a known depth of 36,067ft or 6.831 mi (10, 993 m)—The abyss * The Abyssopelagic zone continues to yield its • Microbes secrets. In December 2014 a snailfish was found •* 5 miles (8 km) deep in the Mariana Trench!

Page 2 Land and Water In Motion

Land and Water Oceans and Climate The California Current Continental crust 15–45 miles (25-75 km) thick Earth rotates eastward, contributing to the The California Current flows south from Oceanic crust 4.5–6.3 miles (7-10 km) thick circular movement of air across the oceans. along British Columbia's shoreline as part of Relative to this rotation, the air is deflected to the North Pacific gyre. This river of water Our planet’s surface is divided into thin, the right in the Northern Hemisphere, and to flows along the coast from north to south and stiff plates that move around on molten the left in the Southern Hemisphere, causing before ending off southern Baja California magma. If all of the plates were made of the winds to develop. These global winds drag on Peninsula. Additionally during the spring same material, and the surface of the earth the oceans’ surface causing surface currents, months, prevailing northwesterly winds push was smooth, the oceans would cover the and the currents form ocean-circling spirals the warmer surface waters away from shore, earth to an average depth of 6500 ft. (2000 called gyres. which allows colder water from the sunless m)! But there are two plate types: denser, depths to rise to the surface. This process, thinner, balsalt oceanic rocks and lighter, The oceans strongly impact the world’s known as upwelling, is responsible for the very thicker, granitic, continental rocks. If you climate. Energy from the sun is absorbed and nutrient-rich waters off the California Coast. put a wooden block and a styrofoam block then circulated around the world in warm in a swimming pool, both would float, but surface currents. Since the cold waters are rich with nutrients the denser wood would float lower than the and more saturated with oxygen, they support styrofoam. Similarly, the dense basalt sinks a rich community of plankton (more on page deeper into the mantle, creating basins where Ocean Motion 4) , the basis of the marine food chain. In the water collects to form the great oceans of Water in the ocean is constantly moving. A general, the strongest upwelling happens the world. deep, global conveyor current underlies the between Point Conception and Cape surface currents. These are the thermohaline Mendocino. The largest seabird rookery south Water evaporates from the ocean and currents. These currents are density driven, of Alaska, the Farallon Islands, is situated in falls over land as rain. As the ocean water resulting from differences in temperature the middle of this area. evaporates, the minerals—mostly salt— and salinity. Dense, cold, salty water sinks remain behind in the sea. These ocean while warm, less salty water rises to the minerals originally came from rain water surface. The “start” of the ocean conveyor flowing over continental rocks, dissolving belt is in the northern polar regions. Cold minerals from those rocks, and flowing out arctic water sinks to the ocean bottom, and to sea. Deep in ocean trenches, there are is carried south, eventually flowing all the hydrothermal vents that also release minerals way to Antarctica! Over time this water Cape into the oceans. This is why ocean water is on warms up again, rises to the surface and Mendocino average seventy times more salty than fresh flows back north, where warm water currents g in water. ll Point carry water from the equator to the north, e w Reyes Because of the extra minerals, saltwater and heat is lost again to the atmosphere in p U Farallon the northern latitudes. This motion forms a t is denser than fresh water. When you see s Islands e globe-encircling oceanic conveyer belt. One t large rivers flowing out into the ocean, the a drop of water spends about 1000 years making e fresh water floats on top which causes color r G a round trip of over 25,000 miles! variations of the nearshore waters. f Point

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CONVERGENCE ZONE California beach come from winds blowing over the ocean’s surface, along with deeper internal Hawai’ian waves. Underwater earthquakes also cause Archipelago waves—big waves called tsunamis. Arrival on Shore North Equatorial As ocean waves approach a shore, the motion Equatorial Countercurrent they generate deep down begins to interact with the sea floor. This slows the waves down South Equatorial and causes the crests in a series of waves to bunch up—an effect called shoaling. The period of the waves does not change, but they gain height as the energy each contains is compressed into a shorter horizontal distance, and eventually break. Ocean waves Ocean currents like the California Current, circulate the cold waters in the polar regions back to the equator. can also refract, or bend, as they reach a This helps to re-oxygenate these warmer waters. This movement creates gyres that can draw in, concentrate, coastline. This concentrates wave energy onto and trap debris, such as plastic trash and fishing nets. More information on page 6. headlands and helps to shape the shoreline.

Page 3 The Base of the Food Chain

Giant Kelp Plankton Giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) is the largest The complex relationships between seaweed on Earth. It can grow 24 inches (60 producers and consumers in food webs on cm) per day and up to 100 ft (30 m) in a year. It land are mirrored in our oceans. Plankton grows at a depth of 30–100 ft (10–30 m), but in are organisms that drift in bodies of water. clear water can grow much deeper. The huge Their name comes from the Greek word “root” called a holdfast is firmly attached to planktos (πλαγκτός), meaning wanderer or the seabed and when mature, can grow to 2 drifter. The base level of the ocean food feet (60 cm) in circumference. Several long, web are phytoplankton—tiny, sometimes flexible stalks stretch toward the surface, microscopic plants—that live in the epipelagic have straplike fronds, buoyed by gas-filled zone, the top layer of the ocean. This layer bladders. The giant kelp’s fronds continue to extends to 660 feet (200 meters) the depth grow after reaching the surface, floating as a at which enough sunlight penetrates for dense canopy. photosynthesis to occur, and phytoplankton In kelp forests, including giant kelp and are therefore rarely found beneath this layer. other species, invertebrates such as bristle Also living in the epipelagic zone are worms, snails, feed on the holdfasts. A wide zooplankton, usually microscopic animals range of important fish, including many that forage on the phytoplankton and also types of rockfish, are found in kelp forests. prey on each other. This is a very diverse Marine mammals inhabit kelp forests for group, from members that are primitive protection and food. These include sea lions protozoans to the larvae of more complex and seals that feed on the fish. Sea otter and creatures such as jellies and squid. One type their pups use kelp forests as a safe haven of zooplankton, copepods, were made famous from predators, and feed on the abundant by Spongebob Squarepants’ archenemy, invertebrates associated with the kelp. named Plankton. Gulls, terns, loons, grebes and cormorants Adaptations to avoid predators include dine on the many fish and invertebrates gathering in large swarms, being transparent, living in the kelp. Flies, maggots, and small and producing bioluminescence. crustaceans that are abundant in the kelp that Bioluminescence is the production and is washed ashore provide a smörgåsbord for emission of light by living organisms, and is birds such as shorebirds including the an adaptation of some marine invertebrates federally protected western snowy plover. and fish. Plankton may bioluminesce to distract, confuse, or discourage prey. NOAA Photo Dinoflagellates are a type of marine plankton that are not plants or animals, but have qualities of both. Dinoflagellates are a type of marine plankton that are not plants or animals, but have qualities of both. Some of these creatures are responsible for the algal blooms we call red tides, and for the sparkling bioluminescence in breaking waves at night. NPS Photo In winter storms, massive piles of kelp wash up on the beaches at Point Reyes. At this point, fly larva, amphipods, bacteria, and fungi feast on the piles, working quickly to decompose them.

Krill Krill are small, shrimplike crustaceans which surface at night. Although krill have many occur worldwide in all of the oceans. They predators, some species can live to be up to six are near the bottom of the food chain. Their years old! main food is phytoplankton. Krill are eaten by NOAA Photo whales, penguins, seals, squid, fish, and also Blue whales feed almost exclusively on krill, by people. even though they are the largest animal that Photoplankton release oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis. Algae and phytoplankton provide has ever lived. Blue whales grow to be as much over half of oxygen we breathe—more than all land One defense krill have against predation as 100 (30 m) feet long, larger than the biggest plants combined. One type of phytoplankton, called is swarming, during which densities of dinosaur that ever lived on earth! These Prochlorococcus, may be the single most abundant 20,000 individuals per cubic foot occur. This whales weigh up to 150 tons, and due to their species on earth! behavior confuses some predators. Krill also immense size, they need to eat up to four tons spend their days in the deeper parts of the of krill each day. ocean to avoid most predators and rise to the Did you know scientists are studying kelp on the West Coast to determine the radiation levels from the Fukushima reactor fallout? Kelp takes in elements including radioactive Cesium, Strontium, and Iodine and concentrates it in its tissues. Scientists can analyze kelp tissue samples for traces of NOAA Photo these elements.

Page 4 Journeys

Migrations 12,000 mile migration Why do animals migrate? Available resources CHUKCHI SUMMER SEA vary seasonally, for example, food that is FEEDING GROUNDSBERING SEA FLUKE PEDUNCLE DORSAL RIDGE BARNACLE BLOW HOLE ROSTRUM abundant in the summer is not in winter. PATCHES ALASKA Temperature variations mean some areas are only hospitable for mating and giving birth during one season. The place and season that is best for breeding may not be optimal for CANADA finding food. This means that some animals travel great distances searching for feeding PECTORAL FINS EYE BALEEN 12 FEET and breeding grounds. 45 FEET UNITED STATES

POINT REYES Gray whales undertake one of the longest 100 *NATIONAL SEASHORE migrations of any mammal, traveling up

80 MEXICO to 13,000 miles (21,000 km) from feeding WINTER grounds to breeding grounds and back every CALVING 60 AND BREEDING year. They reach their northern and southern GROUNDS destinations within 49 to 55 days. The Point 40 Reyes lighthouse is a great location for gray 20 whale observation during their migration, Pregnant females, Newly pregnant females, males and juveniles Females and calves because the peninsula juts out 10 miles (16 Sightings Per Day 0 males and juveniles km) west, into the Pacific Ocean. Heading South Heading North JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY Pinnipeds, such as seals, sea lions, and fur seals, are also known for making long journeys. Each year, the northern elephant Surface Behavior seal migrates farther than most other marine Gray whales are often found mammals in the world, traveling as many traveling alone or in small as 14,000 miles (about 22,500 km). It is also groups of two to four. They the only mammal known to undertake two are a coastal species, usually migratory journeys each year. found within 6 miles (~10 km) of shore. BLOW SPYHOP BREACH SOUND About 1,800 of the world’s bird species are migratory. The record for the longest migration of any animal belongs to sooty Diving Behavior Gray whales rarely pause on their shearwaters and Arctic terns, each of which 20 feet migration, resting for only a few migrate over 40,000 miles (64,000 km) a year! hours per day. They slowly swim to their destination following a 30–60 seconds Fluke appears 3–5 minutes somewhat predictable diving pattern 100 feet for each shallow on final dive for a deep dive at speeds of 3–5 mph, covering up dive Ramos Anela to 115 miles (184 km) per day.

Baleen hangs from the upper jaw of the mouths of some whale species. The whale takes water into its mouth, then pushes the Amphipods water out with its tongue. Animals such as are crustaceans amphipods, krill, and small fish are filtered that scavenge through the baleen and trapped inside. in the ocean Baleen is made of keratin, the sediments.

NOAA P hoto / Sophie Webb same substance Gray whales Phenomenal long-distance migrants, the sooty as human love eating shearwater (Puffinus griseus) migrates between the fingernails amphipods! They subarctic and the South Pacific each year. and hair, and drag their heads along continues the bottom to stir up Many shark species travel thousands of miles to grow sediments and filter through open water every year, scouring the throughout the these tasty morsels ocean for food. Some white sharks travel whale’s life. through their baleen. across the Indian Ocean, from South Africa to Australia and back again and from California to Hawaii, over the course of a year. Salmon are impressive for their ability to Want to learn more about the ocean? traverse both seawater and freshwater during their journey. They can travel hundreds The Humboldt squid Bodega Marine Laboratory Dosidicus gigas University of California at Davis of miles inland via rivers and waterways— ( ), can grow https://marinescience.ucdavis.edu/bml/about sometimes ascending thousands of feet as to 6.2 ft (1.9 m) long and they migrate upstream—to spawn in the rivers weigh up to 100 lb (50 kg). MarineBio Conservation Society where they were born. They are most commonly https://marinebio.org found at depths of 660 to Monterey Bay Aquarium & Research Institute Leatherback sea turtles have been recorded 2,300 ft (200 to 700 m), traveling across the Pacific Ocean between https://www.montereybayaquarium.org from Tierra del Fuego to https://www.mbari.org Asia and North America, a distance of over California. 12,000 miles (19,000 km) in less than two National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration years. Similar to salmon, they navigate back to https://www.noaa.gov the beach where they were born to dig a nest https://sanctuarysimon.org in the sand and lay their eggs. National Park Service Zooplankton float in the water column of the https://www.nps.gov/subjects/oceans/index.htm world’s oceans and seas and include creatures Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San as diverse as jellies, copepods, krill, larval Diego worms and snails, and juvenile fish. Theirs https://scripps.ucsd.edu is a vertical migration of thousands of feet each day—up in search of food, and then back Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution https://www.whoi.edu down to avoid predators.

Page 5 Humans and Oceans

"Unless someone like you cares a whole awful lot, Nothing is going to get better. It's not." ro ast C w re Dr. Seuss, d n A The Lorax Anela Ramos Anela

Also trapped and killed are seabirds, seals, Mola mola, or sunfish, can grow up to 11 ft (3.3 m) dolphins, and sea turtles which, unable to and weigh over 5,000 lbs (2,250 kg). They LOVE reach the water’s surface and breathe, drown lion's mane jellyfish, but do you? in the nets. Too Many Rick Starr, CBNMS Starr, Rick Some scientists predict that if these practices Rosy rockfish on top shallow reef of Cordell Bank continue, it is possible that ocean fisheries Bottles In The Sea National Marine Sanctuary. Slow growing reefs are could collapse by 2050 or sooner. With larger Sailing home to California from Hawai’i in vulnerable to contact with fishing gear. fish removed from the seas, jellyfish may 1997, Charles Moore discovered an enormous become dominant in the food web. Jellyfish, mass of largely plastic fragments, which was anyone? later dubbed the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. The Ocean is a No precise measurements are available, Giant CO Sponge Like to eat fish? If you enjoy seafood, consider because the ocean is always moving, but may 2 where it came from and how it was caught. be twice the size of the continental US. There The ocean has always absorbed C0 , playing The Seafood Watch card produced by the 2 are “garbage patches” in all 5 ocean basins. an important role in stabilizing global climate. Monterey Bay Aquarium helps consumers Since the Industrial Revolution, human make choices for seafood that have the least Most of the garbage is plastic—nearly two activity such as burning of fossil fuels and impact on the environment. million bits per square mile. Where did it all come from? The sad answer is us. Disposable deforestation has put excess C02 into the https://www.seafoodwatch.org atmosphere creating carbon pollution. More plastics are the greatest source of plastic pollution. Plastic bags, straws, bottles, C02 in the atmosphere means more C02 in the ocean. The excess C0 (carbon pollution) Of Sharks And Men utensils, lids, cups offer a small convenience, 2 Sharks belong to a group of animals called is rapidly changing the ocean. When C0 but remain on this planet forever. Trash on 2 elasmobranchs whose skeletons are made of dissolves in seawater, carbonic acid is formed. the ground could eventually get transported cartilage, not bone. There are over 500 species This chemical reaction leads to ocean to a river ultimately leading to the ocean and of sharks in the world and they come many acidification. Ocean acidity has increased carried around via currents. Hundreds of sizes. The smallest sharks, called dogfish, by 30% since the beginning of the Industrial ocean animals, including birds, have been are just 8-10 inches (20-25 cm) long, while Revolution. This increase is 100x faster than documented with plastic in their bellies. the largest shark, the whale shark, can grow any change in acidity experienced by marine to over 40 ft (12 m) and weigh almost 50,000 Follow the “4 Rs” of sustainable living: organisms for at least the last 20 million lbs (22 metric tons)! Many sharks don’t begin Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. Join the years. With acidic ocean conditions, shelled breeding until they are teenagers, and some “Bring Your Own” revolution and bring your animals have to work harder using more live to be 70 years old. own grocery bags, utensils, coffee cup and energy to make their carbonate shells and more and you’ll be amazed at how much less structures and in some areas of the ocean, the Few shark species attack people. The white plastic you use. corrosive waters affect their reproduction and shark, tiger shark, bull shark, and oceanic physiology. Human actions have accelerated whitetip shark are involved in most attacks. While visiting the beach, consider lending a ocean acidification, but human actions can Worldwide, between 1580 and 2014 less than hand and picking up trash at the beach and also slow down the process. Any and all 600 fatal human shark attacks have been disposing it in a garbage can when you leave. actions to reduce the use of fossil fuels also documented. Compare that with over 3,500 Each individual action does make a difference. reduces the amount of carbon pollution drowning deaths in 2011 in the U.S. alone! If added to the atmosphere and to the ocean. galeophobia (fear of sharks) keeps people out Choosing to use less energy- to burn less fossil of the water, sharks may actually save lives. fuel, emitting less C02 will help ocean animals and plants. With our help ocean plants In comparison, shark researchers estimate and animals may have time to adapt to the that humans kill over 100 million sharks every changing ocean. year. Many are killed just for their fins. Once their fins are cut off the sharks are frequently thrown back into the ocean. Unable to Overfishing swim, they bleed to death or succumb due to Overfishing is the taking of marine species suffocation or starvation. Many sharks take so such as fish, shellfish and even mammals long to reach reproductive age, some species

at a rate that is not sustainable and can are now threatened with extinction. NOAA Photo disrupt ecosystems. In the 1800s, we nearly complex communities from disappearing obliterated several species of whales to from our world. A Laysan albatross chick surrounded by brightly colored plastic trash on a beach on Midway Island. harvest whale blubber for lamp oil and lubricants for our machines. With the passage

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Page 6 Food For Thought Wind, Fog, Whales—Oh My!

Point Reyes is the windiest and foggiest place on the Pacific Coast, and conditions presented a major hazard to shipping. In the 1900s, many ships went aground or sank, necessitating the establishment of the Point Reyes Lighthouse in 1870. Lighthouse keepers living here then struggled with long hours, harsh working conditions, isolation, and depression. A few were driven to drinking the

metal cleaners, and at least one was carted PRNS Archives away to an institution. Today the Point Reyes Headland is still an U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service adventure at any time of year. Winter and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service biologist Rachel Carson early spring the gray whales migrate by (see and USFWS artist Bob Hines surveying the Atlantic chart on page 5) and northern elephant seals Ocean in Maine, 1951. are abundant on the beaches near Chimney Rock. Spring is the windiest time of year, “It is a curious situation that the sea, when 40-plus mile-an-hour winds commonly from which life first arose should now pummel the promontory, and the stairs to the Ramos Anela be threatened by the activities of one lighthouse close. Hold on to your hats! form of that life. But the sea, though changed in a sinister way, will continue Spring and summer are the seasons when one to exist; the threat is rather to life itself.” can view the nesting Common Murres below the Point Reyes Lighthouse, and admire the — Rachel Carson, abundant wildflowers blooming along the The Sea Around Us Chimney Rock Trail. Summer days tend to be foggy and relatively cold, but if you are “The poet Auden said, ‘Thousands have looking for an air-conditioned retreat from

lived without love; none without water.’ triple digit temperatures in California’s NPS Photo Ninety-seven percent of Earth’s water Central Valley, come on by. In autumn, is ocean. No blue, no green. If you think temperatures are warmer, and migratory the ocean isn’t important, imagine Earth birds—some blown wildly off course—rest in without it. Mars comes to mind. No the Monterey cypress trees along the path to ocean, no life support system. I gave a the Lighthouse Visitor Center. talk not so long ago at the World Bank and I showed this amazing image of Just offshore are two national marine Earth and I said, 'There it is! The World sanctuaries, the Gulf of the Farallones Bank!' That’s where all the assets are! National Marine Sanctuary and Cordell NPS Photo And we’ve been trawling them down Bank National Marine Sanctuary. Extending much faster than the natural systems can out to the edge of the continental shelf, replenish them.” these ocean preserves have protections that prevent oil and gas leasing and discharges — Sylvia Earle, into the waters. The craggy Farallon Islands, Marine Biologist a National Wildlife Refuge, and the rocky submarine peaks of Cordell Bank rise from “All the king’s horses and all the king’s the floor of the Pacific Ocean. This network men will never gather up all the plastic of marine protected areas also includes Point and put the ocean back together again.” Reyes National Seashore, which embraces NPS Photo — Charles Moore, Oceanographer the only congressionally designated marine Wilderness south of Alaska, and several California State Marine Protected Areas that further limit fishing and protect species in the POINT REYES nearshore waters of the coast. NATIONAL SEASHORE 1 Bear Valley Road The oceanographic conditions combined Point Reyes Station, CA 94956 with diverse seafloor features such as islands, banks, canyons and seamounts create a Bear Valley unique "hotspot" that supports a diverse Visitor Center 415-464-5100 community of marine life above and below the surface. In addition to sustaining a Lighthouse vibrant ecosystem year round, the region is Visitor Center a migratory destination for seabirds, whales, 415-669-1534 seals, sea turtles and fish that travel thousands Kenneth C. Patrick of miles annually to feast on the seasonal Visitor Center bounty of these waters. NOAA at Drakes Beach 415-669-1250 www.nps.gov/pore The Top Five Questions At The Lighthouse 1. Is it always this foggy? About a third of the year, most notably in late summer, CONTRIBUTORS PRINTED WITH persistent fog envelops the lighthouse area. Some days it lifts in the afternoon, but Sarah Allen, Ph.D. FUNDING FROM: not always. Ocean and Coastal The 2. Is it always this windy? Wind speeds of up to 133 miles-per-hour have been Resources Program Marin County Sarah King Wildlife and measured at the lighthouse. Spring is the windiest time, when, in 40+ mph winds, Park Guide Fisheries the stairs close for visitor safety reasons. Anela Ramos Commission 3. What causes all the foam on the ocean? Sea foam is created by the agitation Park Ranger Mary Beth Shenton of seawater that contains high amounts of dissolved organic matter. These Park Ranger compounds, churned up by breaking waves, form bubbles that stick to each other. Eric Stearns 4. What time do the whales go by? Whales don’t sleep for long periods like Park Guide humans do. Instead they nap at the surface, and during their migration can be Jennifer Stock Cordell Bank swimming by Point Reyes any time of day. National Marine 5. What is that concrete dome across from the visitor center? That is a cistern Printed on Sanctuary recycled paper that was used for gathering and storing water.

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