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Analysis of Some Parameters Related to the Hydraulic Infiltration of a Silty

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Analysis of Some Parameters Related to the Hydraulic Infiltration of a Silty Italian Journal of Agronomy 2011; volume 6:e19 Analysis of some parameters related to the hydraulic infiltration of a silty-loam soil subjected to organic and mineral fertilizer systems in Southern Italy Antonietta Napolitano CRA-Unità di Ricerca per le Colture Alternative al Tabacco, Scafati (SA), Italy Abstract Introduction This experiment was carried out to detect the most linear process to The hydraulic conductivity is one of the most important parameters calculate the hydraulic conductivity, with the aim to classify the soil of of the cultivated soil, since it explains the type of water movement into experimental station of the Unit for Research in Cultivations the soil itself. The saturated flow of the water is defined as the flow Alternative to Tobacco (CAT), locate in South Italy (Scafati, Province of present in a soil, where either the larger or the smallest pores are filled Salerno), subject to different types of manure: compost and mineral with water. The unsaturated flow of the water is defined as the flow fertilizer. The field tests were made by a system measuring infiltration present in a soil, where the larger pores are filled with air and the by double, inner and outer ring, inserted into the ground. Each ring smallest with water. Total porosity (Sartori et al., 1985; Pagliai, 1987), was supplied with a constant level of water from external bottle (3 cm), gradient of water, temperatureonly (Grent, 2004), manure amendments and hydraulic conductivity is determined when the water flow rate in (Fares et al., 2008), past and present tillage (Leeds Harrison and the inner ring is constant. Four areas, two fertilized by mineral fertil- Yongs, 1997; Franzluebbers, 2002; Matula, 2003) of soil have influence izer (areas I and III) and two amended with compost (areas II and IV) on this parameter. Significant correlations between macroporosity and at two depths, 5 and 10 cm (H1-H2), were analysed. The parameters satured hydraulic conductivity were found in some previous studies on were recorded at the following dates: on 18th and 19th September the effect onuse soil qualities following the agricultural machineries traf- 2009, respectively, at 5 and 10 cm of depth (H1-H2) in area I; on 7th and fic (Marsili et al., 1998; Servadio et al., 2001, 2005; Pagliai et al., 2003). 8th October 2009 in area II; on 13th and 14th October 2009 in area III; The study of hydraulic conductivity is essential to define the intensity on 16th and 17th October 2009 in area IV. The effect of compost, used rain in the sprinkler irrigation, the interval time (D) of irrigation and one time only, is present in all parameters, even if with a low statisti- the estimation of wetting bulb in the drip irrigation. The definition of cal significance (P<0.01-0.05). This biomass stores a better water intensity rain in the sprinkler irrigation is important to avoid run off, reserve [g (100 g)–1)-Δq] and causes a lower avidity for water (bibac- differentiated distribution of the water and superficial erosion of the ity) and a better speed of percolation (Ks) of exceeding water. The soil (Megale, 2009; Fileccia, 2002-2009; Various Authors, 2005-2006). organic matter decreased the variability of soil along field. The studied Hydraulic conductivity defines the interval time of irrigation, which soil showed to be almost permeable and not having any serious prob- is the ratio between the total volume of water (V) and the hydraulic lem concerning rain intensity. conductivity (Ks) (D=V/Ks). In a drip irrigation system, the estimation of wetting bulb of emitter is important to design the drip system and the wet bulb; the latter is determinant to predict the lateral and verti- cal movements of water and to reduce the loss of water and fertilizers due to deep percolation (Mubarak et al., 2009). The present experi- ment was carried out to compare the mathematical processes to calcu- late the hydraulic conductivity and determine the most linear one, with Non-commercialthe aim to classify the soil of experimental station of the Unit for Research in Cultivations Alternative to Tobacco (CRA-CAT), located in Correspondence: Antonietta Napolitano, CRA, Unità di Ricerca per le Colture South Italy (Scafati, SA), subjected to different kinds of manure: com- Alternative al Tabacco, via P. Vitiello 106, 84018 Scafati (SA), Italy. post and mineral fertilizer. Hydraulic conductivity is determined by Tel. +39.081.8563611 - Fax: +39.081.8506206. hydraulics experiments using the Darcy’s law and it can be calculated E-mail: [email protected] in three different ways. The first way follows the formula of Guelf infil- trometer, where the final field saturated hydraulic conductivity value Key words: hydraulic infiltration, water content, permeability, bibacity. (Kfs) is considered: the formula of Darcy is taken into account, but Kfs is corrected for the same parameter of wetting area. The second way is Received for publication: 27 September 2009. following the Darcy formula, where the mean value of hydraulic con- Accepted for publication: 27 March 2011. ductivity is taken in account [K(Vmean)]. The third way is the same ©Copyright A. Napolitano, 2011 formula where the final value of hydraulic conductivity is considered Licensee PAGEPress, Italy [K(R)]; the last two ways have been calculated without corrections for Italian Journal of Agronomy 2011; 6:e19 wetting area. doi:10.4081/ija.2011.e19 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 3.0 License (CC BY-NC 3.0). [Italian Journal of Agronomy 2011; 6:e19] [page 117] Article curve, which function was expressed by the exponential equation of Materials and Methods Kostianoff Soil and treatments y = atb (Eq.1) (Cavazza and Torri, 1997) The instrument used in measuring the ability of a porous medium to where transmit water was a system at double ring, one inner and one outer, y is cumulated infiltration; inserted into the soil at two depths (5 and 10 cm). Each ring is supplied t is time in minutes; with a constant head of water from external bottle, hydraulic conductiv- a and b are constants. ity is determined when the water flow rate in the inner ring is constant (Figure 1). Water level in the rings was at 3 cm from surface of soil. The inner ring had a diameter of 30 cm while the outer ring had a 53 cm diameter. A gauze and a plastic plate were put inside the inner ring to avoid flow from external bottles lifting up the soil (Nigrella, 1994). This method mimics the condition of flooding irrigation. To calculate the water flow in the inner ring from reservoir a coefficient of infiltrome- ter was used, calculated with the following formula: (cm of external bot- tle x diameter of external bottle)/diameter of inner ring); the value obtained was 14.4. Both rings were put 5 cm under surface of soil (H1) and second observation was made at 10 cm under soil surface (H2). The H2 was made on saturated soil on the same location of H1 the day after (Soilmoisture Equipment, 2008). The studied soil belongs to the Experimental Station of the Unit for Research in Cultivations Alternative to Tobacco, Agricultural Research Council (CRA-CAT) of Scafati (Salerno Province of Salerno), presenting the physical and only chemical parameters indicated in Table 1. The soil is a silty-loam soil, Figure 1. Double ring in field. lightly alkaline, with high content of organic matter, normally equipped in nitrogen and particularly abounding in phosphorus (Table 1). Soil is classified as vitric andosol calcaric, according with the World Reference Table 1. Chemicaluse and physical characteristics of the soil tested in Base (for soil resource, WBR) described by Basile and Terribile (2006), 2005 at the CRA-CAT laboratory. and with FAO (1998). Parameters Unit Values Classifications Four areas, two fertilized by mineral fertilizer (areas I and III) and two amended with compost (areas II and IV) were analysed; in each Sand content g(1000)–1 350.5 –1 area two depths (H1=0-5 cm; H2=0-10 cm) were analysed, for a total of Slimy content g(1000) 575 eight treatments (Table 2). Clay content g(1000)–1 75 Silty-loam soil The compost used (Progeva-Evafruit), in quantity of 20 t/ha, was dis- Field capacity g(100 g)–1 26 tributed five months prior to the experiment in basal dressing on other Wilting point g(100 g)–1 9 cultivation that had been ploughed in soil: the Torzella (ancient cauli- –3 flower-Brassica-Cruciferae). The mineral fertilizer used ammonium Bulk density t m 1.33 nitrate in quantity of 100 kg/ha has been distributed partially in basal pH - 8.05 Under alkaline –1 dressing and partially in top dressing by fertirrigation. CaCO3 total g Kg 46 Average (SISS) The parameters were recorded in the following dates: –1 CaCO3 active g Kg 32 Low (SISS) th th On 18 and 19 September 2009, respectively, at 5 and 10 cm of depth Electrical conductivity dS–1 0.23 Very low (SISS) (H1-H2) on area I; –1 th th Cation exchange capacity Cmoli Kg 23.8 High (SISS) On 7 and 8 October 2009, respectively, at 5 and 10 cm of depth (H1- Phosphorus mg Kg–1 35.5 Very high (SISS) H2) on area II; Non-commercial –1 th th Total nitrogen (N) g Kg 1.2 Normal (SISS) On 13 and 14 October 2009, respectively, at 5 and 10 cm of depth (H1- –1 H2) on area III Organic matter (C) g(100 g) 2.15 High (SISS) th On16 and 17+ October 2009, respectively, at 5 and 10 cm of depth (H1- C/N - 10.5 Normal (SISS) H2) on area IV.
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