Anti-Immigration Movement in the Finnish Media Environment
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This is an electronic reprint of the original article. This reprint may differ from the original in pagination and typographic detail. Author(s): Horsti, Karina Title: Techno-cultural opportunities: the anti-immigration movement in the Finnish mediascape Year: 2015 Version: Please cite the original version: Horsti, K. (2015). Techno-cultural opportunities: the anti-immigration movement in the Finnish mediascape. Patterns of Prejudice, 49(4), 343-366. https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2015.1074371 All material supplied via JYX is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, and duplication or sale of all or part of any of the repository collections is not permitted, except that material may be duplicated by you for your research use or educational purposes in electronic or print form. You must obtain permission for any other use. Electronic or print copies may not be offered, whether for sale or otherwise to anyone who is not an authorised user. Techno-Cultural Opportunities: Anti-Immigration Movement in the Finnish Media Environment This is a preprint of an article accepted to be published in the Patterns of Prejudice © 2015 copyright Taylor & Francis; available online at: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/ Karina Horsti, Department of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of Jyväskylä [email protected] Abstract: The article analyses how transformations in the media environment shaped the political success of the anti-immigration movement in Finland in the years 2003 through 2013. The qualitative textual analysis of blogs and the mainstream media debates that connect to racism and the national populist True Finns party demonstrate how the changes in the mediascape in general and in the new media technology in particular offered opportunities for the emerging anti-immigration movement. The changes in mediascape facilitated the early development of the movement but fragmentation in online spaces later hindered internal movement coherence and integration to the populist party politics. In order to gain coherence the True Finns party performed public scapegoat performances wherein it distanced itself from racism. Moreover, the study shows that rather than being separate and marginal, the anti-immigration movement and the ‘uncivil’ public spheres intertwine with traditional politics and the mainstream media. Keywords: immigration debate, nationalist populism, new media technology, journalism, racism, scapegoat mechanism 1 Introduction Media environment in Europe is experiencing a major transformation. This began in the 1990s when the Internet, mobile technologies and increased competition challenged the hegemonic positions of mainstream media. This shift from the centripetal phase of mass communication to a multi-platform and centrifugal phase transforms the whole communicative system. The ways in which information and imagery are being produced, shared, consumed and interpreted are no longer as attached to mediated centres as before. Ideas and voices that surface into the public consciousness are also from groups that have been previously marginalised in the nationally bordered media environments. This ‘media manifold’1 constructs a space of appearance, a new visibility where awareness of issues in the world unfolds. Roger Silverstone’s2 concept of mediapolis covers well the complexity of the contemporary media environment. Silverstone addresses mediascape as a singular unit, but he also recognises ‘the manifest fragmentation of the platforms and cultures of the global media’. This normative and descriptive notion of mediapolis includes an idea of connections and networks; that is, the various separate platforms and cultures are connected in multiple ways. It is my understanding that the various social research on prejudice need to consider these transformations and the re-scaling of mediapolis, which crucially shape society and social relationships. Transformation towards a networked public sphere also includes strengthening positions for those who spread ‘uncivil’ ideologies of racist prejudice. Moreover, previous literature on media’s role in the anti-immigration parties has focused on the gate-keeping role of the mainstream media but largely excluded the aspect of new media technologies3. One of the rare examples is Clare Bratten’s analysis of the French Front National’s use of website and online chats as 1 Nick Couldry, Media, Society, World (Cambridge: Polity Press 2011), 220. 2 Roger Silverstone, Media and Morality (Cambridge: Polity Press 2007), 31. 3Antonis Ellinas, The Media and the Far Right in Western Europe. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2010); Julianne Stewart, Gianpietro Mazzoleni & Bruce Horsfield, ‘Conclusions: Power to the media managers’, in Gianpietro Mazzoleni, Julianne Stewart & Bruce Horsfield (eds.) The Media and Neo- Populism: A Contemporary Comparative Analysis (London: Praeger 2003), 217–37. 2 means to circumvent mainstream media’s often negative representation of the party4. Thus, in order to fully understand the construction of prejudice in the contemporary society, we need to examine the new affordances of particular media practices and platforms. This study aims to fill the gaps in existing literature on the connections between new media and anti-immigration politics within nationalist populist parties. Despite connecting people and society, new media technology also fragments, individualises and polarises communication5. The social networks of people in online spaces are often closed and limited to like-minded groups. Many right-wing groups, such as the English Defence League, are known to use social media for their networking and organisation6. Furthermore, white supremacist and Islamophobic groups disseminate their ideologies online7. In his analysis of the Belgian right-wing websites, Bart Cammaerts concludes that the exposure to the mainstream media of racist speech and those who produce it along with legal complaints are important and fairly effective tools for countering racism8. Taking Cammaerts’ argument as a starting point, this article examines the mediated connections between mainstream media, online communities and political movements in the context of the heated immigration debate in Finland. The mainstream public became aware of an anti-immigration movement in 2008 when a blogger Jussi Halla- aho gained electoral success as an independent candidate on the True Finns9 (PS) list in the local elections in Helsinki. The nationalist populist True Finns party advanced in the same elections throughout the country and the success continued in the general 4 Clare Bratten, ’Online zealotry: la France du peuple virtuel’, New Media & Society, vol. 7, no. 4, 2005, 517–532. 5 Zizi Papacharissi, ‘The Virtual Sphere: Internet as public sphere’, New Media & Society vol. 4, no. 2, 2002, 9-27. 6 Chris Allen, ‘Opposing Islamification or promoting Islamophobia? Understanding the English Defence League’, Patterns of Prejudice vol. 45, no. 4, 2011, 279 – 294. 7 See e.g. Gavan Titley, ’They called a war and someone came: The communicative politics of Breivik’s ideoscape’, Nordic Journal of Migration Research vol. 3, no. 4, 2013, 216–224; Liz Fekete, ‘The Muslim conspiracy theory and the Oslo massacre’, Race & Class vol. 53, no. 3, 2012, 30–47; Jessie Daniels, Cyber Racism (New York: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers 2009), 117 – 134. 8 Bart Cammaerts, ‘Radical pluralism and free speech in online public spaces: The case of North Belgian extreme right discourses’, International Journal of Cultural Studies vol. 12, no. 6, 2009, 555 – 575 (571). 9 In this article I use the older English version of the Perussuomalaiset (PS) party, True Finns as it is closer to the Finnish meaning of the name (Basic Finns). The party now calls itself the Finns in English. 3 elections in 2011 when it became the third largest party in Finland. The political success of the True Finns connects with the relatively recent rise of nationalist populism in the Nordic countries, although its rhetoric is not as extremely xenophobic as the Danish People’s Party’s or Sweden Democrats’. The party can be defined as a populist radical right party that mixes traditional conservatism and anti-establishment. However, its core element, ethno-nationalism of Finnishness, connects it to other right wing parties.10 The study asks how transforming mediascape has shaped the development and rise of the anti-immigration movement in Finland in the context of nationalist populist party politics. By examining blogs, discussion sites and mainstream media coverage qualitatively, the article demonstrates how the transformations in the mediapolis created opportunities for the emerging anti-immigration movement in Finland in the early 2000s. However, subsequently when the movement integrated into the True Finns party, social networking sites and online discussions proved also problematic for creating coherent programmatic message. The True Finns party and the anti- immigration section within it have balanced racism and ‘recalibration’ on their journey to more mainstream politics in ways that have required intra-party political sacrifices. The mainstream exposure of online racist speech has brought prejudice among some True Finns party politicians on the public agenda, but it has not countered the anti-immigration movement in ways that many on the anti-racist side hoped for. By sacrificing provincial individuals, the movement has grown more coherent and stronger. However, the role of new media technology in the rise of the anti-immigration