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Standard Operating Procedure 15 Measuring Vegetation Quadrats Overview FPMRIS Guidelines for Ground Plot Measurement Standard Operating Procedure 15 Measuring Vegetation Quadrats Overview This SOP describes the tasks required to establish and mark out vegetation quadrats and to measure understorey vegetation and groundcover parameters. Quadrats are placed at the perimeter of the Large Tree Plot, which has a nominal radius of 11.28 m, adjusted for slope. Ground parameters are the only items for which an estimate of cover will be made. Glossary of definitions Ephemeral Plant: Plant with short life cycle that Actions for Biodiversity (ABC): Web based germinates irregularly in response to a particular cue, application that enables the recording and monitoring such as fire, soil disturbance or desert rain. of actions prescribed for threatened species and Fine Litter: Loose organic material < 1 cm diameter or communities and potentially threatening processes. The thickness in both of two perpendicular directions. ABC also provides for the automatic generation of Mostly leaf litter, twigs and thin bark. Can also include Action Statements for listed items as required by the fibrous peat that is predominantly formed of visible Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act. The application can plant material. generate summary reports of actions and results for Flora Information System (FIS): FIS is a fully- items and geographic areas functional geographically-registered, relational database Annual Plant: A plant with a lifespan of one year or of distribution and descriptive data on Victorian plants. less. Seedling germination normally occurs on a regular It contains nearly 1.8 millions records of over 7000 annual cycle. species, sub-species, varieties, forms, hybrids and Bare Ground: All ground surface not covered by undescribed taxa of plants (vascular and non-vascular) vascular or non-vascular vegetation, rock (≥ 10 cm from over 240,000 survey or collection sites. Data have diameter), Coarse Woody Debris or litter, or by free- been gathered from ecological surveys carried out by flowing or standing water. Usually mineral earth, but DSE, herbarium specimens, professional botanists can include small stones (< 10 cm diameter), sand and outside of DSE, competent field naturalists and the gravel, or non-fibrous (amorphous) peat. botanical literature. Bryophyte: Collective name for various small, non- Flowing Water: Water that is more or less vascular plants, including liverworts and mosses. permanently flowing, in a defined channel. Does not include temporary surface flow following recent rain. Canopy: The uppermost (highest) foliage layer in a forest. This will most often comprise Eucalyptus Ground Cover: Parameters within a quadrat species but, depending on forest type and growth (excluding vascular plants) that will be measured for stage, may comprise other genera such as Acacia, habitat or other values. Parameters included are: bare Nothofagus, Callitris, Allocasuarina or even shrub ground, rocks, medium litter, bryophytes (whether on species. the ground or on other substrata within the quadrat), lichen (whether on the ground or on other substrata Clonal Plant: A plant that spreads vegetatively by within the quadrat) and other (for example, flowing or forming new plant units on stolons or rhizomes (e.g. standing water, logs, large tree stems or roots that Bracken). Each of these units is capable of an reduce the area of quadrat available for understorey independent existence after establishment. plants). Parameters not normally included are Coarse Coarse Woody Debris (CWD): Dead woody material Woody Debris (although it may form a component of substantially detached from the parent tree and in 'Other' if it takes up a large proportion of the quadrat) contact with the ground, and which is ≥ 10 cm in and fine litter. diameter in both of two perpendicular directions (hence Lichen: Composite non-vascular plant consisting of a comprises large branches and logs). It does not fungus living symbiotically with algae, without true include cut or uprooted trees that have been "hung up" roots, stems or leaves. Various forms, including on other trees: these will be considered as tree stems. crustose (like a crust), fruticose (branched) and foliose Diameter at Breast Height (DBH): The stem (leafy). diameter of a tree measured at breast height. For Liverwort: Small, non vascular plant, often moss-like the purpose of Ground Plot measurement, in appearance or consisting of a flat, ribbon-like green diameter at breast height implies diameter thallus (no recognisable shoot, root or leaf regions). measured outside or over bark (dob). On sloping Some species have lobe-shaped leaves that resemble a ground breast height is measured on the uphill liver. side of the tree. Medium Litter: Loose organic (usually woody) material 1-10 cm in diameter or thickness in both of SOP 15 Measuring Vegetation Quadrats (version 1.0) 1 of 15 FPMRIS Guidelines for Ground Plot Measurement two perpendicular directions. Will include material such List of species classed as trees (= FIS codes LT, MT or as small branches and thick bark. T, see Appendix 15.1) Moss: Small spore-producing plant usually with a Tape measure (minimum 15 m) slender leaf-bearing 'stem' with no true vascular tissue, Tent peg or similar for securing tape measure roots or leaves. Diameter tape (optional) Perennial Plant: A plant that lives for more than one Ruler year, and produces flowers and seeds multiple times over its lifespan. Above-ground material may persist Hypsometer (optional) for decades to centuries (e.g. shrubs and trees) or die Square quadrat frame (1 m x 1 m internal) that can be back seasonally (e.g. herbaceous species such as some pulled apart for placement Senecio ). Minimum of 12 marker pegs (> 0.5 m long) to delineate Renascent Plant: A plant that will grow back plot perimeter seasonally or periodically from underground material Telescopic height measuring pole, capable of minimum that remains alive (e.g. orchids). 5 m extension Rock: Any rock at least 10 cm x 10 cm in size (hence Clinometer (for shrubs taller than measuring pole) equivalent to a minimum of 1% cover within a Plastic bags of various sizes, incl. zip-lock bags for plant quadrat). Areas of smaller stones will be treated as samples bare ground. Personal Protective Equipment Standing Water: A more or less permanent body of standing water, such as a lake or pool. Does not Plant identification aids include temporary pooling due to ground saturation Binoculars following recent rain. Hand Lens (x 10 magnification) Tree: Any species with its Plant Growth Form listed in Knife, trowel or other digging tool the Flora Information System (FIS) as LT (Large Tree), Plastic vials (sealable) T (Large Shrub to Medium Tree) or MT (Mallee Tree). These Growth Form categories are based on potential Secateurs size, not actual. Note that tree ferns are not considered to be 'trees' in this classification. See Appendix 15.3 for Procedure list of all tree species. Set out quadrat marker points : Twelve quadrats are to Tree Recruit: Any tree species less than 10 cm be arranged in a regular radial pattern at 30º Diameter at Breast Height and less than 1.3 m in separations (Figure 15.1, Appendix 15.2), with the height. quadrat number (1 to 12) corresponding to the Understorey: All vascular plant species, regardless of equivalent hour position on a clock face. height, that are not categorised as trees (see Appendix 15.1), AND tree recruits < 1.3 m in height. The Standing at the Sample Point Location that understorey may be a lower stratum subordinate to the represents the centre of the Large Tree Plot, line forest canopy, or may be the highest vegetation in the up the direction of the first quadrat using a plot, depending on the vegetation type or growth sighting compass. stage. Note that tree ferns are considered as Measure out the radius-adjusted distance (refer to understorey. the Large Tree Plot Form for the adjusted radius) Vascular Plant: A plant with a system of water and to the first quadrat position using a tape measure solute-conducting tissues (xylem and phloem); (or hypsometer). An allowance may be needed to collectively the pteriodophytes (ferns and fern allies), allow for misalignment of the tape because of gymnosperms (conifers), monocotyledons and interfering vegetation. dicotyledons. Does not include bryophytes, lichens or Push a temporary (highly visible) marker of length fungi. at least 0.5 m into the ground at the measured point. Equipment list Repeat for other quadrats so that, upon completion of this initial mark-out, the Large Tree Plot will GPS have been delineated for the measurement of Compass, preferably sighting type coarse woody debris and stumps (see SOP16). Sample Point Location Maps, Aerial Photos, location Setting up when line-of-sight is blocked : In some instructions and slope adjustment data instances the presence of dense vegetation (for Clip board and pens example, a wire grass or sword sedge thicket) may Field Forms prevent the measuring tape from being extended Site species list (if site has been assessed before) along the correct line. In this instance the quadrat position can be estimated by sighting back from a Species list for area or region previous marker (Appendix 15.2, Figure 15.2). SOP 15 Measuring Vegetation Quadrats (version 1.0) 2 of 15 FPMRIS Guidelines for Ground Plot Measurement One observer should be placed on the correct Applying safety precautions : If hazards or obstacles, compass line at roughly the correct distance. The such as a stream or pile of slippery logs, prevent second observer can then move to a previous safe placement of any quadrat, and if it is not quadrat marker, and direct the first observer to possible to accurately judge what the contents of move directly towards or away from the plot centre that quadrat are, then that quadrat may be until they are positioned at the appropriate angle. omitted. Any omitted quadrats must be clearly The angle between the plot centre and first marked on the Vegetation Quadrat Form with adjacent quadrat should be 75º (Figure 15.2).
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