Vzdělávání Žáků S Poruchami Autistického Spektra V Inkluzivní Škole V Českém a Mezinárodním Kontextu

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Vzdělávání Žáků S Poruchami Autistického Spektra V Inkluzivní Škole V Českém a Mezinárodním Kontextu MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA Pedagogická fakulta VZDĚLÁVÁNÍ ŽÁKŮ S PORUCHAMI AUTISTICKÉHO SPEKTRA V INKLUZIVNÍ ŠKOLE V ČESKÉM A MEZINÁRODNÍM KONTEXTU Habilitační práce Brno 2011 Barbora Bazalová Prohlašuji, že jsem habilitační práci vypracovala samostatně, s využitím pouze citovaných literárních pramenů, dalších informací a zdrojů v souladu se zákonem č. 121/2000 Sb., o právu autorském, o právech souvisejících s právem autorským a o změně některých zákonů (autorský zákon), ve znění pozdějších předpisů. V Brně dne 28. 12. 2011 …………………………………… vlastnoruční podpis autora OBSAH ÚVOD ............................................................................................................................... 7 1 TEORETICKÁ VÝCHODISKA .......................................................................... 12 1.1 HISTORIOGRAFICKÁ VÝCHODISKA .......................................................... 12 1.1.1 Historiografická východiska poruch autistického spektra v České republice ....................................................................................................... 19 1.1.2 Historiografická východiska poruch autistického spektra v mezinárodním kontextu ............................................................................. 22 1.2 TERMINOLOGICKÁ VÝCHODISKA ............................................................. 28 1.2.1 Terminologie poruch autistického spektra v českém a mezinárodním kontextu ........................................................................................................ 32 1.3 CHARAKTERISTIKA PORUCH AUTISTICKÉHO SPEKTRA ..................... 34 1.3.1 Etiologie poruch autistického spektra .......................................................... 38 1.3.2 Triáda problémových oblastí ........................................................................ 43 1.3.3 Nespecifické variabilní rysy ......................................................................... 56 1.3.4 Problémové chování ..................................................................................... 59 1.4 METODOLOGICKÁ VÝCHODISKA .............................................................. 63 1.4.1 Výzkumné strategie oboru speciální pedagogika ......................................... 64 1.4.2 Současný výzkum v oblasti poruch autistického spektra a psychologické teoretické konstrukty ......................................................... 70 2 KLASIFIKACE PORUCH AUTISTICKÉHO SPEKTRA ............................... 77 2.1 KLASIFIKACE PORUCH AUTISTICKÉHO SPEKTRA Z POHLEDU MEDICÍNY ......................................................................................................... 77 2.1.1 Dětský autismus ........................................................................................... 78 2.1.2 Atypický autismus ........................................................................................ 81 2.1.3 Rettův syndrom ............................................................................................ 81 2.1.4 Jiná dezintegrační porucha v dětství ............................................................ 87 2.1.5 Hyperaktivní porucha sdružená s mentální retardací a stereotypními pohyby .......................................................................................................... 88 2.1.6 Aspergerův syndrom .................................................................................... 89 2.1.7 Jiné pervazivní vývojové poruchy, pervazivní vývojová porucha, nespecifikovaná ............................................................................................ 93 2.2 KLASIFIKACE PORUCH AUTISTICKÉHO SPEKTRA Z POHLEDU FUNKČNOSTI .................................................................................................... 93 2.2.1 Vysoce funkční typ autismu ......................................................................... 95 2.2.2 Středně funkční typ autismu ......................................................................... 96 2.2.3 Nízko funkční typ autismu ........................................................................... 97 2.2.4 Vysoce, středně a nízko funkční Aspergerův syndrom ................................ 98 2.3 KLASIFIKACE PORUCH AUTISTICKÉHO SPEKTRA Z POHLEDU SOCIÁLNÍHO CHOVÁNÍ ............................................................................... 100 2.3.1 Osamělý, pasivní, aktivní-zvláštní, formální-afektovaný, smíšený-zvláštní typ ................................................................................... 101 2.4 EPIDEMIOLOGICKÉ STUDIE V ČESKÉM A MEZINÁRODNÍM KONTEXTU ..................................................................................................... 103 2.4.1 Výskyt žáků s poruchami autistického spektra v České republice............. 106 2.4.2 Epidemiologická studie Baden-Württemberg, Německo ........................... 109 3 EDUKACE ŽÁKŮ S PORUCHAMI AUTISTICKÉHO SPEKTRA V ČESKÉM A MEZINÁRODNÍM KONTEXTU ............................................ 114 3.1 DIAGNOSTIKA PORUCH AUTISTICKÉHO SPEKTRA ............................. 114 3.1.1 Průběh diagnostického procesu a diferenciální diagnostika ...................... 117 3.1.2 Screeningové metody a diagnostické nástroje ........................................... 121 3.1.3 Diagnostická kritéria .................................................................................. 127 3.1.4 Standardizované testy ................................................................................. 128 3.1.5 Diagnostika poruch autistického spektra v Turecku .................................. 130 3.2 PORUCHY AUTISTICKÉHO SPEKTRA VE VZTAHU K INTELIGENCI A MIMOŘÁDNÉMU NADÁNÍ A SCHOPNOSTEM ...... 132 3.2.1 Inteligence a mimořádné nadání a schopnosti versus deficity v komunikaci a sociální oblasti .................................................................. 134 3.2.2 Savant syndrom .......................................................................................... 137 3.2.3 Nadaný žák s Aspergerovým syndromem ve škole ................................... 140 3.3 EDUKACE ŽÁKŮ S PORUCHAMI AUTISTICKÉHO SPEKTRA V ČESKÉM A MEZINÁRODNÍM KONTEXTU, INKLUZIVNÍ PŘÍSTUPY V EDUKACI ................................................................................. 142 3.3.1 Současný stav inkluze v České republice ................................................... 144 3.3.2 Inkluze žáků s poruchami autistického spektra v České republice ............ 147 3.3.3 Současný stav inkluze v Evropě ................................................................. 156 3.3.4 Inkluze žáků s poruchami autistického spektra ve vybraných zemích ....... 164 3.4 VÝCHODISKA PRO VÝZKUMNÉ ŠETŘENÍ .............................................. 174 3.4.1 Statistické údaje o počtu dětí a žáků s poruchami autistického spektra v Jihomoravském kraji a rozložení diagnóz ............................................... 174 3.4.2 Statistické údaje o žácích s Aspergerovým syndromem a vysoce funkčním autismem v Jihomoravském kraji .............................................. 176 3.4.3 Statistické údaje o integrovaných žácích v Jihomoravském kraji .............. 178 4 INTERPRETACE VÝSLEDKŮ ŠETŘENÍ PRO SPECIÁLNĚ PEDAGOGICKOU TEORII A PRAXI, DISKUSE ......................................... 181 4.1 INTERPRETACE VÝSLEDKŮ A DISKUSE K ŠETŘENÍ INKLUZIVNÍHO VZDĚLÁVÁNÍ ŽÁKŮ S PAS V JIHOMORAVSKÉM KRAJI ................................................................................................................ 181 4.1.1 Výsledky šetření a diskuse ke statistickým údajům ................................... 182 4.1.2 Výsledky šetření a diskuse k pilotním studiím........................................... 183 4.1.3 Výsledky šetření a diskuse k univariační a bivariační analýze .................. 184 4.1.4 Výsledky šetření a diskuse k analýze potřeb pedagogů žáků s PAS .......... 196 4.1.5 Výsledky šetření a diskuse ke kazuistickým studiím ................................. 198 4.1.6 Výsledky šetření a diskuse ke studii inkluze žáků a zkušeností žáků ........ 199 4.1.7 Výsledky šetření a diskuse ke studii sociálních aspektů inkluze ............... 200 4.2 INTERPRETACE VÝSLEDKŮ A DISKUSE K ŠETŘENÍ DIAGNOSTIKY PAS, PODPORY ŠKOL A RODIN A SPOLUPRÁCE ŠKOLA-RODINA V ČR .................................................................................. 201 4.2.1 Výsledky šetření a diskuse k pilotní studii ................................................. 201 4.2.2 Výsledky šetření a diskuse k univariační a bivariační analýze .................. 202 4.2.3 Výsledky šetření a diskuse k postřehům respondentů ................................ 212 4.2.4 Výsledky šetření a diskuse k metodické podpoře pedagogů v oblasti PAS............................................................................................................. 213 4.2.5 Výsledky šetření a diskuse k analýze vzdělávání pedagogických pracovníků .................................................................................................. 215 ZÁVĚR ......................................................................................................................... 221 RESUMÉ ...................................................................................................................... 232 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................. 234 SEZNAM OBRÁZKŮ, SCHÉMAT, TABULEK A GRAFŮ ................................. 236 LITERATURA ............................................................................................................ 240 SAMOSTATNÁ
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