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Journal of Plant Production J. of Plant Production, Mansoura Univ.,Vol 11 (8): 741-747, 2020 Journal of Plant Production Journal homepage: www.jpp.mans.edu.eg Available online at: www.jpp.journals.ekb.eg Evaluation of Productivity and Quality of Romaine and Iceberg Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Under Siwa Conditions Gomaa, S. S. and M. A. M. Elsagan* Cross Mark Department of Plant Production, Desert Research Center, Matariya, Cairo, Egypt. ABSTRACT The trails were conducted during two consecutive seasons (2017 - 2018 and 2018-2019) in open field at Siwa Experimental Farm Station, at latitude 29o 12’ N, longitude 25o 29’E and 18 meters below sea level, Marsa Matrouh Governorate, Egypt, to evaluate the effect of three plant density and spraying of two calcium concentrates on growth, yield and quality of two lettuce types grown at winter seasons. Dark green and Mason cultivars represented of both romaine and iceberg lettuce type were transplanted at plant spacing of 25x20, 25x25 and 25x30 cm to give a plant population about 20, 16 and 13 plants per square meter and treated with 300 or 200 ppm of calcium chelate, as well as control treatment. The results indicated that, in spite of decreasing number of marketable heads per plot, low plant density improved average head weight, head diameter, leaf tip-burn, head compactness, as well as enhancement of nutritional value vs, dry matter, Ascorbic acid, potassium and calcium content. Both calcium treatments have a positive effect on lettuce yield and almost quality characters when compared with control treatment, except, average head weight, head diameter, head compactness, leaf tip-burn and dry matter content, dark green as romaine lettuce type produced highest number of marketable heads per planting area, early yield, highest head of water, ascorbic acid, potassium and calcium content. Egyptian market transplanting showed that romaine lettuce type with high density and calcium foliar spray is recommended. Keywords: Lettuce, Plant density, Calcium, romaine, Iceberg, Growth, Yield, quality. INTRODUCTION to its role as a major component of pectin and in strengthening cell wall and membrane structure Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is a leafy vegetable (Maas,1998; Sam, 1999; Hepler, 2005; Hepler and crop, usually use as a raw or as a green salad and Winship, 2010). Calcium deficiency in plants affects the considered the main leafy vegetable produced and growth of young leaves and triggers symptoms which are consumed in the world, especially in the form of salads associated with cell disruption (Almeida, 2016).Calcium (Sala and Costa, 2012). lettuce contain a high calcium (68 uptake and mobility in plant through phloem are relatively mg), iron (1.4 mg), potassium (264 mg) and vitamin A low (Matchima, 2013), also, its transport release on (1620 unit /100 g f.w.) also, it consider an excellent source transpiration (Marschner, 1995), leaves content from of water and often prescribed for overweight people calcium is higher than fruits (Conway et al., 1994). because of its low kilojoules content (Niederwieser, 2001; Moreover, the absence of Ca in plant nutrition occurs in Maboko, 2007). Lettuce is a native of Northern Africa, young leaves as a result of low transpiration rates on these Europe and Asia. Moreover, Lettuce has been cultivated sites, which are disrupts the cells of young tissue (White for over 5000 years because it is originated from wild and Broadley, 2003). Low soil moisture, cool, cloudy and lettuce (Lactuca serriola L.) and it was found on Egyptian humid weather have evident effect on calcium uptake, tomb paintings during the middle kingdom about 4500 mobility and distribution in plant (Conway et al., 1994 and years ago. These paintings showed similar to the type of Maas, 1998). So, the foliar application of calcium is presently cultivated in Egypt (Masarirambi et al., 2012). recommended because it provides the nutrient directly to Although, lettuce production and consumption sharply the organ of interest during critical growth stages increased in all over world (FAO, 2018), Egypt production (Almeida, 2016). On lettuce, pre harvest times of crop sharply decreased during the last two decades (4294 ha) as calcium application as foliar spray with calcium chloride compared with production twenty years before (6400 ha), and calcium nitrate are common to improve fruit quality (FAO, 1998 and 2018). The reduction of planting area as and increase calcium content (Matchima, 2013). Calcium despite of iceberg (crisp head) type which is distributed in content increased with increasing calcium levels from 60 to most planting areas for local and transport markets. So, an 180 mg per liter (Yuan, 2018). However, calcium chloride attention to give for lettuce production even romaine or and calcium nitrate may cause phytotoxicity, calcium iceberg type in terms nutritional value, agricultural chelates have been applied as an alternative source practices and marketing. (Bramlege et al., 1985). Also, Yuan, (2018) found that, the Calcium is the most plant nutrient related to fruit concentration of calcium in the loose-leaf phenotype was quality, especially fruit fimenance (Sam, 1999) that’s refers * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] DOI: 10.21608/jpp.2020.114568 Gomaa, S. S. and M. A. M. Elsagan 2.17, 2.47, and 3.80 percent higher than that in the butter sulphuric acid and hydrogen peroxide as described by head and romaine phenotypes at 60, 120, and 180 mg per Thomas et al., (1967). liter respectively. Furthermore, the significant differences All the studied elements were assayed in the digest in calcium concentration between cultivars ranged from of the concerned plant samples. Potassium and calcium 1.27 to 3.05 percent. were measured by flame photometer as described by Page Plant spacing significantly affected lettuce et al. (1982). Data were subjected to statistical analysis by production by changing its architecture, weight and quality M-STAT C (Russel, 1991). The differences among means (Silva et al., 2000). Small space of lettuce cultivation may were performed using least significant difference (LSD) at increase the net income (Gode and Bobde, 1993; Dubey 5% level. and Kulvi, 1995). While, Cecilio et al. (2007) showed that, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION small gaps between lettuce rows affected significantly and influenced the fresh yield of the aerial part negatively. Maturity and marketable heads: Also, Makhadmeh et al., (2017) found that, plant density Number of days to harvest time and number of exhibited significant effects on lettuce stem and leaves marketable heads significantly affected by density of weight, number of non-consumable leaves, number of transplants and lettuce types in two seasons, while calcium outer leaves, number of inner leaves, total number of treatments showed no significant effect on number of days leaves, marketable head mass, head mass and plant height. to harvest time, but has significant effect on number of The objective of our study is to determine the marketable heads in both growing seasons. All interaction assess whether lettuce type which is suitable for local effects among densities with calcium application or lettuce production and consumption facing on nutritional value, types were significant in both growing seasons, while the productivity per area unit and trying to enhance production third interaction (density * calcium * lettuce types) effect and quality by calcium foliar spray and optimum plant on number of days to harvest time in the second season density under Siwa Oasis conditions. only, Table (1). early yield was obtained with low density of lettuce transplants density 1 (13 p/m²) when compared MATERIALS AND METHODS with medium density density 2 (16 p/m²) followed by high The trails were conducted during two consecutive density density 3 (20 p/m²) which was delayed harvesting winter seasons (2017 - 2018 and 2018-2019) in open field date in both season. On the contrary, high density of at Siwa Experimental farm station, at latitude 29o 12’ N, transplants gave the highest number of marketable heads longitude 25o 29’E and 18 meters below sea level, Marsa compared with density 2 followed by density 3 in both Matrouh Governorate, Egypt, to evaluate the effect of three seasons this results agree with those reported by Cecilio et plant density and spraying of two calcium concentrates on al. (2007). two types of lettuce plants. Foliar spray by calcium chelates at 300 ppm Transplants of Dark green lettuce cultivar as concentrate slightly increased number of marketable heads romaine type and Mason lettuce cultivar as iceberg type as compared with 200 ppm concentrate, while the were transplanted on the 1st of December in both seasons. untreated plots (control) produced the lowest number of The experimental plot was 10.5 m2 and transplants were marketable heads in both seasons. The foliar application of transplanted at plant spacing of 25x30, 25x25 and 25x20 calcium provides the nutrient directly to the organ of cm to give a plant population of 138, 168 and 210 plant per interest during critical growth stages (Almeida, 2016). plot. There were about 13, 16 and 20 plants per square Romine lettuce type evidently had earlier harvest date and meter, density (1, 2 and 3) respectively. Calcium chelate number of marketable heads as compared with iceberg was added by 300 ppm (calcium 1), 200 ppm (calcium 2) type in both seasons. and tap water (control) as foliar spray 30 days after Regarding, interaction effects of high density transplanting, then every 10 days up to harvest date. The transplants with all calcium treatments delayed harvesting experiment was laid out as a split-split plot design with five date, but the most pronounced effect was when both lettuce replicates. The plant density were assessed in main plot, types were transplanted with high density without calcium while three calcium foliar spray concentrations were treatment as compared with other densities treated by both assessed in sub plots, but the two lettuce types were calcium concentrates in both seasons.
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