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Elevated Levels of Potassium in Greenhouse-Grown Red Romaine

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Elevated Levels of Potassium in Greenhouse-Grown Red Romaine HORTSCIENCE 51(5):504–509. 2016. structures (Marschner, 2012). In addition, it helps to regulate stomatal conductance and photosynthesis. Potassium is also involved Elevated Levels of Potassium in in photophosphorylation, transport of photo- assimilates from source to sink tissues via Greenhouse-grown Red Romaine the phloem, enzyme activation, turgor main- tenance, and stress tolerance (Marschner, Lettuce Impacts Mineral Nutrient and 2012). However, K may be best known to positively influence many qualities of fruits and vegetables. Previous research has dem- Soluble Sugar Concentrations onstrated that K fertilizer applied to the soil T. Casey Barickman2 and Thomas E. Horgan1 enhanced color, increased fruit tissue firm- North Mississippi Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State ness, and elevated soluble sugar concentra- tions in apple (Malus ·domestica) fruit tissue University, Verona, MS 38879 (Nava et al., 2008). However, contrasting Jennifer R. Wheeler1 and Carl E. Sams results have been indicated in previous re- search. For instance, Fallovo et al. (2009a) Department of Plant Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN examined how different nutrition solution 37996 concentrations affected lettuce yield and qual- ity. The results indicated that the effect of the Additional index words. Lactuca sativa, fertilizer management, fructose, glucose, sucrose growing season on yield and quality was Abstract. Lettuce is one of the major crops of the United States and can provide a large portion more prominent than that of the nutrient of income for small to medium size growers. Growing lettuce in adverse environmental solution composition. Thus, results from K conditions can have negative effects on quality. Elevated levels of potassium (K) have research studies are variable in different been shown to positively influence quality in various fruits and vegetables, such as plant species for growth, yield, and quality. tomato, pepper, and strawberry. However, research is lacking on the effects of elevated Research has indicated that supplemental levels of K on leafy vegetables such as lettuce. Therefore, seeds of ‘Cimmaron’ lettuce K nutrition has been associated with in- were sown into a soilless medium and grown in greenhouse conditions at 25/20 8C (day/night). creased fruit size and higher soluble solid At 27 days after seeding, the plantlets were transferred to 3.8-L plastic nursery pots. and ascorbic acid concentrations (Lester Plants were grown under increasing K treatments of 98 (control), 185 (23), 370 (33), et al., 2005). Studies have shown that and 740 (83)kg·haL1. Plants were harvested 56 days after seeding. Application of supplemental K increases yield and carot- elevated levels of K fertilizer treatments in red romaine lettuce had a positive quadratic enoids in vegetables such as tomato (Sola- effect on plant height increasing 7.0% from the control. Fresh weight (FW) increased num lycopersicum) (Fanasca et al., 2006; 13.0% from the control and dry weight (DW) increased 15.5%. There was linear Taber et al., 2008) and pepper (Capsicum increase of 30.0% in sucrose concentrations in lettuce leaf tissue. In addition, the annuum) (Anathi et al., 2004), and size, increase in K treatments caused an increase of 43.3% in K concentrations in the leaf color, firmness, and sugar content in tree tissue. In other nutrients, such as Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), and Sulfur (S), there fruits, such as apple (Wojcik, 2005) and citrus was a decrease in the leaf tissue of 61%, 52%, and 46% when compared with the control (Dutta et al., 2003; Srivastava et al., 2001). treatment, respectively. The results of the current study suggest that increasing Some of the most successful supplemental K K fertilizer to 185 kg·haL1 has the best results for plant height, FW and DW, and mineral research has been conducted on muskmelon nutrient concentrations. This study may initiate research that could examine the effects of (Cucumis melo). For example, Lester et al. increasing K fertilizer levels in lettuce or other leafy green vegetables on antioxidant levels (2005, 2006) found that supplemental appli- and postharvest storability. cations of K increased fruit firmness, vitamins, sugars, and yield. In addition, Jifon and Lester (2009) examined different forms of Open field and greenhouse production of conditions, such as high temperatures and K fertilization to improve quality of field- lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in southern United inadequate fertilization, lettuce can decrease grown muskmelons. They found that late States occurs predominately in the fall and in quality by having long internodes, becom- season foliar K applications increased winter seasons due to lower temperatures and ing bitter in taste, and having increased in- tissue K concentration, fruit sugars, and shorter days. In most southern states, lettuce cidences of tipburn (Bres and Weston, 1992; bioactive compounds such as ascorbic acid provides a large amount of income. Romaine Eskins et al., 1995). For example, lettuce and b-carotene. type lettuce is the main lettuce grown by small grown under limited Ca had a chlorotic ap- Research associated with adequate and to medium producers. Depending on plant pearance and reduced growth. Lack of boron elevated levels of K on lettuce yield and spacing, the average yields of romaine lettuce (B) also caused lettuce to have wrinkled leaf quality is limited and inconclusive. Some can be around 30,000 kg·ha–1 (Mossler and tissue, lose apical dominance, and exhibit studies found that K in nutrient solution did Dunn, 2005). Romaine type lettuce is a pre- limited plant growth (Petrazzini et al., not affect lettuce yield and quality. For ferred leafy green grown in these opera- 2014). In addition, Luo et al. (2012) found example, Fallovo et al. (2009b) investigated tions because of consumer preferences due that increasing K in lettuce plants elevated the effects of macro-anion and cation ratios in to its higher nutritional value compared with soluble sugar, starch, and leaf K concentra- hydroponic lettuce in two different seasons. head type lettuce. In adverse environmental tions when grown under different root-zone The results indicated that the change in temperatures. On the other hand, effects of season from spring to summer and increas- different temperature regimes resulted in ing the fertilizer concentrations increase differences in chlorophyll and anthocyanin plant growth and yield. Soundy et al. (2001) Received for publication 19 Nov. 2015. Accepted content in greenhouse-grown red leaf let- demonstrated that increasing levels of K in for publication 29 Feb. 2016. tuce (Kleinhenz et al., 2003). Thus, growing the nutrient solution from 15 to 60 mg·L–1 This research was made possible through support lettuce under adverse environmental condi- increased fresh and dry root weight at 28 d from USDA NIFA Hatch S-294 project MIS 149160 and Mississippi State University, Mississippi tions can have an unfavorable effect on growth, after transplant. Other studies found incon- Agriculture and Forestry Experiment Station. yield, and quality. clusive results on the effects of K applica- 1Research Associate. Potassium is vital to plant growth, yield, tions. Bres and Weston (1992) demonstrated 2Corresponding author. E-mail: t.c.barickman@ and quality even though it is not a constitu- that increasing pH levels at two different msstate.edu. ent of any functional molecules or plant K concentrations did not affect tipburn 504 HORTSCIENCE VOL. 51(5) MAY 2016 incidence in hydroponically grown lettuce. In Technologies, Inc., Wilmington, DE). The two experiments were statistically similar. addition, Hoque et al. (2010) applied differ- ICP-MS system was equipped with an octa- Therefore, data were pooled and analyzed ent combinations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus pole collision/reaction cell, Agilent 7500 together for treatment means. The fixed (P), and K but concluded that K did not affect ICP-MS ChemStation software, a Micromist effect for the experiment consisted of the quality compared with N and P. The limited nebulizer, a water-cooled quartz spray cham- four K treatments, whereas replications were research for K treatment effects on lettuce ber, and a CETAC (ASX-510, CETAC analyzed as random effects. The standard yield and quality demonstrate some positive Inc., Omaha, NE) auto-sampler. The instru- errors were based on the pooled error term results; however, more research is needed to ment was optimized daily in terms of sensi- from the analysis of variance table. Model- explain variable results. The purpose of this tivity (lithium: Li, yttrium: Y, thallium: Tl), based values were reported rather than study was to determine the effect of adequate level of oxide, and doubly charged ion using unequal standard error from a databased and elevated levels of K on greenhouse- tuning solution containing 10 mg·L–1 of Li, calculation because pooled errors reflect the grown lettuce plant height, biomass accumu- Y, Tl, cerium (Ce), and cobalt (Co) in a 2% statistical testing being done. Orthogonal lation, mineral nutrient uptake, and soluble HNO3/0.5% HCl (v/v) matrix. Tissue nu- polynomials were used to study changes sugar concentrations. trient concentrations are expressed on a associated with K treatments by partitioning DW basis. the sums of squares into components asso- Materials and Methods Soluble sugar analysis. Soluble sugar anal- ciated with linear and quadratic terms. Di- ysis was conducted according to Barickman agnostic tests were conducted to insure that Plant material, growing conditions, and et al. (In press). In brief, lettuce leaf sam- treatment variances were statistically equal treatments. Seeds of ‘Cimmaron’ lettuce ples were ground in a bullet grinder for before pooling. (Harris Seeds, Rochester, NY) were sown homogenous subsamples. A 2.0-g subsample into Pro-Mix BX soilless medium (Premier was extracted in a 15-mL test tube by adding Results Tech Horticulture, Quebec, Canada) and 2 mL of reverse osmosis (RO) water, vortex- germinated in greenhouse conditions at 25/ ing, and shaking for 15 min at 200 rpm. K influence on plant growth and biomass 20 °C (day/night).
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