DOCSLIB.ORG

Downloaded 10/02/21 07:18 AM UTC DECEMBER 1999 NOTES and CORRESPONDENCE 921

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Downloaded 10/02/21 07:18 AM UTC DECEMBER 1999 NOTES and CORRESPONDENCE 921 920 WEATHER AND FORECASTING VOLUME 14 On the Detection of Weather Systems over the Antarctic Interior in the FROST Analyses MICHAEL POOK Institute of Antarctic and Southern Ocean Studies and Antarctic CRC, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia LANCE COWLED Bureau of Meteorology, Hobart, Australia 28 February 1998 and 25 March 1999 ABSTRACT The ®rst Special Observing Period (SOP-1) of the Antarctic First Regional Observing Study of the Troposphere (FROST) was completed in July 1994 and provided a unique opportunity to assemble a comprehensive dataset for the Antarctic region. Data obtained from this intensive collection effort have been undergoing analysis at several centers around the world, including Hobart in Australia. The synoptic analysis program for SOP-1 has been completed in Hobart and, additionally, a reanalysis of a ``special week'' (22±28 July) has been undertaken, enabling 500-hPa contour ®elds to be constructed for the region south of 508S. Results of these analyses for continental Antarctica are presented and comparisons made with operational analyses from numerical models. Satellite imagery from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) was employed in the special week reanalysis and has provided evidence of several vortices that moved southward over East Antarctica during the latter part of July 1994 and appeared to decay over the high plateau. Observations from the network of automatic weather stations (AWSs) over East Antarctica were combined with satellite imagery to infer the movement inland of these cyclones. It is demonstrated that broadscale and synoptic-scale in¯uences contributed to the migration of cyclones over East Antarctica during SOP-1 and, in particular, an association is established between the incidence of atmospheric blocking activity in the Tasman Sea and the inland penetration of lows. The early identi®cation of circulation features in satellite cloud imagery when a favorable broadscale environment has been established and the interpretation of anomaly ®elds using Antarctic AWSs offer possibilities for the better prediction of the tracks of these small but signi®cant systems. 1. Introduction have been in¯uenced, in some cases, by charts of equiv- The dif®culties associated with the identi®cation of alent mean sea level (MSL) pressure. However, the atmospheric pressure systems over the Antarctic con- method of constructing MSL charts requires that station tinent are well known to analysts and have been dis- barometric pressures are reduced to sea level by assum- cussed by, inter alia, Schwerdtfeger (1984). Addition- ing that a column of air of known mean virtual tem- ally, weather systems moving inland from the Antarctic perature exists between the station and the datum. Errors coast have proved very dif®cult to track. Apart from the introduced by this process make the practice of pro- obvious limitations of the observational network, cloud ducing MSL pressure (MSLP) analyses over the Ant- signatures of systems are dif®cult to identify over the arctic interior and other elevated continents highly du- underlying ice surface. Furthermore, the elevation of bious. Hence the regular appearance of very high pres- the Antarctic plateau, which rises from approximately sure over Antarctica on MSL synoptic charts cannot be 2 km close to the coast to over 4 km at its highest point, given a physical signi®cance, a point emphasized by requires that synoptic and mesoscale systems moving Schwerdtfeger (1984). Figure 1 shows output from the inland have well-de®ned vertical structures in order to Australian Global Assimilation and Prediction model survive. (GASP), a wave 53 spectral model on 19 sigma levels Inferences about pressure systems over Antarctica (Bourke et al. 1995), which estimated an MSLP in ex- cess of 1040 hPa over East Antarctica at 0000 UTC on 27 July 1994. Analysts are faced with the dif®culty of selecting a Corresponding author address: Michael J. Pook, Antarctic CRC, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-80, Hobart 7001, Australia. pressure level that is not compromised by the topog- E-mail: [email protected] raphy of Antarctica but that is suf®ciently close to the q 1999 American Meteorological Society Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/02/21 07:18 AM UTC DECEMBER 1999 NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE 921 FIG. 1. MSLP analysis from the Australian GASP model for 0000 UTC 27 Jul 1994 indicating a central pressure exceeding 1043 hPa over East Antarctica. surface to be linked dynamically to the surface wind ®eld. In this study, we have followed Phillpot (1991) and selected the 500-hPa surface as the most suitable level for analysis over Antarctica. Despite the gradual expansion in the network of sur- face observations that has been achieved in recent years by the installation of automatic weather stations (AWSs) there has been a reduction of upper-air observations in the interior of the continent. In 1994, South Pole station was the only inland station still conducting an upper- air program of observations throughout the year. This contrasts with the situation during the International Geo- physical Year (IGY) of 1957±58 when there were nine staffed scienti®c stations providing meteorological data from elevations of 1500 m or more (Dalrymple 1966). Clearly, the lack of rawinsonde stations makes conven- tional upper-air analysis impossible without the input of other data. To overcome this problem Phillpot (1991) devised a FIG. 2. (a) Map of Antarctica. (b) An enlarged section of East system for estimating 500-hPa geopotential heights Antarctica showing the locations of AWSs and meteorological sta- from station-level observations of pressure and tem- tions referred to in the text. perature at AWSs with elevations exceeding 2500 m. His analyses of the 500-hPa geopotential ®eld over East the performance of numerical weather prediction mod- Antarctica were incorporated in a set of analyses cov- els. It was constructed around three special observing ering the region south of 508S for the month of July periods (SOP): 1994. These analyses form part of a project known as R the First Regional Observing Study of the Troposphere SOP-1 in July 1994, R (FROST), which provided an opportunity to investigate SOP-2 from 16 October to 15 November 1994, and R pressure systems over the interior of Antarctica. The SOP-3 in January 1995. FROST project (Turner et al. 1996) was designed to The preliminary analyses for SOP-1 were completed study the effects of all sources of ``late'' data on me- at the Bureau of Meteorology in Hobart by August 1995 teorological analyses over the Southern Ocean and Ant- and the reanalysis of a ``special week'' in SOP-1 (viz. arctic region and the probable impacts of these data on 22±28 July 1994) was accomplished in September 1996. Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/02/21 07:18 AM UTC 922 WEATHER AND FORECASTING VOLUME 14 FIG. 3. SW-1 analyses of the 500-hPa geopotential surface (m) south of 508S at 0000 UTC for (a) 22 Jul 1994, (b) 23 Jul 1994, (c) 24 Jul 1994, (d) 25 Jul 1994, The reanalysis for this special week was conducted TABLE 1. Geographical coordinates and elevations of selected climatological stations over Antarctica and the Southern Ocean. with the addition of late data that included veri®ed ob- servations from AWSs, some drifting buoys, and, sig- Station Lat (8S) Long (8E) Elevation (m) ni®cantly, Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer D-80 70.02 134.72 2500 satellite imagery from National Oceanic and Atmo- Dome C 74.50 123.00 3280 spheric Administration satellites and Operational Line- GC 41 71.60 111.25 2740 GF 08 68.50 102.18 2118 scan (OLS) imagery and Special Sensor Microwave/ AGO 4 82.01 96.76 3565 Imager data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Macquarie Island 54.50 158.93 6 Program (DMSP). The previously unavailable visible Vostok 78.45 106.87 3488 and infrared data from DMSP have been analyzed for Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/02/21 07:18 AM UTC DECEMBER 1999 NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE 923 FIG.3.(Continued) (e) 26 Jul 1994, (f) 27 Jul 1994, and (g) 28 Jul 1994. the data-sparse Indian Ocean and Australasian sectors arctic continent using the DMSP OLS thermal infrared of the Southern Ocean using the semiobjective tech- channel as well as the visible channel with its ability nique reported by Guymer (1978). The technique has to detect re¯ected moonlight during the polar night. For been employed to locate cyclonic vortices over the the most part, cyclonic systems appeared to remain north ocean and, in some cases, as an aid in making estimates of the Antarctic coast but cloud bands from these sys- of the intensities of these systems. As well, the technique tems were observed to move inland at regular intervals. has been used to determine the structure, orientation, In this paper we present a summary of the synoptic and intensity of key features in the 1000±500-hPa thick- systems analyzed over the Antarctic continent during ness ®eld. A detailed description of the FROST analysis the special week analysis period of SOP-1, from 22 to program is given in Hutchinson et al. (1999, this issue). 28 July 1994, inclusive. As well, we make comparisons Of particular signi®cance to the reanalysis has been with numerical analysis schemes and present a study of the ability to track weather systems inland over the Ant- a period toward the end of the special week during Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/02/21 07:18 AM UTC 924 WEATHER AND FORECASTING VOLUME 14 FIG. 4. Time series of station-level pressure anomaly (hPa) at se- lected AWSs on the Antarctic plateau during the special week of SOP-1 (a), and comparison of the daily mean station-level pressure (hPa) at dome C and AGO 4 during the ®nal week of SOP-1 (b).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sticta Arctica Degel.] Arctic Moon Habitat/Range: Over Mosses and Mossy Rocks in Alpine Localities; N Am – Eastern Eurasia, N to AK, S to OR
    STICTA/UMBILICARIA [Sticta arctica Degel.] Arctic moon Habitat/Range: Over mosses and mossy rocks in alpine localities; N Am – eastern Eurasia, N to AK, S to OR. Reaction: All spot tests negative. Contents: No lichen substances reported. Notes: Not recorded from B.C., but known to occur in southern coastal Alaska only a few kilometres from the B.C. border. Sticta fuliginosa (Hoffm.) Ach. Peppered moon (sooty leather lichen) Habitat/Range: Frequent over deciduous trees and conifers, also over mossy rock, in humid forests at lower eleva- tions throughout, except absent from boreal regions; incompletely circumpolar, N to AK, S to CA. Reaction: All spot tests negative. Contents: No lichen substances reported. Sticta limbata (Sm.) Ach. Powdered moon Habitat/Range: Infrequent over deciduous trees and especially mossy rock in open coastal forests at lower eleva- tions, also rare in intermontane (ICH zone); western N Am – eastern N Am – western Eurasia, N to AK, S to CA. Reactions: All spot tests negative. Contents: No lichen substances reported. Sticta weigelii (Ach.) Vainio Map 107 Fringed moon (Weigel’s leather lichen) Habitat/Range: Rare over trees and shrubs in open coastal forests at lower elevations; western N Am – eastern N Am – eastern Eurasia, N to AK, S to CA. Reactions: All spot tests negative. Contents: No lichen substances reported. Sticta wrightii Tuck. Map 108 Green moon Habitat/Range: Rare over conifers in semi-shady intermontane old-growth forests at lower elevations; western N Am – eastern Eurasia, N to AK, S to BC. Reactions: All spot tests negative. Contents: No lichen substances reported. Sticta sp.
    [Show full text]
  • Biometric Comparisons Between North American and European Mammals
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of 1959 Biometric Comparisons between North American and European Mammals. I. A Comparison between Alaskan and Fennoscandian Wolverine (Gulo gulo Linnaeus) Björn Kurtén Institute of Geology and Paleontology of Helsingfors University Robert L. Rausch Arctic Health Research Center, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs Part of the Parasitology Commons Kurtén, Björn and Rausch, Robert L., "Biometric Comparisons between North American and European Mammals. I. A Comparison between Alaskan and Fennoscandian Wolverine (Gulo gulo Linnaeus)" (1959). Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology. 532. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs/532 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Björn Kurtén & Robert L. Rausch in Acta Arctica (1959) Fasc. XI. BIOMETRIC COMPARISONS BETWEEN NORTH AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN MAMMALS 1. A COMPARISON BETWEEN ALASK.AN AND FENNOSCANDIAN WOLVERINE (GULO GULO LINNAEUS) INTRODUCTION The taxonomy ofmany circumpolar mammals is not at present in a satis(;lctory state. Whercas many European students favour the circumpolar species concept, the approach or Amnican students has often had a provincial tinge. This attitude has been criticized by one ofus (IC\t:SCII, '953)· This holds also for the wolverine or glutton, subject ofthe present study: DEGER""!.
    [Show full text]
  • European Red List of Birds
    European Red List of Birds Compiled by BirdLife International Published by the European Commission. opinion whatsoever on the part of the European Commission or BirdLife International concerning the legal status of any country, Citation: Publications of the European Communities. Design and layout by: Imre Sebestyén jr. / UNITgraphics.com Printed by: Pannónia Nyomda Picture credits on cover page: Fratercula arctica to continue into the future. © Ondrej Pelánek All photographs used in this publication remain the property of the original copyright holder (see individual captions for details). Photographs should not be reproduced or used in other contexts without written permission from the copyright holder. Available from: to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed Published by the European Commission. A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication. ISBN: 978-92-79-47450-7 DOI: 10.2779/975810 © European Union, 2015 Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Printed in Hungary. European Red List of Birds Consortium iii Table of contents Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................................1 Executive summary ...................................................................................................................................................5 1.
    [Show full text]
  • 4: Potential Mineral Resources in Antarctica
    Chapter 4 Potential Mineral Resources in Antarctica Photo credit: U.S. Geological Survey Byrd Glacier CONTENTS Page SUMMARY . 93 INTRODUCTION . 93 GEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATIONS . 96 Relationship to Adjacent Continents . 99 Offshore Shelf Areas . 102 ANTARCTICA IN THE CONTEXT OF FUTURE MINERALS SUPPLY . 103 Prospecting and Exploration in Antarctica . 105 Probabilities of Discovering Antarctic Mineral Deposits . 110 SELECTED MINERAL RESOURCES ● . 111 Oil and Gas . .. 111 coal . .114 Uranium . 114 Chromium . .115 Copper . 116 Gold . 117 Iron . .118 Molybdenum . .119 Platinum-Group Metals . .119 Rare-Earth Metals . .120 Diamonds . .. 122 Boxes Box Page 4-A. Mineral Resources and Reserves . 95 4-B. Geologic Time Scale . 98 4-C. Icebergs . 121 Figures Figure Page 4-1. Antarctic Mineral Occurrences . 97 4-2. Geologic Provinces of Antarctica and Their Relationship to Adjacent Gondwana Continents . 100 4-3. Reconstruction of Gondwana in Early Cretaceus Time . 103 4-4. Exposed Rock Outcrop in Antarctica . .. 106 4-5. What Antarctica Would Look Like If the Ice Were Removed . 107 4-6. Multichannel Seismic Data . .. 108 4-7. Sedimentary Basins in Antarctica . ,.. , 112 Tables Table Page 4-1. Desirable Research for Evaluating Resource Potential of Antarctica . 110 4-2. Research Required To Ensure That Petroleum Resources Are Safely and Efficiently Recovered With Minimum Environmental Impact . 110 4-3. Estimated Number of Major Mineral Deposits in Antarctica . 112 Chapter 4 Potential Mineral Resources in Antarctica SUMMARY The offshore sedimentary basins surrounding Antarctica offer the best prospects for petroleum Scientists have discovered occurrences (small exploration. The Weddell and Ross embayments in amounts) of several minerals in Antarctica, but West Antarctica, and Prydz Bay and the Wilkes there are no known mineral deposits of commer- Basin in East Antarctica are among the basins most cial interest.
    [Show full text]
  • Weather Satellite Views Iceberg
    National Weather Digest WEATHER SATELLITE VIEWS ICEBERG by Henry W. Brandli (1) During the first week in November 1987, an iceberg, twice to the shore of the Arabian Peninsula. Officials say that the size of the state of Rhode Island, broke away from Ant­ satellites will be used to spot the masses of ice that tugboats arctica and was drifting in the Ross Sea. The iceberg broke will move toward the equator. Researchers estimate the proj­ from the Ross Ice Shelf, a region of freshwater ice formed ect will take several months. The icebergs' massiveness should from snow, at a point called the Bay of Whales. keep them from melting away in transit." Icebergs often break away from the Antarctic ice shelves Earth resources satellites of the US, France and Russia, where they are affected by weather and tidal forces. This also can view the iceberg, but not as frequently as polar­ new iceberg (B 9) equaled two to three times the amount of orbiting weather spacecraft. Also, weather satellite imagery ice that normally breaks free in a year. On 19 February 1988 , (visual/infrared, microwave, etc.) provide other important the Defense Meteorological Satellite (DMSP) obtained a visual factors affecting the giant "ice cube," i.e. wind , water tem­ view of the iceberg (Fig. I). The iceberg was about 25 miles peratures, ocean currents, rain, etc. And the DMSP has the wide and 98 miles long, for an area of2,450 square miles and best resolution of any meteorological satellite. estimated at 750 feet thick. An interesting concept appeared in a recent issue ofInsight Magazine: "Equatorial lands in need offresh water may soon NOTES AND REFERENCES have access to a new source, Antarctic icebergs.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological Sites and Plant Communities for the Alpine Subregion
    1 ECOLOGICAL SITES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES FOR THE ALPINE SUBREGION First approximation 2021 Prepared by: M.G. Willoughby and A.J. Gould Alberta Government Edmonton i ISBN No.: 978-1-4601-5057-3 (Online Edition) For information on this report contact: Michael G. Willoughby 9920 108 Street, 4th Floor Edmonton, AB (780) 422-4598 E-mail: [email protected] This publication is the property of the Government of Alberta and is available under the Alberta Open Government Licence (http://open.alberta.ca/licence) and the publication is available online at: https://open.alberta.ca/publications/ecological-sites-plant-communities-alpine-subregion-first-approximation © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Alberta, as represented by the Minister of Agriculture and Forestry, 2021 ii Table of Contents ECOLOGICAL SITES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES FOR THE ALPINE SUBREGION ...................................................................................................... i Table of Contents ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................iii Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... vi Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................................................................................................vii
    [Show full text]
  • THE GLOBAL RACE for ANTARCTICA: CHINA VS the REST of the WORLD? Edited by Giulia Sciorati DOSSIER 26 July 2019 ITALIAN INSTITUTE for INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL STUDIES
    ISPI DOSSIER 26 July 2019 THE GLOBAL RACE FOR ANTARCTICA: CHINA VS THE REST OF THE WORLD? edited by Giulia Sciorati DOSSIER 26 July 2019 ITALIAN INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL STUDIES s Earth’s southernmost continent, Antarctica lives by norms of its own. It is a de facto condominium Table of Contents Aover which seven sovereign states maintain territorial claims, but that is governed by a multilateral Antarctic Treaty System (ATS). China’s growing interests in the “White Continent” have spurred responses from the actors that have much at stake in Antarctica, such as Australia, Brazil and Russia, as well as the European Union. These actors conduct joint activities on Antarctica's harsh land in the fields of tourism and 1. CHINA’S POLAR STRATEGY THROUGH scientific research. Which are the specific interests of these powers? What is the geopolitical status of THE LOOKING GLASS the continent? And what’s in store for one of the last Giulia Sciorati ISPI sanctuaries left on Earth? 9 2. CHINA’S ANTARCTIC PROGRAM AND THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM Giulia Sciorati is a Research Assistant at the ISPI Asia Sen Wang Zhejiang University Centre, for the China Programme supported by Pirelli. 12 3. THE FUTURE OF THE WHITE CONTINENT AND THE NEED FOR ITS DEMOCRATIZATION Yelena Yermakova UCLA 15 4. BRAZIL’S ANTARCTIC FUTURE Ignacio J. Cardone University of São Paulo 18 5. AUSTRALIA’S KEY ROLE IN ANTARCTICA, IN DEFENCE OF ITS ENVIRONMENT Marco Genovesi University of Nottingham 22 6. THE ENGAGEMENT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE GOVERNANCE OF ANTARCTICA
    [Show full text]
  • Arctic Seabirds Breeding in the African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement (Aewa) Area
    CAFF Assessment Series Report No. 1 March 2011 ARCTIC SEABIRDS BREEDING IN THE AFRICAN-EURASIAN WATERBIRD AGREEMENT (AEWA) AREA STATUS AND TRENDS ARCTIC COUNCIL The Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) is a Working Group of the Arctic Council. Author CAFF Designated Agencies: Jonas Hentati-Sundberg • Directorate for Nature Management, Trondheim, Norway Editing and layout • Environment Canada, Ottawa, Canada Tom Barry • Faroese Museum of Natural History, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands (Kingdom of Denmark) Kári Fannar Lárusson • Finnish Ministry of the Environment, Helsinki, Finland • Icelandic Institute of Natural History, Reykjavik, Iceland • The Ministry of Domestic Affairs, Nature and Environment, Greenland • Russian Federation Ministry of Natural Resources, Moscow, Russia • Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Stockholm, Sweden • United States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, Alaska CAFF Permanent Participant Organizations: • Aleut International Association (AIA) • Arctic Athabaskan Council (AAC) • Gwich’in Council International (GCI) • Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC) – Greenland, Alaska and Canada • Russian Indigenous Peoples of the North (RAIPON) • Saami Council This publication should be cited as: Hentati-Sundberg, Jonas. Arctic Seabirds Breeding In The African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement (AEWA) Area. CAFF’s Circumpolar Seabird expert group (CBird), CAFF Assessment Series Report No. 1, March 2011, CAFF International Secretariat, Akureyri, Iceland. ISBN 978-9935-431-03-5 The author would like to thank all contributors to this report: The Circumpolar Seabird Group (CBIRD), GISOM - Groupement d’Intérêt Scientifique Oiseaux Marins (the French Seabird Group), Janus Elts, Martti Hario, Åke Andersson, Hans Alexandersson, Martin Green, Rob Barrett, Hallvard Strøm, Maria Gavrilo, Roddy Mavor, Jim Reid, Stefan Garthe, Thomas Bregnballe, Peter Lyngs, Bergur Olsen, Aevar Petersen, Tony Gaston, Flemming Merkel, Carsten Egevang, Bernard Cadiou, Javier Franco, Iván Ramírez and Arnþór Garðarsson.
    [Show full text]
  • National Report of Australia/Australie
    CMS Distr: General CONVENTION ON UNEP/CMS/Inf.9.12.46 MIGRATORY 2 July 2008 SPECIES Original: English NINTH MEETING OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES Rome, 1-5 December 2008 Agenda Item 10a REVIEW OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONVENTION National Reports Submitted by Contracting Parties Report of: Australia (received: 2.07.2008) The Secretariat is making available, for the information of participants in the Ninth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Migratory Species, the national reports provided by Contracting Parties. For the most part, the national reports have been reproduced in the form in which they were received, apart from minor formatting changes. REVUE DE L'APPLICATION DE LA CONVENTION Rapports nationaux soumis aux parties contractantes Rapport de: Australie (reçu: 2.07.2008) Pour l'information des participants à la Neuvième Réunion de la Conférence des Parties à la Convention sur les Espèces migratrices, le Secrétariat met à leur disposition des rapports nationaux fournis par les parties contractantes. Dans la plupart des cas, les rapports nationaux ont été reproduits dans la forme même sous laquelle nous les avons reçus, abstraction faite de formatages mineurs. REVISION DE LA APLICACION DE LA CONVENCION Reportes Nacionales Enviados por los Miembros del Acuerdo Reporte de: Australia (recibido: 2.07.2008) Los reportes nacionales enviados por los Miembros del Acuerdo están a disposición de los participantes del Novena Reunión de la Conferencia de los Miembros de la Convención sobre Especies Migratorias en la Secretaría. La mayoría de ellos se encuentran en la versión original en la que se enviaron, con excepción de pequeños ajustes de formato.
    [Show full text]
  • America's Pacific Island Allies
    America’s Pacific Island Allies The Freely Associated States and Chinese Influence Derek Grossman, Michael S. Chase, Gerard Finin, Wallace Gregson, Jeffrey W. Hornung, Logan Ma, Jordan R. Reimer, Alice Shih C O R P O R A T I O N For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR2973 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-1-9774-0228-8 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2019 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Cover photo: Palau islands by Adobe Stock / BlueOrange Studio. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface Located north and northeast of Australia and east of the Philippines, the Freely Associated States (FAS)—comprising the independent countries of the Republic of Palau, the Federated States of Microne- sia (FSM), and the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI)—occupy an ocean area roughly the size of the continental United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Mineral Resources of Antarctica
    GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 705 Mineral Resources of Antarctica Mineral Resources of Antarctica Compiled ancl eclitecl &y N. A. Wright ancl P. L. Williams GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 705 1974 United States Department of the Interior ROGERS C. B. MORTON, Secretary Geological Survey V. E. McKelvey, Director Free on application to the U.S. Geological Survey, National Center, Reston, Va. 22092 CONTENTS Page )Lbstract ---------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------ 1 ldineral occurrences ------------------------------------------------------ 3 Sand and gravel ---------------------------------------------------- 3 Other nonmetals ---------------------------------------------------- 3 Iron ---------------------------------------------------------------- 10 Copper --------_____ -.- ____ - __ - _________ - ___ - ___ - --__ ----------------- 11 Gold and silver ------------------------------------------------------ 11 ldolybdenum ___________________________________ ---_ -~- --------------- 11 Other metals -------------------------------------------------------- 11 Potential resources _--- _-_________ - ________ - ____ ---_----__ ---------------- 11 ldanganese nodules _____________________________ ---____ --------------- 11 Geothermal energy --------------------------------------------------- 12 VVater (as ice) ------------------------------------------------------ 15 Coal ---------------------------------------------------------------- 15 Oil and natural gas
    [Show full text]
  • The Status of the Black-Throated Loon (Gavia Arctica) As a North American Bird
    Vol. 191?XXXIV] I HERSE¾,The Black-throated Loonin N. A. 283 THE STATUS OF THE BLACK-THROATED LOON (GAVIA ARCTICA) AS A NORTH AMERICAN BIRD. BY F. SEYMOUR H•ERSEY. I• collectingand tabulating data for use in the distributional portionof Mr. A. C. Bent'swork on the IJife-Historiesof North American Birds, the published material on the Black-throated Loon was found to be unsatisfactory,--the recordsof various observersbeing frequentlyindefinite or in many easesnot based on actual specimenssecured. The earlierwriters gave the species a rather wide range in North America, which has been gradually restricted until in the present A. O. U. Cheek-List it is stated to breed only in the KotzebueSound region of Alaska, and from Cumberland Sound south to Ungava, while some half dozen scattering localities in the United States are said to have been visited casuallyin winter. It was finally decidedto verify, so far as possible,all North American recordsand requestsfor data were sent to all who were in a positionto give authenticinformation concerning any of the variousrecords or the specimenson which they were based. The results of this correspondenceproved no less interesting than surprising. Mr. Bent has very generouslyplaced all this data in the hands of the writer. He has also examinedand measuredthe specimens of this speeiesand Gavia pacificain the collectionsof the U.S. National Museum,the Museumof ComparativeZo51ogy (includ- ing the Bangscollection) and the private collectionof Mr. William Brewster. Mr. W. DeW. Miller of the American Museum of Natural History and Mr. P. A. Taverner of the GeologicalSurvey of Canada have measured the birds in the eolleetlons of those institutions and Dr.
    [Show full text]