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Enemigos Del Estado? ¿ENEMIGOS DEL ESTADO? De cómo los gobiernos y las empresas silencian a las personas defensoras de la tierra y del medio ambiente JULIO 2019 ¿ENEMIGOS DEL ESTADO? De cómo los gobiernos y las empresas silencian a las personas defensoras de la tierra y del medio ambiente 1 2 ¿ENEMIGOS DEL ESTADO? De cómo los gobiernos y las empresas silencian a las personas defensoras de la tierra y del medio ambiente Resumen 6 Cantidad de asesinatos por país en 2018 8 Principales hallazgos de este informe 9 Mapa mundial de agresiones físicas y legales en 2018 10-15 Filipinas: El país más letal del mundo 16 Guatemala: El país donde los asesinatos se quintuplicaron 22 Con el foco sobre la criminalización 27 Irán: La represión de los derechos humanos se extiende a los ambientalistas 30 Reino Unido: Penas de prisión draconianas para manifestantes anti-fracking 31 Conclusión 35 Recomendaciones 37 Metodología 40 Agradecimientos 41 Este informe y nuestra campaña están dedicados JAMES LUÍS JIMÉNEZ ESTRADA, COLOMBIA a todas aquellas personas, comunidades y JESÚS ORLANDO GRUESO OBREGÓN, COLOMBIA organizaciones que valientemente toman una posición JHONATAN CUNDUMÍ ANCHINO, COLOMBIA para defender los derechos humanos, su tierra y nuestro , COLOMBIA medio ambiente. JOSÉ ABRAHAM GARCÍA JOSÉ OSVALDO TAQUEZ TAQUEZ, COLOMBIA 164 de ellos fueron asesinados el año pasado por hacer JOSÉ URIEL RODRÍGUEZ, COLOMBIA justamente eso. Recordamos sus nombres y celebramos su activismo. LUIS ALEXANDER CASTELLANOS TRIANA, COLOMBIA MARÍA DEL CARMEN MORENO PAEZ, COLOMBIA ALUÍSIO SAMPAIO DOS SANTOS, BRASIL NIXON MUTIS, COLOMBIA CARLOS ANTÔNIO DOS SANTOS, BRASIL ÓLIVER HERRERA CAMACHO, COLOMBIA EDEMAR RODRIGUES DA SILVA, BRASIL PLINIO PULGARÍN, COLOMBIA EDUARDO PEREIRA DOS SANTOS, BRASIL RAMÓN ASCUÉ, COLOMBIA GAZIMIRO SENA PACHECO, BRASIL YOLANDA MATURANA, COLOMBIA GILSON MARIA TEMPONI, BRASIL AGUDO QUILLIO, FILIPINAS HAROLDO BETCEL, BRASIL ANGELIFE ARSENAL, FILIPINAS ISMAURO FATIMO DOS SANTOS, BRASIL BENJAMIN RAMOS, FILIPINAS JOACIR FRAN ALVES DA MOTA, BRASIL BEVERLY GERONIMO, FILIPINAS JORGINHO GUAJAJARA, BRASIL BRONSEL IMPIEL, FILIPINAS JOSÉ BERNARDO DA SILVA, BRASIL DANIEL TEJAMO, FILIPINAS JUVENIL MARTINS RODRIGUES, BRASIL DOMINADOR LUCAS, FILIPINAS KATISON DE SOUZA, BRASIL EGLICERIO VILLEGAS, FILIPINAS LEOCI RESPLANDES DE SOUSA, BRASIL GILBERT PLABIAL, FILIPINAS LUCAS DE LIMA BATISTA, BRASIL JAIME DELOS SANTOS, FILIPINAS MÁRCIO MATOS, BRASIL JEAN PLABIAL, FILIPINAS NAZILDO DOS SANTOS BRITO, BRASIL JERRY TURGA, FILIPINAS PAULO SÉRGIO ALMEIDA NASCIMENTO, BRASIL JOEMARIE OGAHAYON, FILIPINAS RODRIGO CELESTINO, BRASIL JOSE UNAHAN, FILIPINAS VALDEMIR RESPLANDES, BRASIL JULIUS BARELLANO, FILIPINAS SEK WATHANA, CAMBOYA LANDO PERDICOS, FILIPINAS TEURN SOKNAI, CAMBOYA MARCELINA DUMAGUIT, FILIPINAS THUL KHNA, CAMBOYA MARCHSTEL SUMICAD, FILIPINAS ALEJANDRO CASTRO, CHILE MARCIAL PATTAGUAN, FILIPINAS CAMILO CATRILLANCA, CHILE MARK VENTURA, FILIPINAS CARLOS JIMMY PRADO GALLARDO, COLOMBIA MORENA MENDOZA, FILIPINAS EDIXON PANCHE NOSCUÉ, COLOMBIA PATERNO BARON, FILIPINAS EDWIN DAGUA, COLOMBIA RANNEL BANTIGUE, FILIPINAS EMILIANO TROCHEZ, COLOMBIA RENE LAURENCIO, FILIPINAS FABIOLA FAJARDO, COLOMBIA RICARDO MAYUMI, FILIPINAS FLOVER SAPUYES GAVIRIA, COLOMBIA RICKY OLADO, FILIPINAS FREDY JULIÁN CONDA DAGUA, COLOMBIA ROLLY PANEBIO, FILIPINAS HÉCTOR FABIO ALMARIO, COLOMBIA ROMMEL ROMON, FILIPINAS HÉCTOR JANER LATÍN, COLOMBIA RONALD MANLANAT, FILIPINAS HOLMES ALBERTO NISCUE, COLOMBIA YANDONG MENYO, FILIPINAS HOVER ALEXÁNDER ORREGO, COLOMBIA 4 BAKARY KUJABI, GAMBIA SUBEDAR SINGH KUSHWAHA, INDIA ISMAILA BAH, GAMBIA SURESH ORAON, INDIA ALEJANDRO HERNÁNDEZ GARCÍA, GUATEMALA TAMILARASAN, INDIA ALFREDO NORBERTO MAZARIEGOS PINTO, MUHAMMAD YUSUF, INDONESIA GUATEMALA FARSHID HAKKI, IRÁN CRISANTO GARCIA OHAJACA, GUATEMALA KAVOUS SEYED EMAMI, IRÁN DOMINGO ESTEBAN PEDRO, GUATEMALA MOHAMMAD PAZHOUHI, IRÁN ELIZANDRO PÉREZ, GUATEMALA OMID KOHNEPOUSHI, IRÁN FLORENCIO PÉREZ NÁJERA, GUATEMALA RAHMAT HAKIMINIA, IRÁN FRANCISCO MUNGUIA, GUATEMALA SHARIF BAJOUR, IRÁN HÉCTOR MANUEL CHOC CUZ, GUATEMALA JOMO NYANGUTI, KENIA JOSÉ CAN XOL, GUATEMALA ROBERT KIROTICH, KENIA JUANA RAYMUNDO, GUATEMALA ABRAHAM HERNÁNDEZ GONZÁLEZ, MÉXICO LUIS ARMANDO MALDONADO MARIN, ADRIÁN TIHUILIT, MÉXICO GUATEMALA GUADALUPE CAMPANUR, MÉXICO LUÍS ARTURO MARROQUÍN, GUATEMALA JANETH GONZÁLEZ LÓPEZ, MÉXICO MATEO CHAMAN PAAU, GUATEMALA JESÚS ÁLVAREZ CHÁVEZ, MÉXICO NERY ESTEBAN PEDRO, GUATEMALA JESÚS JAVIER RAMOS ARREOLA, MÉXICO RAMÓN CHOC SACRAB, GUATEMALA JOAQUÍN DÍAZ MORALES, MÉXICO RONAL DAVID BARILLAS DÍAZ, GUATEMALA JULIÁN CARRILLO, MÉXICO CARLOS HERNÁNDEZ, HONDURAS MANUEL GASPAR RODRÍGUEZ, MÉXICO GEOVANNY DÍAZ CÁRCAMO, HONDURAS MARGARITO DIAZ GONZALEZ, MÉXICO LUIS FERNANDO AYALA, HONDURAS NOEL CASTILLO AGUILAR, MÉXICO RAMÓN FIALLOS, HONDURAS QUINTÍN SALGADO SALGADO, MÉXICO AJIT MANESHWAR NAIK, INDIA ROLANDO CRISPIN LÓPEZ, MÉXICO ANTONY SELVARAJ, INDIA SERGIO RIVERA HERNÁNDEZ, MÉXICO B SAILU, INDIA SAFEER HUSSAIN, PAKISTÁN CONSTABLE JAGADEESAN, INDIA BARTHELEMIE KAKULE MULEWA, RDC GLADSTON, INDIA FAUSTIN BIRIKO NZABAKURIKIZA, RDC HIMMAT KOL, INDIA ILA MURANDA, RDC JANCY RANI, INDIA JEAN DE DIEU BYAMUNGU, RDC JAYARAMAN, INDIA KANANWA SIBOMANA, RDC KALIAPPAN, INDIA KASEREKA MASUMBUKO EZECHIEL, RDC KANTHIAH, INDIA LIÉVIN MUMBERE KASUMBA, RDC KARTHICK, INDIA THÉODORE KASEREKA PRINCE, RDC MANIRAJ, INDIA MOUSTAPHA GUEYE, SENEGAL MURUGAN MARUDHAVANAN, INDIA RESPECT MATHEBULA, SUDÁFRICA POIPYNHUN MAJAW, INDIA KATERYNA HANDZIUK, UCRANIA RANJITH KUMAR, INDIA MYKOLA BYCHKHO, UCRANIA S JEGADISH DURA, INDIA NIKOLAI YAREMA, UCRANIA SANDEEP SHARMA, INDIA PEDRO VIELMA, VENEZUELA SELVASEKAR, INDIA RAMÓN ROSARIO, VENEZUELA SHANMUGAM, INDIA REYES ORLANDO PARRA, VENEZUELA SNOWLIN, INDIA 5 Al menos 14 personas defensoras de la tierra y del medio ambiente fueron asesinadas en México en 2018. Julián Carrillo fue una de ellas. © Amnistía Internacional/Marianne Bertrand probable que la cifra real sea mucho mayor, porque a menudo los casos no se registran y rara vez se investigan. RESUMEN Es difícil encontrar pruebas confiables y verificables. Este informe también destaca cómo los asesinatos son la manifestación más violenta de un sinnúmero de abusos. Julián Carrillo sabía que era un hombre “marcado”. La violencia no letal y la intimidación abundan y, de igual Vehemente opositor de las concesiones mineras en las forma, no suelen documentarse. Además de los ataques tierras de su comunidad, en el Estado de Chihuahua, físicos, los gobiernos y las empresas utilizan los tribunales México, había sobrevivido al asesinato de cinco miembros y los sistemas judiciales para silenciar a quienes de su familia en dos años y al incendio de su casa. Julián amenazan sus intereses. Es una ironía brutalmente había recibido numerosas amenazas de muerte antes salvaje: Quienes destruyen la tierra y asesinan a las de que su cuerpo fuera encontrado acribillado el 24 de personas defensoras del medio ambiente generalmente octubre de 2018.1 escapan al castigo, mientras que las y los activistas son La lucha por proteger la tierra y el medio ambiente calificados como criminales. se ha vuelto cada vez más peligrosa en México, con Es por eso que este año, Global Witness ha documentado al menos 14 personas asesinadas sólo en 2018. A su por primera vez el uso y el abuso de las leyes y políticas vez, la muerte de Julián se inscribe en una tendencia diseñadas para criminalizar e intimidar a las personas mundial preocupante. Periódicamente, los gobiernos, defensoras, a sus familias y a las comunidades que las empresas y las pandillas criminales roban tierras y representan. Esta táctica puede utilizarse para mancillar destruyen hábitats naturales para obtener ganancias, a la reputación, interrumpir el financiamiento y acorralar medida que la demanda de productos como la madera, a las y los activistas en costosas batallas legales que les el aceite de palma y los minerales continúa creciendo. impiden realizar su trabajo. La represión de un individuo Cuando la gente que vive en estas tierras afectadas u organización también genera un poderoso efecto asume una posición frente a estos proyectos, se enfrenta disuasorio en potenciales personas defensoras. a la seguridad privada de las empresas, a las fuerzas estatales, a los asesinos a sueldo o, en confrontaciones A diferencia de los asesinatos, estas amenazas más sutiles menos violentas, a equipos de agresivos abogados. no llegan a ser titulares de prensa, razón por la que son muy útiles para quienes buscan aplastar la disidencia. Al Los datos, los análisis y las historias humanas incluidas igual que con los asesinatos, las personas indígenas están en el presente informe resaltan la dimensión de este en la primera línea de ataque de los sistemas judiciales de problema. Buscamos comprender cómo y por qué las los países, junto con las instituciones y las organizaciones personas defensoras de la tierra y del medio ambiente, que existen para protegerlas. quienes deberían ser consideradas heroínas por proteger a sus comunidades y a los ecosistemas, son asesinadas, Si bien este informe se centra en los eventos de 2018, al arrestadas e intimidadas de forma rutinaria. Nuestro momento de redactarlo, en julio de 2019, hay señales informe encontró que en 2018 fueron asesinados un preocupantes de que la situación de las personas promedio de más de tres activistas por semana, al defensoras del medio ambiente y de la tierra empeorará. defender sus tierras de la invasión de industrias como El auge de mandatarios populistas autoritarios en todo la minería, la explotación
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