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The Orchid Flora of the Mbam Minkom Hills (Yaoundé, Cameroon)

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The Orchid Flora of the Mbam Minkom Hills (Yaoundé, Cameroon) Belg. J. Bot. 142 (2) : 111-123 (2009) © 2009 Royal Botanical Society of Belgium THE ORCHID FLORA OF THE MBAM MINKOM HILLS (YAOUNDÉ, CAMEROON) Murielle SIMO1, Vincent DROISSART2,5, Bonaventure SONKÉ1,2 and Tariq STÉVART2,3,4,* 1 Laboratoire de Botanique systématique et d’Écologie, Département des Sciences Biologiques, École Normale Supérieure, Université de Yaoundé I, B.P. 047, Yaoundé, Cameroun 2 Herbarium et Bibliothèque africaine, Université Libre de Bruxelles - ULB, 50 Av. F. Roosevelt, CP 169, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgique 3 Missouri Botanical Garden, Africa & Madagascar Department, P.O. Box 299, 63166–0299, St Louis, Missouri, USA 4 National Botanic Garden of Belgium, Domein van Bouchout, B-1860 Meise, Belgium 5 Present address: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD°, UMR AMAP, Botanique et Bioinforma- tique de l’Architecture des Plantes, Bd de la Lironde, TA A51/PS2, 34398 Montpellier cedex 5, France (* Author for correspondence; e-mail: [email protected]) Received 27 August 2008; accepted 10 July 2009. ABSTRACT. — Despite its tremendous biodiversity, which results from a strong elevation gradient and high habitat diversity, the fl ora of the Mbam Minkom Hills (Cameroon) is poorly documented. Moreover, these hills have recently become an urgent and major challenge for conservationists because their proximity to the city of Yaoundé has considerably increased human pressure on this area considered as the last main block of primary submontane forest around this city. As a consequence, the main objectives of this paper are to provide the fi rst orchid account of the Mbam Minkom Hills, to document the ecology and the distribution of these species and to highlight the importance of this family for the conservation of this threat- ened ecosystem. A total of 75 orchid taxa within 27 genera were found in the Mbam Minkom Hills. Sixty-one (81%) were epiphytic, 11 (15%) were terrestrial and 3 (4%) were lithophytic. Six of them (8%), one Bulbophyllum, one Diaphananthe, one Polystachya, one Rhipidoglos- sum and two Stolzia are new taxa. Genera with the highest number of taxa were Polystachya (19 taxa) and Bulbophyllum (12 taxa). Polystachya carnosa is newly recorded for Cameroon. Lowland forest (51 taxa) and inselbergs (29 taxa) are the two habitats with the highest species richness. Species fl ower mainly between March and May and between July and September. Thirty-four (45%) taxa were endemic or near endemic to the Guineo-Congolian regional cen- tre of endemism, of which 14 (19%) were endemic to the Lower Guinean Domain. Moreover, Bulbophyllum teretifolium, Bulbophyllum sp. nov., Cheirostylis divina var. ochyrae, Polys- tachya sp. nov. and Stolzia repens var. cleistogama are endemic to Cameroon. According to IUCN criteria, 50 taxa (67%) are least concerned (LC), 4 (5%) are vulnerable (VU) and 1 (1%) is near threatened (NT). Three taxa (4%), Cheirostylis divina var. ochyrae, Diaphananthe bueae and Polystachya letouzeyana are endangered (EN). Seventeen taxa (23%) are not evalu- ated (NE). The orchid fl ora of Cameroon is far from being completely known, as shown by the six new taxa and the new national record found during this study. KEY WORDS. — Orchidaceae, conservation status, epiphytes, inselberg, Lower Guinea Domain, submontane forest. 112 BELGIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 142 INTRODUCTION of increasing priority because of the ongoing effect of human activities (TCHOUTO 2004). The Mbam With a number of species estimated to 25 000 Minkom Hills ecosystem is probably one of the (GOVAERTS et al. 2007), orchids are one of the most endangered of Cameroon, and is the last block largest families of fl owering plants. Most species of primary submontane forest around Yaoundé. Its are found in the tropics, the New World tropics tremendous biodiversity (SONKÉ et al. 2006), the being the most diverse (PRIDGEON 1992). Because lack of conservation status, and the important of their reputed beauty and important specifi c human pressure due to the proximity of the city of richness in the tropics, orchids are a major com- Yaoundé (DROISSART & STÉVART 2004, SONKÉ & ponent of conservation policies. Orchids are STOFFELEN 2004) make it one of the main chal- threatened by habitat loss, particularly because lenges for conservationists in Cameroon. many species are epiphytic, or by the avoidance The objectives of this study are, therefore, to of eutrophicated soils for the terrestrial species provide the fi rst specifi c and extensive account of (PILLON & CHASE 2007). In addition to the epi- orchids occurring in the Mbam Minkom Hills, to phytic habit, endemism leads to high vulnerability document the ecology and the distribution of or extinction through habitat loss, as the destruc- these species and to highlight the importance of tion of habitat in one area results in the loss of the the hills for orchid conservation in Cameroon. species (WHITMORE & SAYER 1992, PRIMACK 1993). It seems likely that such extinctions have already been widespread, although the species MATERIAL AND METHODS may not always have been documented (WHIT- MORE & SAYER 1992). STUDY SITE In Cameroonian tropical rainforest, most This study was conducted in the Mbam Minkom orchids are epiphytes (ZAPFACK & ENGWALD Hills, which lie 20 km NW of Yaoundé (3°52’ – 4° N 2008) and are mainly found in the canopy of low- and 11°20’ – 11°27’ E) and cover an area of approxi- land and submontane forests, or sometimes on the mately 100 km2 (Fig. 1). The area possesses the highest rock of inselbergs (facultative epiphytes). The elevation of the Centre Province of Cameroon with an ‘Flore du Cameroun’ lists 360 orchid species in altitudinal range of 600 to 1295 m. Primary vegetation Cameroon (SZLACHETKO & OLSZEWSKI 1998, is lowland and submontane forest. Several inselbergs 2001a,b) but the orchid fl ora is still far from being are also present in the area. completely known. These authors also listed Orchids were collected in summit forest as well as on both east-facing and west-facing slopes of the many species that had not yet been recorded in Mbam Minkom Hills. Because they are exposed to the this country but collected in adjacent countries. In monsoon winds, the west-facing slopes receive more order to fi ll this gap, several publications on the rain (KUETE 1977). This climatic contrast results in pro- fl ora of Cameroon including orchids have recently nounced differences in the physiognomy and fl oristic been published (CRIBB 1998, CRIBB et al. 2000, composition of the forests covering both sides. The STÉVART 2003, CRIBB & POLLARD 2004, POLLARD west side is characterized by an uneven relief and steep et al. 2004, DROISSART et al. 2006, DROISSART et slopes, and is covered by lowland forest, interspersed al. 2009a). However, none of these papers dealt with cultures and fallow land. The east versant is more with the orchid fl ora of the Mbam Minkom Hills. degraded than the west versant and is characterized by The only publications mentioning orchid records its gentle slopes and lowland forest. The summit forests are characterized by a striking physiognomic and fl oris- from the Mbam Minkom Hills (SZLACHETKO & tic homogeneity. The vegetation of the Mbam Minkom OLSZEWSKI 1998, 2001a,b, DROISSART & STÉVART Hills has previously been investigated by LETOUZEY 2004) list nine taxa identifi ed to species (six), (1968), KUETE (1977), ACHOUNDONG (1985, 1996) and subspecies (one) or varieties (two). NOUMI (1998). Studies on the Rubiaceae family carried In Cameroon, ecosystems that harbour most out by SONKÉ & STOFFELEN (2004), SONKÉ et al. (2006) of the rainforest biodiversity are a source of great and NGUEMBOU (2006) revealed the presence of many concern and their conservation has become an issue species endemic to Cameroon. ORCHIDS OF THE MBAM MINKOM HILLS (CAMEROON) 113 Fig. 1. Topographic map of studied area and localisation of different hills (triangle) surrounding Yaoundé (Camer- oon). Collections sites are showed by stars. Floristic data were collected during 44 days in 51 sites. FLORISTIC DATA RESULTS Floristic data used in this study were gathered from recent fi eld inventories (244 fertile specimens), literature FLORA (nine specimens) and examination of previous herbar- The fl ora of the Mbam Minkom Hills ium collections (eight specimens from YA). For each includes 75 taxa of orchids distributed in 27 gen- species, we determined: the habitat, the elevation range, the phenology based on fi eld and cultivation observa- era, of which 61 (81%) are epiphytic, 11 (15%) tions, the IUCN Red List Categories (2001) taken from are terrestrial and 3 (4%) are lithophytic (Table the literature (CRIBB et al. 2000, CRIBB & POLLARD 2004, 1). Stolzia grandifl ora P.J.Cribb subsp. lejolyana POLLARD et al. 2004, DROISSART et al. 2006) and the Stévart, Droissart & Simo and Stolzia repens phytogeographical status supplied by Kew Monocot (Rolfe) Summerh. var. cleistogama Stévart, Checklist (GOVAERTS et al. 2007) using White’s choro- Droissart & Simo are abready published (DROIS- logical classifi cation (WHITE 1979, 1983). SART et al. 2009b). Bulbophyllum sp. nov., Field data were collected from March 2004 to Diaphananthe sp. nov., Polystachya sp. nov. and March 2007. During our fi eldwork, sterile living plants Rhipidoglossum sp. nov. will be published else- were collected and put in culture in a shadehouse built in where. The most represented genera are Polys- Yaoundé in order to obtain accurate identifi cation based tachya Hook. (19 taxa), and Bulbophyllum on fl owered specimens. For this study, identifi cation was thus improved by ex-situ cultivation of 574 living speci- Thouars (12 taxa). mens, which yielded the 244 fertile specimens. For some Polystachya carnosa P.J.Cribb & Podz. is a fertile specimens, in addition to herbarium specimens, new national record for Cameroon while Bulbo- we collected silica-dried material for molecular studies. phyllum teretifolium Schltr., Bulbophyllum sp. Table 1. List of 75 Orchids present in the Mbam Minkom Hills with reference specimens.
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