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Integral PWR-Type Small Modular Reactor Developmental Status, Design Characteristics and Passive Features: a Review

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energies Review Integral PWR-Type Small Modular Reactor Developmental Status, Design Characteristics and Passive Features: A Review Chireuding Zeliang, Yi Mi * , Akira Tokuhiro, Lixuan Lu and Aleksey Rezvoi Faculty of Energy Systems and Nuclear Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON L1H 7K4, Canada; [email protected] (C.Z.); [email protected] (A.T.); [email protected] (L.L.); [email protected] (A.R.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-905-924-2741 Received: 5 March 2020; Accepted: 1 June 2020; Published: 5 June 2020 Abstract: In recent years, the trend in small modular reactor (SMR) technology development has been towards the water-cooled integral pressurized water reactor (iPWR) type. The innovative and unique characteristics of iPWR-type SMRs provide an enhanced safety margin, and thus offer the potential to expand the use of safe, clean, and reliable nuclear energy to a broad range of energy applications. Currently in the world, there are about eleven (11) iPWR-type SMRs concepts and designs that are in various phases of development: under construction, licensed or in the licensing review process, the development phase, and conceptual design phase. Lack of national and/or internatonal comparative framework for safety in SMR design, as well as the proprietary nature of designs introduces non-uniformity and uncertainties in regulatory review. That said, the major primary reactor coolant system components, such as the steam generator (SG), pressurizer (PRZ), and control rod drive mechanism (CRDM) are integrated within the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) to inherently eliminate or minimize potential accident initiators, such as LB-loss of coolant accidents (LOCAs). This paper presents the design status, innovative features and characteristics of iPWR-type SMRs. We delineate the common technology trends, and highlight the key features of each design. These reactor concepts exploit natural physical laws such as gravity to achieve the safety functions with high level of margin and reliability. In fact, many SMR designs employ passive safety systems (PSS) to meet the evolving stringent regulatory requirements, and the extended consideration for severe accidents. A generic classification of PSS is provided. We constrain our discussion to the decay heat removal system, safety injection system, reactor depressurization system, and containment system. A review and comparative assessment of these passive features in each iPWR-type SMR design is considered, and we underline how it maybe more advantageous to employ passive systems in SMRs in contrast to conventional reactor designs. Keywords: small modular reactors; integrated pressurized water reactors; passive safety systems 1. Introduction The pursuit of the development and deployment of small modular reactors (SMRs) is a persistent and global phenomenon with widespread interest from technology developers, Research and Development (R&D) organizations and potential users. Motivations in the development of SMR technology inlcudes: meeting the need for flexible power generation for wider range of users and applications; siting flexibility; options for remote and off-grid application; inherent and enhanced safety features; and the potential for synergetic energy systems. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) defines small modular reactors as, “advanced nuclear reactors that produce equivalent Energies 2020, 13, 2898; doi:10.3390/en13112898 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies Energies 2020, 1311, 2898x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 22 transportable to utilities for installation as demand arises” [1,2]. Many SMRs are envisioned for use inelectric niche power electricity of up or to energy 300 MW(e), markets and arewhere designed large tonuclear be built power in factories plants and are transportablenot feasible, toincluding utilities smallerfor installation grid an asd footprint demand arises”application [1,2].s, Manyreplacement SMRs areof retiring envisioned fossil for fuel use plants, in niche and electricity industrial or processenergy marketsheat applications where large such nuclear as desalination power plants and are hydrogen not feasible, production including [3 smaller,4]. Thus, grid SMRs and footprintoffer the potentialapplications, to expand replacement the use of retiringof safe, fossil peaceful, fuel plants, and reliable and industrial nuclear process energy heat to a applications broad range such of customersas desalination and energy and hydrogen applications. production This, in [3 turn,4]. Thus,, can significantly SMRs offer thecontribute potential to toa carbon expand free the world, use of providesafe, peaceful, a viable and option reliable to nuclearaddress energyclimate to change, a broad and range may of customersserve as an and appropraite energy applications. option in addressingThis, in turn, Sustainable can significantly Development contribute Goal to 7, a i.e carbon., providing free world, affordable provide and a clean viable energy option [5 to]. address climateDespite change, its andadvantages may serve and as significant an appropraite advancements option in addressingmade in the Sustainable recent years, Development some technical Goal issues7, i.e., providingstill impede aff ordableand challenge and clean the energyfuture deployment [5]. of SMRs, and thus requiring considerable attentionDespite within its advantages the SMR and community. significant advancements Figure 1 provide made ins thean recentaverage years, ranking some technicalof identified issues challenges/issuesstill impede and challenge for SMR thedesign future develop deploymentment ofand SMRs, deployment; and thus and requiring we underline considerable that attention passive withinsafety systems the SMR (PSSs) community. is ranked Figure as the1 provides second anmost average important ranking impediment of identified [1]. challengesIn fact, this/issues paper for is motivatedSMR design by development the results presented and deployment; in Figure and1. A wegeneric underline overview, that passivean explanantion safety systems of the (PSSs)need for is thisranked technology as the second, and broad most classification important impediment of PSSs based [1]. on In class, fact, thisoperating paper mecha is motivatednism, and by thefunctions results, arepresented provided. in Figure 1. A generic overview, an explanantion of the need for this technology, and broad classification of PSSs based on class, operating mechanism, and functions, are provided. Figure 1. Average ranking of identified challenges for design development and deployment [1]. ReproducedFigure 1. Average from [1], ranking IAEA: 2016.of identified challenges for design development and deployment [1]. Reproduced from [1], IAEA: 2016. In recent years, the trend in SMR technology development is toward iPWR-type SMRs, whichIn integrates recent years, the majorthe trend primary in SMR system technology components development to inherently is toward eliminate iPWR or- minimizetype SMRs, potential which integratesaccident initiators, the major and primary employ system simplified components PSSs to to counter inherently and mitigateeliminate theor remainingminimize potential accident accidentinitiators. initiators, The integrated and employ reactor simplified coolant system PSSs (IRCS)to counter is arguably and mitigate the key the feature remaining that distinguish accident initiators.iPWR-type The SMR integrated from large reactor reactor coolant designs, system besides (IRCS) other is arguably features includingthe key feature the integrated that distinguish control iPWRrod drive-type mechanism SMR from andlarge multi-module reactor designs, deployment. besides other Currently features in theincluding world therethe integrated are about control eleven rod(11) drive iPWR-type mechanism SMR designsand multi and-module concepts deployment. globally [6 ],Currently with most in ofthe them world in there developmental are about eleven stages, (11)and iPWR some- plannedtype SMR for designs near-term and deployment.concepts globally We focus [6], with our discussionmost of them on in iPWR-type developmental SMR designs stages, andas they some share planned a common for near set-term of design deployment. principles We to focus enhance ourplant discussion safety, on despite iPWR a-type number SMR of designs design asdiff theyerences. share One a common of the common set of design trends principles is the implementation to enhance plant of a simplified safety, despite PSSs thata number relies onof naturaldesign differences.physical laws One to achieveof the common the required trend safetys is the functions implementation under normal of a simplified as well as PSSs accident that scenarios.relies on naturalThis eliminates physical the laws need to forachieve external the energy required source, safety eliminate functions/minimize under reliancenormal as on well operator as accident actions, scenarios.and thus provideThis eliminates a robust barrierthe need to copefor external with accidents energy suchsource, as stationeliminate/minimize black-outs. Additionally, reliance on operatorthe vulnerability actions, and of safety thus provide system failurea robust due barrier to component to cope with failures accidents and humansuch as errorstation is minimizedblack-outs. Additionally,considerably, whichthe vulnerability in turn reduces of safety the system predicted failure core due damage to component frequency. failures The IAEA and reportedhuman error that isthere minimized has been consid a strongerably,
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