MAJOR AREAS OF SEISMIC SAFETY OF EDUCATION FACILITIES IN

Amindoza P. Institute for Geology, Earthquake Resistant Construction and Seismology, Academy of Science of the Republic of Tajikistan

Safe and Improved Education Environment, Central-Asian Regional Forum Bishkek City, October 8, 2019 The territory of the Republic of Tajikistan refers in its entirety to seismically active zone. Pursuant to the existing map of seismic zoning, 50% of the entire territory of the country is located in seismic zone of 9 magnitude, 38%, in 8M zone and 12% in 7M zone. In terms of quantity, out of 8 mln. of people living in the country, 73.7% live in 8-9M seismic zones and only 26.3% live in 7M seismic zones. For the last 10 years the following catastrophic and severe earthquakes occurred in the Republic of Tajikistan: Karatagskoe, 1907 (М = 7.4, I = 9); Sarezskoe, 1911 (М = 7.4, I= 9-10); Garmskoe, 1941; Faizabadskoe, 1943; Khaitskoe, 1949 (М = 7.6, I= 9- 10); Isfara-Batkenskoe, 1977 (М = 6.3, I= 7-8); Kairakumskoe, 1985 (М = 6.0, I= 8); Gissarskoe, 1989 (М = 5.5, I = 7-8); Rogunskoe, 2002; Kumsangirskoe, 2005; Dushanbinskoe, 2006; Sarezskoe, 2015, and etc. These earthquakes took a heavy toll of human lives and caused huge material damage to the economy of the country. At present, to assess seismic risk, seismic hazard of the territory of Tajikistan is analyzed through probability approaches; works over seismic zoning of cities and settlements of the country have been renewed; detailed seismic zoning of construction sites of the facilities especially important for the economy is underway; a possibility of secondary consequences of earthquakes is evaluated. Some results of seismic hazard probability assessment based on modern data processing technologies Scientific & Research and Design & Survey Institutes of the Architecture and Construction Committee under the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan and Academy of Science of the Republic of Tajikistan carry out theoretical and experimental studies based on modern methods and technologies. Such studies are aimed at improved earthquake resistance of the designed, under construction and existing facilities, including education facilities.

In particular, during the implementation of DIPECHO-IV Project, “Inclusion of buildings of priority social importance of Dushanbe City into seismic vulnerability analysis” in 2008, the following outcomes were achieved. 1. The modern educational facilities consisting of 2-3storey buildings; buildings of corridor and gallery types; the facilities include gyms and conference halls and stadiums. 25 schools in total.

Frame and panel school building School building made of built based on standard design bricks and of composite of mid of 1970-ies. structure, built based on standard design of 1980-ies.

Frame and panel school building built based on standard design of mid of 1080-ies. 2. Old-type education facilities consisting of 2-3 storey buildings; buildings of corridor and gallery types; the facilities include gyms and conference halls, stadiums and sports ground. 36 schools in total.

Standard designs of the beginning and mid of 1960-ies. 3. Old school buildings consisting of 2-storey buildings; buildings of corridor type; part of such school buildings were converted into educational facilities by constructing additional buildings of earthquake resistant structure. The facilities include sports grounds. 24 schools in total.

Schools built based on 1930-1940-ies designs. 4. Rural-type schools; virtually no hall-type premises; include sports grounds or stadiums. 11 schools in total.

Schools built based on individual design, as a rule with the use of own resources. 5. Education facilities located in buildings originally not designed for educational process (buildings of kindergartens, administrative buildings, dormitories, etc.). 24 schools in total.

Buildings were typically built based on standard design; there are only a few buildings built based on individual designs. Of the surveyed school buildings the most vulnerable are: – 2-storey brick buildings with wooden flooring; – 1-storey buildings with walls made of bricks, cement blocks or clay materials; – 1-storey wooden self-supporting buildings, including containers that fall under the category of temporary buildings. Typical damages of brick buildings комплексной конструкции

Damages of narrow separation walls Delineation of partition walls and floor slab panels Exposure of aseismic joints

Cracks proliferation in carrying walls and foundations Typical damages of brick buildings built with no aseismic measures

Damages of carrying walls

Deflections of timber floors, peeling of ceilings coating layer

Damage of wooden ceilings Damage of coating layer of partition walls Typical damages of buildings with walls made of clay materials

Damages of walls in junctions and loose areas

Peeling off of coating layer, crumbling of wall material During the recent years, the city authorities carry out methodical work over decrease of seismic risk of education facilities. Per se, old school buildings (built in 1930 and 1940-ies) and one-storey buildings made of clay materials are demolished and replaced with modern educational facilities. Secondary school No. 31 Secondary school No. 53 R&D support of construction includes a wide range of tasks, including pre-feasibility studies, calculation studies, expert review of designs, control of quality of construction materials, construction and installation works, aimed at seismic resistance of buildings and facilities. In the event serious defects are revealed, including in case of changes in buildings stacking, decision on correction thereof up to demolition of constructed structural elements of poor quality are made collectively based on detailed survey of a facility. Decision making is accompanied by verification calculation of solidity and resistibility of buildings with consideration of actual properties of structures’ materials. 1. Control over quality and compliance with the technologies of performed construction works. 2. Control over compliance of the performed construction works with the designs. 3. Control over technical condition of structural elements being constructed by way of visual inspection. 4. Control of quality of construction materials used in construction. The process of control of quality of construction materials at construction site The process of laboratory testing of construction materials. The experience of improvement of seismic safety of schools in rural areas gained under implementation of the pilot project of FOCUS, “School Safety Initiative Project” in four districts of GBAO of the Republic of Tajikistan, , , Shugnan and Roshtkal districts (2008-2009) In total, 28 schools of GBAO were surveyed during the schools selection process, including: 5 schools in : Dashti Rog, Gishon, Uskrog, Pachshanbeobod / Bishkharv villages; 7 schools in Rushan district: Shipad, Dekh, Vosnavd, Shudzhand, Akhvand / Spishosh, Khuf, Pastbadju villages; 9 schools in Shugnan district: Gozhak, Emdzh, Porshnev, Tishor, Bidurd, Sijd, Rivak, Demiena, Kokhozobod; 7 schools in Roshtkal district: Khabost, Shod, Ridjist, Tavdem, Sebzor, Parzuch, Tirbar villages. Based on the outcomes of the schools’ survey, recommendations on activities aimed at ensuring seismic safety of school buildings have been developed. In addition to the developed recommendations, representatives of FOCUS have been provided with the materials to be used when developing projects on retrofitting of damaged structures of school buildings selected for the project on schools. Among these materials, are set of recommendations on retrofit and restoration of brick buildings damaged during earthquakes, TISSS, Dushanbe, 1985, and Restoration and retrofit of construction structures of buildings in the state of emergency and reconstruction (atlas of schemes and drawings), TsNTI, Tomsk, 1991. Practical methods of roof-bolt setting with the reinforced bars designed for attaching basket to masonry construction. retrofitting of school buildings has been developed been has buildings of school retrofitting Based on the provided recommendations a project on a project provided recommendations the on Based Monitoring of works performed Condition of a schoolcompletion building upon the project Condition of a school building after Vanj earthquake of 2010 district Built Built in 1962; foundation: dimension stone footing with the of use clay mortar; walls:raw blocks on clay mortar; walls reinforcement: two-way reinforced coating layers.

2. Secondary school No. 19 in Uskrog in 19 No. school Secondary 2. ofVanj village of 2010 2010 of

Condition of a school building after Vanj after building of a school Condition earthquake One of the areas of activities on improved seismic safety of cities and settlements of the Republic of Tajikistan is improvement of legislative framework and city planning norms and rules. On May 30, 2017, the Law of the Republic of Tajikistan “On Seismic Safety” was effectuated. The said Law determines organizational, legal, economic and social basis for seismic safety in the Republic of Tajikistan. From the beginning of 2019 new edition of city planning norms and standards, SNiP RT 22-07-2018, Seismic Resistant Construction entered into force based on the experience gained in the country during development of special technical conditions for design and construction of high-rise buildings. The country takes active participation in the development and approval of inter-state construction norms and rules.

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