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Memorials: Art to Remembering

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Memorials: Art to Remembering II TEACHING WITH THE POWER OF OBJECTS Smithsonian Institution JanuarylFebruary 1995 Inside Lesson Plan Take-Home Page in English/Spanish Subjects Art Language Arts Social Studies Grades 4-8 Publication of Art to Zoo is made possible tlu'ough the generous support of the Pacific Mutual Foundation. Memorials: Art for Remembering • M MORIALS: Art for Remembering Losing something like a bike or a watch is hard, especially if we never get it back again. Losing a friend or a grand­ parent or a pet is even harder. Sometimes we lose people because we have to move far away from them. We fear they will forget us or that we will never see them again. Sometimes a friend or a pet or a family member dies, and that is the hardest loss of all. When people slip out of our lives, we try as hard as we can to remember everything about them. We listen to their favorite songs or eat special foods that they liked to cook. We revisit a place where we had once been together or carry on a ritual that we had both enjoyed. As long as we keep people in our memory, we have not lost them completely. As time passes, however, we know that even the most precious memories fade. Throughout history, in all parts of the world, people have struggled with the problem of loss. Many moving words have been written and many beautiful objects have been created to preserve the memory of people who are gone and to keep a record of their achievements. As one of Shakespeare's characters pointed out, "Praising what is lost 'k makes the remembrance dear."-· This issue of Art to Zoo explores the different ways that people have been praised and remembered in works of art. *' All's Well That Ends Well, V, iii, 19 MEMORIALS: Art fo Remembering TYPES OF MEMORIALS memorials discussed in this A memorial can be as Art to Zoo, representing three fleeting as a concert in different continents and someone's honor, or as long­ stretching across thirty cen­ lasting as a bronze plaque turies, are made of bronze. attached to a strong wall. A memorial can be as private as SELECTIVITY a tree planted in a garden or A memorial cannot evoke as public as a donation of everything about a person. At fine drawings given to a best, its maker has narrowed museum in memory of a its focus to the most telling friend. aspect of the person, in The most common way to hopes that he or she will hold someone in our memo­ somehow live on in the ry, however, is to try to pre­ bronze or stone, in the paint serve some aspect of the on a canvas, the words on a actual, physical person. We paper, or the musical tones take photos and preserve the issuing from an orchestra. person on paper. We record The altists who made the the voice on tape. We make a works of art in this Art to video so that we can always Zoo have created images of see the person moving about four very different people. on film. We write poems or The details the artists chose essays or books to try to to emphasize determine how reconstruct the person in these four people will be words. We make paintings remembered: and drawings and sculptures A memorial to a King, to try to give the body form emphasizing symbols of again. royalty and power DURABILITY A memorial to a Soldier, If a memorial is created emphasizing fhe splendor to keep a memory alive, the ofthe uniform memorial itself must be A memorial fhat an durable. For that reason, Athlete has had made fo bronze has always been a commemorate his own favorite medium. Bronze can achievement in archei] be battered without breaking. It can survive strong sun­ A memorial to a Family light, rain, snow, heat, and Member, emphasizing cold. It cannot be ripped or the mystery ofdeath and cut. It is hard to scratch or the sorrow ofloss dent. Three of the four 4 Art to Zoo Memorials: N1 for Remembering Jallllwy/Febnwl)' 1995 A MEMORIAL TO A KING: Head of an Dba "Oba" means "king" to beings, but they do not show the people of Benin, a individual details. Physical kingdom in the part likeness was not important. of Africa we now The crucial idea was to dis­ call Nigeria. play the proper symbols of Since the year royalty. 1300, thirty­ Coral beads were the most eight obas important sign of royalty in have the kingdom of Benin ruled the because the people of Benin kingdom believed that anyone who of Benin. wore coral spoke with divine When an oba authority. In Head ofan Dba, died, his son coral beads are represented became the new in the high collar around the oba and imme­ oba's neck, the netted cap, diately commis­ and the strands of beads on sioned a bronze each side of his face. Coral, head cast in which was brought into honor of his Benin by foreign traders, deceased father. was an exceedingly precious This bronze commodity. The oba had a "commemora­ monopoly on all coral and tive head" was displayed more coral beads placed on an in his attire than anyone else altar in the in his kingdom. Other mem­ royal palace, bers of the royal court wore ensuring that coral only with the oba's the god-like permission. authority of the Like coral, copper alloys old oba would reflect a red color that was be transmitted considered beautiful by the to the new oba Benin people. These alloys, and that his such as bronze or brass, are spirit would strong and permanent-the bring good ideal material for symbolizing health and the never-ending authority of prosperity to the long dynasty of obas. the people of Only the oba and the oba's Benin. mother were entitled to have Obas look like these metal heads placed on human their altars after they had died. Art to Zoo Memorials: Art for Remembering Jonuory/Febmory 1995 5 A MEMORIAL TO A SOLDIER: Painting No. 47, Berlin by Marsden Hartley Marsden Hartley was an on the uniform into an epi­ ground teIJs us that he loved reds, yellows, blues, and American painter living in taph for the soldier. The to play chess. greens in this memorial por­ Berlin between 1914 and "K.v.F." on the pocket tells us During the time when trait teIJs us as much about 1915 who befriended a that the soldier's name was Hartley met Karl von his own delight with the young German who served Karl von Freyburg. The "24" Freyburg, his imagination was pageantry of the military as as a soldier during World on the vertical band tells us stilTed by daily parades of about the life of his fallen War 1. After the soldier was that he was twenty-four years soldiers and horsemen, oLitfit­ friend. While he was stunned kiIJed in action, Hartley old when he was killed in ted in elaborate uniforms. "I by his friend's death and painted this portrait in his action. The "4" reminds us am seeing eight-pointed stars deeply mourned his loss, he memory. Hartley was dazzled that he was a member of the here by the thousands," he continued to be moved by by the splendor of the 4th Regiment, and the black said, "on the helmets of the the spectacle of war. The German military and chose cross tells us that he was thousands of soldiers." He splashy colors of the uniform to remember his friend in given the Iron Cross award was especiaIJy impressed by are superimposed on the uniform. In fact, he depicts on the day before his death. the feathered helmet of the blackest of backgrounds that his friend as a uniform. The black and white checker­ Kaiser's Royal Guards. evokes a somber mood of Hartley made the insignia board pattern in the back- Hartley's use of brilliant remembrance. 6 Art to Zoo Memorials: AIt for Remembering Janl/ary/Febll/m)' 1995 A MEMORIAL TO AN ATHLETE: Ritual Food Serving Vessel (Jing Gui) Victors in athletic competi­ dants of the King. After an was found at a burial site. exceptional accomplishments. tion are often awarded silver archery contest in which he Thirty centuries later, The inscription, which bowls insclibed with words of was victorious, the King saw ling's gui still speaks for him. appears on the cover of this praise to keep their moment fit to honor ling for his suc­ The fact that it is made of Art to Zoo, consists of ninety of glory alive. The ling gui cess by presenting him with bronze tells us that ling had ancient Chinese "characters." (pronounced "gway") is a an archer's armguard. ling considerable wealth, because These characters are unlike bronze bowl made about three was so proud to be honored in China bronze was available the letters that produce thousand years ago in China by the King that he ordered only to the ruling classes and English words. Each charac­ for the same purpose. It hon­ the casting of a bronze bowl was considered more precious ter represents an entire ors the achievement of a to preserve his moment of than gold. The gui also tells object or idea. It is possible young man who excelled at glory forever. He dedicated us that ling was a man of to identify the character for archery. The inscription inside the memorial bowl to his good taste.
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