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The 1886 Charleston, South Carolina, Earthquake­ a 1986 Perspective

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The 1886 Charleston, South Carolina, Earthquake­ a 1986 Perspective The 1886 Charleston, South Carolina, Earthquake­ A 1986 Perspective U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 985 COVER: St. Philip's Anglican Church, Charleston. The 1886 Charleston, South Carolina, Earthquai'e­ A 1986 Perspective By Otto W. Nuttli, G. A. Bollinger, and Robert B. Herrmann U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 985 1986 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD PAUL HODEL, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director Rrst printing 1986 Second printing 1988 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1986 Free on application to the Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225 FOREWORD At 9:50p.m. on August 31, 1886, the accu­ mulated strain in the Earth's crust in the Charleston, South Carolina, area reached the point where a fault ruptured, causing a major earthquake. In the span of about 60 seconds, the Charleston earthquake caused 60 deaths, numerous injuries, economic losses of $23 mil­ lion (1978 dollars) and psychological and social disruption over an area extending 120 miles from the epicenter encompassing communities such as Augusta, Georgia, and Aiken, South Carolina. Within 6 to 8 minutes, the effects of the ground shaking were felt as far away as New York City, New York, Chicago, Illinois, and St. Louis, Missouri. For the next 30 years, more than 400 aftershocks occurred in the Charleston area, adding to the damage and so­ cial disruption. This U.S. Geological Survey publication com­ memorates the following events: (1) the 100th anniversary of the 1886 Charleston, South Car­ olina, earthquake and the researchers who have contributed through the years to improv­ ing our understanding of what happened be­ fore, during, and after the earthquake and why it happened and (2) the 3rd U.S. Conference on Earthquake Engineering, convened in Charles­ ton, South Carolina, from August 24 to 27, 1986, to present the results of recent research in geology, seismology, architecture, soils engi­ neering r structural engineering r and social sci­ ences and to encourage the development and implementation of improved earthquake pre­ paredness measures throughout the Nation. We believe that this publication will increase basic understanding of the 1886 Charleston earthquake and contribute to short- and long­ term earthquake preparedness activities. Director U.S. Geological Survey iii PREFACE Charleston and the Nation in the 1880's By Nancy Buxton 1 and G. A. Bollinger2 To set the stage for the discussions of the ef­ ern life had been affected, recovery encom­ fects of the 1886 shock and to place them in passed a broad spectrum of human activities. the context of their times, we present the fol­ Economically, the citizens struggled to get back lowing brief overview of the Union, South Car­ on their feet and to become a productive soci­ olina, and Charleston at the close of the 19th ety again. century. The northwestern corner of South Carolina is In 1880, the United States consisted of 38 occupied by the Blue Ridge Mountains. The States. Colorado was the newest State, having land drops in stages to the southeas\ across the joined the Union in 1876. Still to be admitted Piedmont Plateau to the Coastal Plain. In the were Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, the 1880's, South Carolinians recognized a north­ Dakotas, Washington, Utah, Idaho, Montana, easterly trending line that separated the Blue and Wyoming. The final consolidation of the Ridge from the other two provinces and bi­ continental United States would not be com­ sected their State. The two regions formed by pleted until 1912. this division commonly were called the "Up The country's population of 50 million was Country" and the "Low Country." mostly on the land-7 5 percent of the populace Because the Up Country and the Low Coun­ was rural. The decade of the 1880's saw the try differed in customs, economy, and history, a dawning of our urban, industrialized society. By strong strain of sectionalism existed (and some 1890, the rural population was down to 63 per­ cent of the total (in 1970, the figure was 26.5 would say still exists) in South Carolina. The percent). Many of the people arriving in the Low Country was dominated by the cultural burgeoning cities were immigrants who came and economic influence of Charleston, a city in increasing numbers from every part of the that had been long established by tl'~ 1880's. world. The Up Country had no one dominant center, The general mood of the country was shifting and it was decidedly rural, even still partially gradually away from the Civil War mentality unsettled in the 1880's. and toward a new sense of Union. The writer Charleston is the heart of the Carolina Low Robert Penn Warren claimed that, before the Country. In an 1886 editorial exalting the Civil War, ''The Union sometimes seemed to virtues of Charleston, the local paper, the News exist as an idea, and ideal, rather than as fact." and Courier stated, "Nature has dor~ every Americans in the 1880's embraced the fact that thing she possibly could for Charles~on. " In theirs was indeed a united nation. many respects that was absolutely c'Jrrect. Situ­ South Carolina, as well as other Southern ated on a large bay formed by the c'Jnfluence States, was rebounding from the devastation of of the Ashley and Cooper Rivers, the natural the Civil War. Because every sphere of South- setting of Charleston is beautiful and inviting. It seems the earliest settlers of Char1 ~s Town (named after Charles II of England) in 1680 re­ 1Department of History, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. sponded to this beauty because Charles Town 1 2Seismological Observatory, Virginia Polytechnic Institute developed as a charming city with Cistin­ and State University. guished buildings, wide boulevards, and grace- v ful gardens. It expanded steadily and became a So, in the 1880's, Charleston was a city on busy port and trading center; it was the regular the mend, but a city that still faced great chal­ stopover for ships sailing between the Carib­ lenges. Civil War damage remained in evi­ bean and Great Britain. dence; civic leaders had to juggle the tasks of By 1720, Charleston was a thriving city with repairing this damage and the modernizing of a population of many thousands. Along with a Charleston at the same time. The Reconstruc­ reputation for beauty, Charleston gained a rep­ tion governments left Charleston with a debt in utation as a free and open society. However, it excess of $4.7 million. Fortunately, during most is a marvel that the Charlestonian's spirit of op­ of the 1880's, Charleston had an able: and en­ timism withstood all the natural and manmade ergetic businessman for mayor, William A. traumas that were experienced during their Courtenay. Under Courtenay's admir.istration, city's long history. In precolonial and colonial the debt was reduced slowly while public im­ times, the Charleston coast was a prime target provements were undertaken. To accomplish for ruthless pirates, including the blood-thirsty this, Courtenay had to maintain a fairly high Blackbeard. During the American Revolution, level of local taxation, a measure abtorrent to Charleston was under a state of siege culminat­ his conservative nature. Neverthelesfr citizens ing in occupation, in 1783, by the British Army. were pleased with the many improvements. Subsequently, Charleston and the surrounding Charleston's port remained relative:ly busy; countryside suffered great damage at the hands the major exports were cotton, phosphate rock, of looting British soldiers. After the Revolution, lumber, rice, naval stores (rosins and turpen­ the city was incorporated (1783) and changed tine), fruits, and vegetables. Manufacturing of its name from Charles Town to Charleston, lumber products and various types of machin­ thereby eliminating any association with Great ery became important local enterprises. Socially Britain. and culturally, Charleston had alway~ been a The damage of the colonial and Revolution­ city with much to offer. From colonial times on­ ary periods was merely a prelude for what be­ ward, it had been a center for the pe:forming fell Charleston during the Civil War and Recon­ arts, and, during the 1880's, interest in such struction. Charleston had been a hotbed of performances was running high. A survey of secessionist fervor, and when, on April 12, the 1885-1886 theater season shows that 1861, the first shots of the Civil War arched Charleston audiences were richly and variously over her harbor at Fort Sumter, a quick victory entertained. for the Confederacy was anticipated. Although Clearly, Charleston in the 1880's was a city protected by Confederate troops, Charleston undergoing social and cultural renewal. The was under constant bombardment by Union basis of its aesthetic reputation was t~e archi­ forces from April 1863 to February 1865. On tecture of the city. Residents were jurtly proud February 18, 1865, Charleston was occupied by of their many beautiful and unique b 1.tildings. Union troops following in the wake of retreat­ Thus, Charleston was to become a center for ing Confederate soldiers. Less than 2 months the conscientious preservation of histr1rical later, the Confederacy surrendered. buildings long before it was a fashior <ible idea In September 1865, a northern reporter wrote in other parts of the United States. Tl· ~ Society that Charleston was "a city of ruins, of desola­ for the Preservation of Old Dwellings was a tion, of vacant houses, of widowed women, of very active organization that encoura~ed the rotting wharves, of deserted warehouses, of city government and private citizens to promote acres of pitiful and voiceless barrenness." Obvi­ Charleston's cultural heritage by prererving ously, the more true because Charleston was and improving old structures.
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