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Conhecimento Atual Sobre Psocoptera No Ambiente De Armazenamento De Grãos E Alimentos Industrializados

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Conhecimento Atual Sobre Psocoptera No Ambiente De Armazenamento De Grãos E Alimentos Industrializados UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO” unesp INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS – RIO CLARO CURSO DE ESPECIALIZAÇÃO EM ENTOMOLOGIA URBANA: TEORIA E PRÁTICA CONHECIMENTO ATUAL SOBRE PSOCOPTERA NO AMBIENTE DE ARMAZENAMENTO DE GRÃOS E ALIMENTOS INDUSTRIALIZADOS. MARCIA DA FONSECA VALBUZA Monografia apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências do Câmpus de Rio Claro, Universidade Estadual Paulista, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Especialista em Entomologia Urbana . 12/2015 UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO” unesp INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS – RIO CLARO CURSO DE ESPECIALIZAÇÃO EM ENTOMOLOGIA URBANA: TEORIA E PRÁTICA CONHECIMENTO ATUAL SOBRE PSOCOPTERA NO AMBIENTE DE ARMAZENAMENTO DE GRÃOS E ALIMENTOS INDUSTRIALIZADOS. MARCIA DA FONSECA VALBUZA ORIENTADOR: Dr. Marcos Roberto Potenza COORIENTADORA: Dra. Ana Eugênia de Carvalho Campos Monografia apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências do Câmpus de Rio Claro, Universidade Estadual Paulista, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Especialista em Entomologia Urbana. 12/2015 595.7 Valbuza, Marcia da Fonseca V139c Conhecimento atual sobre Psocoptera no ambiente de armazenamento de grãos e alimentos industrializados / Marcia da Fonseca Valbuza. - Rio Claro, 2015 33 f. : il., gráfs., tabs. Trabalho de conclusão de curso (especialização - Entomologia urbana: teoria e prática) - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências de Rio Claro Orientador: Marcos Roberto Potenza Coorientador: Ana Eugênia de Carvalho Campos 1. Inseto. 2. Condições ambientais. 3. Pragas. 4. Produtos armazenados. I. Título. Ficha Catalográfica elaborada pela STATI - Biblioteca da UNESP Campus de Rio Claro/SP AGRADECIMENTOS Aos Pesquisadores Cientificos Dr. Marcos Roberto Potenza e Dra. Ana Eugênia de Carvalho Campos pela orientação e confiança depositada durante o desenvolvimento do trabalho. Aos professores do curso “Entomologia Urbana: Teoria e Prática” – 7ª Turma, promovido pelo Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais – CEIS, da UNESP, Câmpus de Rio Claro, pelo conhecimento transmitido. A toda equipe do Laboratório de Pragas em Horticultura IB/APTA pelo apoio e companheirismo. “A Natureza parece gostar de variar o mesmo mecanismo de infinitas maneiras... ela só abandona uma categoria de produção após haver multiplicado seus indivíduos de todas as formas possíveis.” - Denis Diderot, Pensées sur l’interprétation de la nature (1753) RESUMO Psocoptera é uma ordem de insetos com cerca de 5.500 espécies descritas em todo o mundo. Grande parte destas espécies vive sob ou sobre a casca e folhagens de árvores e arbustos, na serrapilheira úmida e em ninhos de pássaros. Algumas ocorrem em depósitos e residências alimentando-se de farinhas, farelos, massas e cereais. A combinação de mofo e ambiente úmido parece favorecer as infestações desses insetos. Psocópteros possuem um comportamento gregário e muitas vezes interagem com outras pragas associadas a alimentos secos ou desidratados, podendo ocorrer em armazéns, silos e indústrias de alimento. O reconhecimento de psocópteros como pragas de produtos armazenados incentivou vários pesquisadores a estudá-los em instalações de processamento de alimentos. O presente trabalho apresenta uma síntese do conhecimento atual sobre psocópteros no ambiente de armazenamento de grãos e alimentos industrializados. Para tanto, procedeu-se à consulta bibliográfica especializada em nas bases de dados: Science Direct, SciELO, Biological Abstracts e Cab; em Anais (Congressos Brasileiros de Entomologia, Congressos Brasileiros de Zoologia), Arquivos do Instituto Biológico, Bibliotecas da UNESP, Unicamp e USP. Foram encontradas 113 publicações referentes a psocóptero praga em ambiente de armazenamento, abordando a bioecologia, biologia, controle, diagnóstico molecular, levantamento de espécies e segurança alimentar. A revisão mostrou relatos da dificuldade de se controlar altas infestações e a ocorrência de perdas econômicas significativas. A sua tolerância aos produtos químicos disponíveis juntamente com sua resistência comportamental e capacidade de rápida colonização apresentam sérios desafios para o desenvolvimento de programas eficazes de gestão de pragas. Palavras-chave: Condições ambientais, pragas, produtos armazenados ABSTRACT Psocoptera is an insect order with some 5,500 described species worldwide. Most of these species live in or on the bark and foliage of trees and shrubs in wet plant litter and bird nests. Some occur in warehouses and residences feeding of flour, bran, pasta and cereal. The combination mold and damp environment seems to favor infestations of these insects. Psocopteran have a gregarious behavior and often interact with other pests associated with dry or dehydrated foods, can occur in warehouses, silos and food industries. The recognition psocopteran as stored product pest encouraged many researchers to study them in food processing facilities. This paper presents an overview of current knowledge on psocopteran in grain storage environment and processed foods. For this purpose, it proceeded to the specialized bibliographical research in the databases: Science Direct, SciELO, Biological Abstracts and Cab; in Proceedings (Brazilian Congress of Entomology, Zoology Brazilian Congress), Biological Institute Archives, UNESP, Unicamp and USP Libraries. 113 publications have been found relating to psocopteran plague in storage room by addressing the bioecology, biology, control, molecular diagnostics, survey of species and food security. The review showed reports of difficulty in controlling high infestations and the occurrence of significant economic losses. Its tolerance to chemicals available, along with its behavioral strength and invasive capacity present serious challenges for the development of effective pest management programs. Keywords: Environmental conditions, pests, stored product SUMÁRIO 1 INTRODUÇÃO ......................................................................................................... 7 2 REVISÃO DE LITERATURA .................................................................................... 9 2.1 Psocoptera: aspectos gerais. ............................................................................. 9 2.2 Psocópteros de ocorrência em grãos armazenados ........................................ 10 2.3 Importância econômica .................................................................................... 12 2.4 Importância em segurança alimentar ............................................................... 13 2.5 Manejo integrado de psocópteros em produtos armazenados ........................ 13 3 OBJETIVOS ........................................................................................................... 17 4 MATERIAL E MÉTODOS ....................................................................................... 18 5 RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO .............................................................................. 19 6 CONSIDERAÇÕES GERAIS ................................................................................. 27 7 REFERÊNCIAS ...................................................................................................... 28 7 1 INTRODUÇÃO Psocoptera é uma ordem de insetos relativamente pequena, com cerca de 5.600 espécies descritas em todo o mundo. Apenas uma pequena parcela destas espécies está associada a alimentos armazenados. O nome deriva do grego psochein que significa triturar, roer, referindo-se ao hábito desses insetos de roer o alimento e pteron que significa asa. Em classificações antigas, os psocópteros eram tratados por Corrodentia; piolho do livro e piolho da farinha são termos empregados ao se referirem a esses insetos, no entanto, eles não possuem nomes populares no Brasil. Em outros países são conhecidos como psocídeos, “bark-lice” e “book-lice” (GARCÍA-ALDRETE; MOCKFORD, 2012). Segundo Smithers e Lienhard (1992), as espécies descritas de psocópteros revelam apenas uma fração da sua real diversidade. Esses insetos são negligenciados devido ao seu pequeno tamanho, muitos vivem em espaços quase imperceptíveis e, geralmente, lupas e microscópios são necessários para a sua identificação. Grande parte das espécies de psocópteros vive sob ou sobre a casca ou folhagem de árvores e arbustos, na serrapilheira úmida, sob rochas, cavernas e em ninhos de pássaros. Alguns se alimentam de algas, liquens, pólen e fragmentos de insetos mortos. Aqueles que ocorrem em depósitos e residências alimentam-se de materiais como farinhas, cereais e mofo. A combinação de mofo e ambiente úmido favorece as infestações desses insetos. Psocópteros não vivem em isolamento e muitas vezes interagem com outras pragas associadas com os alimentos a base de cereais armazenados (SINHA, 1988; REES, 1994; RESH; CARDÉ, 2003; ROBINSON, 2005; TRIPLEHORN; JOHNSON, 2011). Infestações por psocópteros tornaram-se um problema emergente em instalações de armazenamento e processamento de grãos (REES, 1994; TURNER, 1994). Nayak (2006) avalia que, até recentemente, psocópteros eram vistos pelas autoridades de armazenamento como pragas ou contaminantes de baixa importância econômica por ser uma praga secundária, pois os danos causados aos produtos a granel eram ofuscados pelas pragas primárias. Havia também poucas evidências quanto as perdas quantitativas e qualitativas causadas por eles. Ao longo da última década, houve um aumento significativo no seu status de praga por duas razões principais: os mercados estão se tornando cada vez mais rigorosos quanto a 8 presença destes
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