Reconnaissance Survey of Selecte Neighborhoods in Omaha, Nebras Reconnaissance Survey of Selected Neighborhoods in Omaha, Nebraska Nebraska Historic Buildings Survey

Prepared foc

City of Omaha, Omaha City Planning Department, Omaha Certified Local Government, and the Nebraska State Historical Society

Prepared by:

Mead & Hunt, Inc. 650 1 Watts Road Madison, WI 53719-2700 608.273.6380 preservation@meadhunt .corn

April 2002

Chad Moffett , Principal Investigator Emily Schill, Project Historian Erin Pogany, Project Historian Christina Slattery, Project Supervisor

Tables and Figures

Tables Table 1. Properties Listed on the National Register of Historic Places or Designated as Local Landmarks ...... 26 Table 2. Numerical Summary of 2001-2002 Reconnaissance Survey ...... 32 Table 3. Properties Recommended lndividually Eligible for the National Register of Historic Places ...... 36 Table 4. Properties Recommended for Designation as Local Landmarks ...... 40

Figures Figure 1. Survey Area with Annexation Dates ...... 9 Figure 2. Map Showing Survey Area with Boundaries ...... 22 Figure 3. Boundaries of the Proposed Country Club Historic Residential District ...... 37

Executive Summary

The City of Omaha Certified Local Government (Omaha CLG) in cooperation with the Nebraska State Historical Society contracted with Mead & Hunt to conduct a Nebraska Historic Building Survey (NeHBS) reconnaissance-level survey of selected neighborhoods in the city of Omaha. Mead & Hunt conducted the survey during November of 2001 through April of 2002.

The survey area includes approximately 15,750 properties bounded by Ames Avenue on the north, 72nd Street on the west, Western Avenue and Hamilton Street on the south, and 30th Street on the east. The survey area includes the historic city of Benson and other large tracts of developed land annexed by the city of Omaha between 1873 and 1954. The neighborhoods generally consist of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century vernacular and period revival style houses, and commercial, educational, and religious resources. The area includes concentrations of post-World War 11 housing and public housing. The historic city of Benson covers roughly one-third of survey area.

Mead & Hunt conducted the survey in accordance with the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Archeology and Historic Preservation and Standards for Identification and Evaluation and NeHBS survey standards. The NeHBS of selected neighborhoods in the city of Omaha evaluated 1,095 new and previously surveyed properties. Mead & Hunt did not resurvey 56 previously surveyed properties that exhibited poor integrity or that were nonextant. The survey results include 1,039 properties that Mead & Hunt documented and then evaluated for eligibility according to the guidelines of the National Register of Historic Places (National Register). The reconnaissance survey identified 12 individual properties and one historic district that are recommended as potentially eligible for the National Register.

This survey report documents the results of historical research and field investigations. In Chapter 1 the report introduces the survey process and its administrators, the Nebraska State Historical Society, NeHBS, and the Omaha CLG. Chapters 2 through 4 of the report include: a historic overview and historic contexts of the survey area, a description of the survey methodology, a description of architec- tural styles, recommendations for the National Register and local landmark designation, and future research considerations. The report concludes with appendices listing swveyed properties, a bibliog- raphy, and a glossary of terms used in the report.

Chapter 1 Introduction

Throughout most of Nebraska's history, historic *Administering a federal tax incentives program preservation was the province of dedicated for the preservation of historic buildings. individuals and organizations working alone in their local co~~l~llunities.Since the passage of *Assisting federal agencies in their responsi- the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, bility to identifv and protect historic properties however, the Governor of each state has been that may be affected by their projects. required to appoint a State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO)to oversee preserva- *Providingpreservation education, training, and tion efforts mandated by the 1966 act. In technical assistance to individuals and groups Nebraska, the Director of the Nebraska State and local, state, and federal agencies. Historical Society (NSHS) serves as SHPO. The staff of the NSHS' Historic Preservation Division What follows is a brief description of NeSHPO forms the Nebraska State Historic Preservation programs, followed by a staff guide with Office (NeSHPO). telephone numbers. Though described separately, it is important to remember that The NeSHPO administers a wide range of NeSHPO programs often act in concert, and preservation programs. The duties of the should be considered elements of the NeSHPO NeSHPO relating to programs called for by the mission and a part of the mission of the NSHS. National Historic Preservation Act include:

*Conducting and maintaining a statewide Nebraska Historic Buildings Survey , historic building survey. The Nebraska Historic Buildings Survey (NeHBS) was begun in 1974. The survey is *Administeringthe National Register of Historic conducted on a county-by-county basis and Places (National Register) program. currently includes more than 60,000 properties that reflect the rich architectural and historic *Assisting local governments in the heritage of Nebraska. The survey is conducted development of local historic preservation by researchers who drive every rural and urban programs and certification of qualifying public road in a county and record each governments. property that meets certain historic require- ments. Surveyors never enter private property without permission. In addition to this Chapter 1. Introduction fieldwork, surveyors research the history of the reflect a historically significant pattern, event, area in order to better understand their subject. person, architectural style, or archaeological The NeHBS often includes thematic subjects site. National Register properties may be that may be unique to a certain county such as significant at the local, state, or national levels. an historic highway or type of industry. Properties need not be as historic as Mt. Vernon The purpose of the NeHBS is to help local or architecturally spectacular as the Nebraska preservation advocates, elected officials, land- State Capitol to be listed on the National use planners, economic development coordina- Register. Local properties that retain their tors, and tourism promoters understand the physical integrity and convey local historic sig- wealth of historic properties in their nificance may also be listed. community. Properties included in the survey have no use restrictions placed on them, nor It is important to note what listing a property on does the survey require any level of the National Register means or, perhaps more maintenance or accessibility by property importantly, what it does not mean. The owners. Rather, the survey provides a National Register does not: foundation for identifying properties that may be worthy of preservation, promotion, and *Restrict,in any way, a private property owner's recognition within a community. ability to alter, manage, or dispose of a property.

The NeHBS provides a basis for presemation *Require that properties be maintained, and planning at all levels of government and for repaired, or restored. individual groups or citizens. Generally, the NeHBS includes properties that convey a sense *Invoke special zoning or local landmark of architectural signitlcance. When possible designation. and known, NeHBS also describes properties that have historical significance. The survey is *Allow the listing of individual private property not intended to be a comprehensive history of a over an owner's objection. county, but a detailed "first look at historic properties. Additionally, as the NeHBS is in *Allow the listing of historic districts over a part federally funded, the NeSHPO must use majority of property owners' objections. federal guidelines when evaluating and identifying historic properties. In short, the *Require public access to private property. NeHBS is not an end in itself, but a beginning for public planners and individuals who value Listing a property on the National Register does: their community's history. *Provide prestigious recognition to significant For more information, please call the NeHBS properties. Program Associate or the Survey Coordinator listed below. *Encourage the preservation of historic properties.

National Register of Historic Places *Provide information about historic properties One of the goals of the NeHBS is to help identify for local and statewide planning purposes. properties that may be eligible for listing on the National Register. The National Register is our *Help promote community development, nation's official list of significant historic tourism, and economic development. properties. Created by the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, the National Register *Provide basic eligibility for financial incentives, includes buildings, structures, districts, when available. objects, and sites that are significant in our history or prehistory. These properties may Chapter 1. Introduction

For more information, please call the National CLGs have the ability to monitor and preserve Register Coordinator listed below. structures that reflect the community's heritage. Certified Local Governments *CLGs have access to a nationwide information An important goal of the NeSHPO is to translate network of local, state, federal, and private the federal preservation program, as embodied presemation institutions. by the National Historic Preservation Act, to the local level. An important element of this goal is *Finally, but not least, a CLG through its to help link local governments with a ordinance and commission has a built-in nationwide network of federal, state, and local mechanism to promote pride in, and under- organizations. One of the most effective tools standing of, a community's history. for this purpose is the Certified Local Government (CLG) program. A CLG is a local Certification of a local government for CLG government, either a county or municipality status comes from the NeSHPO and the that has adopted preservation as a priority. To National Park Service, and there are general become a CLG, a local government must: rules to follow. A community considering CLG status, however, is given broad flexibility within *Establish a preservation ordinance that those rules when structuring their CLG includes protection for historic properties at a program. The emphasis of the CLG program is level the community decides is appropriate. local management of historic properties with technical and economic assistance from the *Promote preservation education and outreach. NeSHPO.

*Conduct and maintain some level of a historic building survey. Omaha Certified Local Government The city of Omaha qualified as a CLG in 1985. *Establish a mechanism to designate local The Planning Department's Historic landmarks. Preservation Administrator manages the program. A chief responsibility of a CLG is to *Create a preservation commission to oversee maintain a survey of local historic properties. the preservation ordinance and the CLG The survey gathers data related to the city's program. historic resources. Surveys define the historic character of a community or particular area and There are a number of advantages to achieving can provide the basis for making sound CLG status: judgments in local planning.

*A CLG is eligible to receive matching funds Since the adoption of the city of Omaha's fkom the NeSHPO that are unavailable to non- preservation ordinance in 1977, the Landmark CLGs. Heritage Prese~ationCommission staff has been involved in ongoing survey activities. CLG Contributing buildings within local landmark grant funds have been used to conduct historic districts may be eligible for preservation tax surveys in Omaha for many years. The Omaha- incentives (see below), without being listed on Douglas County Historic Buildings Survey the National Register. contains data on more than 6,000 buildings in the city's jurisdictional area. This computerized CLGs have an additional tool when considering catalogue system includes information planning, zoning, and land-use issues through concerning property location, ownership, uses, their landmarking and survey programs. date of construction, architectural style, and other pertinent Information. Historic survey data is now integrated into the city of Omaha's Geographic Information System (GIs). Chapter 1. Introduction

Data contained in the Omaha-Douglas County landmarked (by a CLG see above) historic Historic Buildings Survey is coordinated with district. An income-producing property may be the NeHBS maintained by the NeSHPO. Both a rental residential, office, commercial, or the local and state survey data are accessible to industrial property. Historic working barns or the public, although certain information such other agriculture-related outbuildings may also as the location of vacant properties or archaeo- Walifv* logical sites may be restricted. A certified rehabilitation is one that conforms to Omaha Landmarks Heritage the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation and Guidelines for Rehabilitating I Preservation Commission Historic Buildings. The standards are a In 1977 the Omaha City Council adopted the common sense approach to the adaptive reuse Landmarks Heritage Preservation Ordinance, of historic buildings. It is important to the &st comprehensive preservation ordinance remember that this program promotes the reha- in Nebraska. Patterned after legislation that had billtation of historic properties so that they may proved successful in Seattle, New York, and be used to the benefit and enjoyment of the Savannah, the Omaha ordinance contains property owner and a community. The program provisions for the creation of a commission that is not necessarily intended to reconstruct or has the ability to designate structures and restore historic buildings to exact, as-built districts of local significance; regulate work specifications. done on designated buildings; and identify and implement overall goals and objectives for The tax incentive program in Nebraska has preservation in the city. been responsible for: . .

The 1977 ordinance created the Landmarks .The reinvestment of millions of dollars for the Heritage Preservation Commission preservation of historic buildings. (Commission). Nine members compose the Commission: an architect, a curator, a profes- .The establishment of thousands of low- and sional historian, three members active in a moderate-income housing units and upper -end preservation related field, two laypersons, and units. an owner or operator of a business or property within a landmark heritage preservation .The adaptive reuse of previously under or district. Commission members are appointed by unutilized historic properties in older downtown the Mayor to terms of 3 years, subject to confir- commercial areas. mation by the City Council. The Commission selects its own chair and rules of procedure. .Helping to broaden the tax base. The body meets generally monthly with special meetings held by call of the chair. .Giving real estate developers and city planners a tool to consider projects in older, historic For more information, please call the neighborhoods. Preservation Administrator at the City of Omaha Planning Department listed below. .Helping stabilize older, historic neighborhoods.

Preservation Tax Incentives Certification of the historic character of the income-producing property (usually by listing Since 1976, the Internal Revenue Code has the property on the National Register) and certi- contained provisions offering tax credits for the fication of the historic rehabilitation is made by certified rehabilitation of income-producing both the NeSHPO and the National Park historic properties. Historic properties are Service. We strongly urge contacting the defined as those listed on the National Register, NeSHPO and a professional tax advisor, legal or as buildings that contribute to the signifi- counsel, or appropriate local Internal Revenue cance of a National Register or a locally Service office before initiating any activity for a Chapter 1. Introduction project that anticipates the use of preservation public and interested parties if adverse effects tax incentives. to historic properties are discovered through consultation with the NeSHPO. The NeSHPO For more information, please call the Review examines information provided by the federal and Preservation Services Program Associate agency, the NeHBS, and the National Register, listed below. but often the most valuable information comes from comments provided by the public. Federal Project Review Section 106 was included in the National Historic Preservation Act to protect locally Section 106 of the National Historic significant historic properties from unwitting Preservation Act requires that federal agencies federal action. It is truly a law that gives the take into account the effect of their undertak- public a voice in an often unsympathetic ings on historic properties; develop and bureaucratic system. evaluate alternatives that could avoid, minimize, or mitigate adverse effects their For more information about Section 106 review, projects may have on historic properties; and please contact a member of the Federal Agency afford the Federal Advisory Council on Historic Review staff listed below. Preservation an opportunity to comment on the project and its effects on historic properties. Public Outreach and Education The regulations that govern the Section 106 process, as it is known, also require that the The primary function of the NeSHPO is to assist federal agency consult with the NeSHPO to communities in preserving significant identlft historic properties in the project area; buildings, sites, and structures that convey a assess the effects a project may have on historic sense of community history. The most powerful properties located in the project area; and tool available to the NeSHPO in this regard is develop and evaluate alternatives that could public education. For this reason, NeSHPO avoid, minimize, or mitigate adverse effects the staff spend considerable time conducting public project may have on historic properties. meetings and workshops and disseminating information to the public. For example, if the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA),through the Nebraska Our goal is to assist local individuals, groups, Department of Roads, contemplates construc- and governments understand, promote, and tion of a new highway, it must contact the preserve historic properties. The NeSHPO NeSHPO for assistance in determining whether advocates not only the self-evident aesthetic any sites or structures are listed on, or eligible advantages of historic preservation, but also the for listing on, the National Register are located potential for preservation to help promote in the project area. If properties that meet this economic development, community planning, criteria are found, the FHWA must consult with tourism, environmental sensitivity, and land- the NeSHPO to avoid or reduce any harm the use planning. highway might cause the property. Note that a property need not actually be listed on the The above short descriptions are meant to National Register, only eligible. This process is orient the reader to the NeSHPO programs to take place early enough in the planning within the larger mission of the NSHS. As all process to allow for alternatives that would NeSHPO programs originate from a common avoid adverse effects to historic properties; i.e., source, the National Historic Preservation Act, in the example above, the modification of a new they work best when they work together, either highway's right-of-way could avoid an archaeo- in whole or in part. For the programs to logical site or historic barn. function at all, they require the interest and participation of the people they are meant to It is important to note that public participation serve . . . the public. in this process is vital. The Section 106 process requires the federal agency to seek views of the Chapter 1. Introduction

For more information about the NeSHPO or the Bill Callahan, Program Associate programs described above, please call (402) Telephone: (402) 47 1-4788 47 1-4787 or 1-800-833-6747. Information is E-mail: [email protected] also available at the State Historical Society web page at www.nebraskahistory.org. Greg Miller, Historian Telephone: (402) 47 1-4775 Organizational Information E-mail: [email protected] and Contacts Jill Ebers, Survey Coordinator City of Omaha Planning Department & Telephone: (402) 47 1-4773 Omaha CLG E-mail: [email protected] Lynn Meyer, Preservation Administrator Telephone: (402)444-5208 Certified Local Government E-mail: [email protected] .us Bill Callahan, Coordinator Telephone: (402) 47 1-4788 E-mail: [email protected] Nebraska State Historic Preservation Off ice Lawrence Somrner, Director Nebraska State Historical Society Preservation Tax Incentives State Historic Preservation Officer Melissa Dirr, Review and Preservation Services Telephone: (402)47 1-4745 Program Associate Telephone: (402) 47 1-4408 L. Robert Puschendorf, Associate Director E-mail: [email protected] Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer Telephone: (402)47 1-4769 E-mail: [email protected] Federal Agency Review (Section 106 Review) Melissa Dirr, Review and Preservation Services Teresa Fatemi, Staff Assistant Program Associate Telephone: (402)47 1-4768 Telephone: (402) 47 1-4408 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Jennifer Little, Staff Assistant Greg Mlller, Historian Telephone: (402)47 1-4787 Telephone: (402) 47 1-4775 E-mid: HPNSHS@nebraskahistory .org E-mail: GMILLER@nebraskahistory . org

Bill Callahan, Program Associate Nebraska Historic Buildings Survey Telephone: (402) 47 1-4788 Jill Ebers, Survey Coordinator E-mail: [email protected] Telephone: (402)47 1-4773 E-maik [email protected] Archaeology Bill Callahan, Program Associate Terry Steinacher, Archaeology Program Telephone: (402)47 1-4788 Associate E-mail: [email protected] Telephone: (308) 665-29 18 E-mail: [email protected]

National Register of Historic Places All of the personnel above, excluding Lynn Stacy Stupka-Burda, National Register Coordinator Meyer and Terry Steinacher, may also be Telephone: (402)47 1-4770 reached by dialing 1-800-833-6747. E-mail: [email protected] Chapter 1. Introduction

State of Nebraska Historic Presenration Board Members Mr. Fred AUey - North Platte Mr. Keith Blackledge - North Platte Mr. Bill Chada - Grand Island Ms. Gloria Clark - AUiance Ms. Melissa Connor - Lincoln Mr. Tom Creigh, Jr. - Hastings Mr. Walter Duda - Omaha Ms. Beverly Fleming, Chair - Lincoln Mr. George Haecker - Omaha Ms. Nancy Haney - Lyman Ms. Marianne Simmons - Fremont Mr. Lawrence Sommer, Secretary - Lincoln Mr. Chuck Trimble, Vice Chair - Omaha

Chapter 2 Historic Overview of Survey Area

Figure I. Survey Area with Annexation Dates

Introduction

This historic overview provides a context in Avenue and Hamilton Street on the south, and which to consider the various types of resources North 30th Street on the east. The neighbor- researched and documented in this survey. The hoods generally consist of late nineteenth and survey area includes the historic community of early twentieth-century vernacular and period Benson and portions of the city of Omaha revival style houses, commercial, educational, annexed to the city of Omaha between 1873 and and religious resources, and concentrations of 1954 (see Figure 1. Survey Area with post-World War I1 housing and public housing. Annexation Dates). The area consists of 864 The historic community of Benson covers square blocks, or approximately 6.75 square roughly one-third of the survey area, while three miles, and is bounded by Ames Avenue on the large tracts of land annexed to the city of north, North 72nd Street on the west, Western Omaha between 1873 and 1954 comprise much Chapter 2. Historic Overview of Survey Area of the remaining survey area. The survey area running west from the Missouri River. Several also consists of smaller tracts of land with a small communities developed in Douglas considerable number of post-World War I1 County surrounding Omaha, including Benson, resources. Florence, and D~ndee.~

When possible, the overview presents Military Road, now known as Military Avenue, information about specific buildings within the was surveyed in 1856 by federal engineers as an survey area. Within the overview, when a east-west corridor running from the intersection surveyed building is mentioned its Nebraska of Grant and North 45th Streets northwest to Historic Buildings Survey (NeHBS) number the area of Benson Park and North 72nd Street, follows the reference. These site numbers begin passing through the future Benson area. The with an abbreviation of the county (DO for road first came into use in 1858, primarily as a Douglas). Each community is assigned a two- route used by the military to transport supplies digit number (i.e., the city of Omaha is "09"). between Omaha and points west. A component This number is followed by a four-digit map of the original Overland Trail, the road followed code, indicating which city plat map the high ground so that travelers could have a view location of the property can be found. The last of the surrounding country as a protection from three numbers refer to the specific building or surprise attacks. The road also accommodated structure (i.e., DOO9:0222-00 1). the transport of non-military supplies and civilian settlers across the west.4 The city of Omaha was incorporated in 1857. Active promotion by early settlers and businessmen resulted in the city serving as the territorial capital for 13 years. Nebraska gained statehood on March 1, 1867 and the capitol then moved to Lincoln. As Omaha developed, it became Nebraska's largest city. Transportation, communications, and agricul- tural ventures contributed to the city's gr0wth.l

Omaha's position on the west side of the Missouri River established the city as a regional center of trade in the rapidly increasing movement of Americans and commercial activity westward. Steam boat trade on the Looking east on Maple and 62nd Street, c. 1890 Missouri River and its position on the transcon- tinental railroad lines also strengthened Omaha's economy and led to its population growth. The city became a transcontinental Benson, Streetcar Service and Early communications hub in 1861, when the Development: 1887-191 6 Western Union Telegraph Company strung The community of Benson had its beginning in telegraph wires west from Omaha, eventually 1887 when Erastus Benson purchased approx- linkjng the Pacific and Atlantic Coasts. Notably, imately 900 acres of farm land from John Omaha developed as a livestock center in the Creighton, a former overland freighter turned 1890s. The Union Stock Yards, located in financier, who became one of Omaha's biggest South Omaha, grew to become the largest philanthropists. On March 4, 1887, Erastus center of livestock production in the Mid~est.~ Benson platted the land on the Creighton farm and called it Benson Place and later changed to .Early Omaha was platted with a conventional Benson. The newly platted community was grid layout with 320 city blocks, each located along Military Avenue, approximately 9 measuring 264 feet square. Farnam Street miles northwest of Omaha. Also on March 4, served as the main commercial thoroughfare, 1887, Mr. Benson and two business associates, Chapter 2. Historic Overview of Survey Area

W.L. McCague and C.E. Mayne, won approval Development, however, was slowed over the for an application from the Douglas County next several years. A national economic Commissioners to establish a streetcar line slowdown during the early 1890s postponed the connecting Benson to Omaha, with service sale of lots and the construction of homes. By expected to begin by May of that year.5 1890, Benson had under a dozen houses, but the community had a schoolhouse, a general Transportation became increasingly important store, a saloon, a blacksmith, and a wagon as the city of Omaha continued to grow during shop. Development was centered along Mayne the late nineteenth century and large tracts of Street, which was named after Clifton E. Mayne, land were annexed to the city. Areas east of real estate developer and business associate of North 48th Street included in this survey were Erastus Benson. Mayne Street was subse- annexed between 1873 and 1887. quently called Main and then Maple Street?

Prior to the widespread use of streetcars, it was Erastus Benson necessary for workers to live near their place of employment. The development of the mass Erastus Benson was born in 1854 and later transit system in the late nineteenth and early moved to Omaha from lowa in 1886. The twentieth century, however, allowed for the Benson family traced its roots to Virginia separation of work and home. As such, the before migrating to Grand View, lowa. development of public transportation systems Erastus completed his schooling in lowa, and played an important role in the expansion of attended both Wesleyan College and the Omaha and the development of satellite University of lowa. After completing his communities such as Benson. The extension of the streetcar lines helped to attract residents education, Benson amassed a considerable and determine the sequence and time period number of properties in and around Omaha. In that various subdivisions were laid out and addition to real estate, Benson invested in annexations made by the city of Omaha. early forms of motion pictures and other ventures. Benson became a respected Agriculture thrived on the outskirts of Benson. member of the business community in Dairying operations in the area were quite Omaha. He was a member of the Omaha successful, with many large operations located Chamber of Commerce and Real Estate west of North 72nd Street. The Vercruysse Exchange, and made an unsuccessful run for Dairy was located on the southwest corner of mayor of Omaha in 1906. Erastus Benson North 52nd Street and Ames Avenue. Many of died on February 10,1932. the dairy producers in the area were from Denmark, Northern Germany, or Switzerland. - Benson Centennial Book Committee, Benson, Nebraska: A large orchard once stood in the Benson Park From Buffalo Pasture to City (Marcdine, Mo.: Walsworth area where several new varieties of frzlit trees Publishing Co., 1988), 9-10. were grown and sold commercially, and sugar beets were grown on the site where Benson High School is now located, and on Maple Street, With a transportation route established, commercial stores offered farm equipment to Erastus Benson began to sell lots west and the farmer^.^ north of what is now North 60th and Maple Streets, and the small community of Benson The urban character of the area continued to began to develop. As the cornunity continued develop and neighborhoods expanded from to grow, Erastus Benson donated the land for Benson as Omaha grew further northwest the construction of a schoolhouse, a town hall towards the survey area. By 1887, the city of where church services and co~~l~~lunityevents Omaha annexed much of the surrounding land, were held, and for the St. James Orphanage. growing from 12 to 25 square miles. This may By 1887, the Benson developers boasted to have have included the survey area east of North contracted for the construction of 100 houses. 52nd Street, the eastern boundaries of the Chapter 2. Historic Overview of Survey Area village of Benson. The homes located in this area, similar to many of the homes erected in other parts north of Omaha around the turn of the century, were one-and-one-half to two-story frame vernacular houses occupied by middle- and working-class families. Builders added individual touches, including ornamental porch details and fishscale shingles in gable ends. Some larger and more elaborate homes were scattered between the vernacular dwellings.

Maple and 60th Streets looking northeast, c. 1900

west to North 66th Street and from Maple Street south to Grant Street. Erastus Benson established a relationship with the real estate developers and formed another streetcar company, the Benson and Halcyon Heights Railway Company. Later the Benson and Halcyon Heights Railway merged with the Omaha Street Railway System, greatly extending the Benson line south into downtown Streetcar and operators in Benson, c. 1910 Omaha and surrounding areas. The improved electric transit system encouraged people who The Omaha Horse Railway Company worked in Omaha to settle in Benson. On the established a horse-drawn streetcar service in outskirts of Benson, residents actively lobbied Omaha in 1868. During the 1880s, electric car for extended streetcar service as well. lines replaced the horse-powered lines. By Neighborhoods to the north of Benson 1887, Omaha had annexed surrounding land, attempted to get the heexpanded on Military and grew from 12 to 25 square miles. The Avenue as far west as Mount Hope Cemetery. increased size stimulated the further After these attempts failed, residents were development of transportation services. forced to walk several blocks to reach the Between 1884 and 1888, five new streetcar terminus of the streetcar line, and development companies and one cable car company were slowed northwest of Ames Avenue and North established. From its beginnings, Benson 72nd SI~eet.~ development was tied to Omaha through the transportation line that Erastus Benson established, called the Benson Motor Railway Company. The route ran from what is now North 40th and Cuming Streets to North 63rd and Maple Streets. The transportation line was first powered by a steam engine and later was converted to horse-drawn cars.*

Around 1891, a group of Chicago businessmen purchased land on the Weir farm to the south of Benson and platted the Halcyon Heights subdivision, running fiom North 60th Street Tindell's newsstand in commercial building on Military Avenue, D009:0559-005 Chapter 2. Historic Overview of Survey Area

With the expansion of railway lines and as the By 1905 the number of businesses located on economy slowly improved, business and Maple Street and Military Avenue had increased residential development of Benson and neigh- to 25 and numerous saloons were located in the borhoods to the east increased during the late area. The increase in commercial activity 1890s. Buildings on the streetcar routes within Benson prompted business leaders to centered on Maple Street and Military Avenue form the Benson Commercial Club in 1908, an with homes stretching for several blocks. By association that is still intact. After the Eagle 1892, 60 houses stood in Benson, and a Hall was destroyed by fire in January 191 1, the handful of businesses were located in Benson, community responded to the threat of fire. typically at intersections along Maple Street, Ordinances required buildings along Maple many in simple frame buildings. Businesses Street east of North 63rd Avenue and on included a blacksmith shop, bakery, grocery, Military Avenue between North 60th and Wirt and saloon. The population grew to 200 by Streets to be constructed of incombustible 1897, and on December 4, 1897, the Douglas materials such as brick or stone in an attempt County Board granted a petition by residents of to "fireproof" the area. l2 Benson to incorporate as a village. By 1900 the village had grown to 500 residents.1°

Numerous freight lines also developed between Benson and Omaha during the first decades of the twentieth century. In Benson, W.E. Johnson established a freight line from the Wulff Brothers General Store, and Ben Morton began Morton Express from Sprague's Drugstore before selling the business in 1914. Russell Walsh founded the Benson Transfer Company that was operated from Tindell's Newsstand on Military Avenue, and expanded the company with bus lines in 1923 The Jas. Howard Building, 1904 expansion proved successful, becoming the Interstate Transit Lines. Interstate Transit Lines provided transcontinental passenger and Outside of the city of Benson, only the freight service and was later purchased by easternmost portions of the survey area along Union Pacific, and then the Greyhound North 30th Street, had a notable amount of Corporation. l development by 1910. The development consisted of frame houses and commercial buildings such as the Omaha Safe Deposit and Trust Company and the J.F. Smith Brickyard. Military Avenue had residential development clustered along its length through the area during the early decades of the twentieth century. A notable development occurred in 1910, when Erastus Benson and Frank W. Carrnichael platted the area between Military Avenue and Maple Street and from North 45th to North 47th Streets along what became the southern portion of Fontenelle Boulevard, formerly called Boulevard Avenue. The Looking west on Maple and 60th Streets, c. 19 15 subdivision was called Clairmont and was advertised as Omaha's newest and best subdivision.l3 Chapter 2. Historic Overview of Survey Area

Public Services in Benson In 1892 the post office was among the earliest St. Bernard's Church Complex public services established in Benson. However, with each new postmaster, the office St. Bernard's Church (DOO9:O56l=OOl), location changed fiom business to business, as parochial school, and parish house were was the custom. During 1902, electric lights constructed in 1913 on the corner of North were installed to replace many of the gas lights 65th Street and Military Avenue. By the end of that illuminated Maple Street. The city began World War II, the school was extremely mail delivery in 1913, and shortly afterward a overcrowded. Property across the street was permanent post office building was established purchased and a new school was constructed at North 60th Avenue and Maple Street.14 and in use by the end of 1950. Five years later an eight-room addition was placed on the Governed by a village board from 1897 until building, and another eight-room addition was 1907, Benson elected board members in an constructed in 1966 to accommodate the large annual April election. During the 10 years of service, the board focused on the task of number of students. providing public services to the growing - Benson Centennial Book Committee, Benson, Nebraska: population. In 1901 the village purchased fire- From Buffalo Pasture to City (Maroeline, Mo.: Walsworth flghting equipment and constructed a jail. By Publishing Co., 1988), 12-13, 56-57. the turn of the century, the need for public service improvements became clear, and in 1902 the village formed the Committee of Public Residential settlement also increased as Benson Improvements. The Omaha-Thompson- supported 1,500 residents in 1907. To meet the Houston Electric Light Company began to growing demand, Benson incorporated as a city provide electricity for new street lights and and established two city wards with an elected residential needs in 1902. Later in 1905, the mayor. l6 village voted to have a waterworks constructed to deliver indoor plumbing and to provide water A major expenditure of the city was the upkeep for fire protection. The system was completed of dirt and gravel streets by grading and routine in 1906, with additions to the plant in 1912 and maintenance. Five miles of concrete sidewalks 1913 to accommodate the increased were built in 1909, and by 1912 the city population. l6 planned to add a sewer system. Municipal bonds were approved in 1914 for the establish- ment of approximately 20 sewer lines constructed in the following years.17

The first of Benson's public buildings, a city hall, was constructed in 1892 and stood at the corner of Military Avenue and Spencer Street. In 1901 the building was moved to the intersec- tion of Military Avenue and Wirt Street where it stood until it was sold at auction in 1916. In September 1915 the city council sought to improve the facilities and hired the Rasmussen Construction Company to erect a new building Benson City Hall and Fire Station, c. 1920 that consisted of both a combination City Hall and Fire Station. By 1914, Benson still lacked a permanent library. The community had The continued growth of Benson and attempted to receive one of the 2,800 libraries surrounding areas resulted in a concentrated that the Carnegie Foundation constructed in business center along Maple Street with 25 small towns across the nation but failed. In an retail and service businesses listed in 1905. attempt to solve the situation, the Benson City Chapter 2. Historic Overview of Survey Area

Council worked out an arrangement with At the time, Benson residents debated the Sprague's Pharmacy in 1914 as a location of the advantages and disadvantages of becoming part Omaha Public Library branch station. To cover of Omaha. Some thought it would bring lower operating expenses, Charles Sprague received a taxes and improved services, others thought it - penny for every book circulated. The branch would bring increased taxes and little represen- station started with 100 titles available, and a tation in the city government. Residents did promise to deliver new books every week.18 agree that before annexation, Benson should acquire as many civic improvements as possible Annexation and Post-World War I since the new city government may ignore them after annexation, and that the city of Omaha Development: 1917-1 930 would have to assume the new debt upon The growing dependence on the automobile in annexation. Consequently, the Benson City the 1910s and 1920s continued to allow many Council voted to construct the new City Hall Omaha residents to move west, away from the and Flre Department and to extend and improve central city. The city of Omaha grew by the waterworks system. annexing surrounding suburban developments. Omaha annexed Benson and additional land to At the time of annexation, in 1917, the city of the east of Benson on May 25, 1917 with a Benson included: four schools employing 30 population of 5,000. The Benson city teachers, a waterworks system, a city hall, a fire government continued to govern until June 7, department, an auditorium, a public 1917, to allow the graduating Benson school gymnasium,seven churches representing seven class to graduate from the Benson school denominations, a parochial school, an system.lg orphanage, two banks, five garages, three coal and lumber yards, four improvement clubs, a number of small businesses, and the Omaha Country Club grounds. In addition, Benson continued to provide services to the surrounding rural towns and countryside. Two gain elevators were erected and in use in 1918, and the community hosted a farm trade exhibit in 1921 and the Corn Show in 1927.21

Methodist Church on Maple Street, c. 1930 The annexation of Benson followed a trend during the late 1910s, as Omaha consolidated many suburban communities to the north and west of the city. The suburb of Dundee, adjoining Omaha in the west, was annexed on January 20, 1915. At the time of annexation, the community had a population of 2,500. In Benson High School, constructed in 1926, with addition to Benson, in 1917 Omaha annexed Monroe Junior High School in background, the suburb of Florence located 7 miles north DOO9:O#4 7-00 1 with a population of 2,500 residents. The annexations helped Omaha grow, reaching from As a suburb of Omaha, Benson grew from a the Missouri River in the east to 72nd Street in population of 5,000 in 1917 to 11,266 in 1930. the west and several miles north and south of Much of the population influx consisted of the original town site.20 middle-class workers who moved to the city to Chapter 2. Historic Overview of Survey Area

pursue employment opportunities. Typically, the new residents constructed vernacular houses with five or six rooms with examples common in the western portion of the Benson area. As the population increased, the neigh- borhoods expanded and services developed to serve the needs of the residents.22

Public improvements continued in Benson after annexation by Omaha. The Benson High School building was constructed in 1926 and opened for classes in January 1927. The new school was located on a 22-acre site at the Country Club Clubhouse (nonextant), c. 1925 northeast corner of North 52nd and Maple Streets, which earlier served as the Douglas and socialize with their peers. Some club County Fairgrounds. After Benson was members built homes on the west side of the annexed, residents lobbied for a full-service golf course on Rose Hill Avenue, now North 56th library branch. However, with budget Street. At the time, Blondo and North 52nd shortages, the Omaha Fkblic Library continued Streets were unpaved roads in poor condition. to operate, lending books through Sprague's However, North 56th Street was paved in brick, Pharmacy until June 1923, when the second in the same manner as the Omaha city streets. story of the Community Center (former city hall) The brick street is still visible today, and is the was designated for use as a library space. After only brick street in the proposed Country Club several years of lobbying for a park, a Historic Residential District (see Chapter 4. playground was finally established on Military Recommendations). Avenue between Bedford Avenue and Emmett Street. The city purchased the property from The Benson annexation included the Omaha Reginald Twadell who had constructed a home Country Club and golf course. It was reported and landscaped the block with many trees and that the taxes on the Country Club property shrubs, creating a park-like atmosphere. increased four times after annexation. In Officially known as Benson Playground, it was addition, the city of Omaha was rapidly informally referred to as Benson Park by surrounding what was once a remote, peaceful residents until Benson Park was developed by countryside site. By 1922 the Country Club the city in 1931, located near Ames Avenue and president announced that "Our present acreage Cobble Creek. In the 1930s the park was is too valuable for fwther holding as a golf officially named the Grace Young Memorial course and country club." They had hoped in Park, by which it is still known.23 vain that the city of Omaha would buy the site and create a public golf course.24 The Country Club Golf Course and Country Club Initially, a Lincoln developer looked at the District Subdivision property with the intention of creating a , In 1899 a group of prominent Omaha privately owned golf course available to the businessmen developed 120 acres to the east of public, however, a golf course proved not to be a Benson and created the Omaha Country Club profitable use of the land. In 1926 Theodore and Golf Course. It was not the &st social club Metcalfe and the Metcalfe Company, inspired by of this type in Omaha, but it was the &st the construction of the new Benson High Country Club in Nebraska. The general location School, purchased the 100 acres south and was between North 52nd Street in the east, west of the North 52nd-and Maple-Street inter- North 56th Street in the west, Maple Street in section and by 1927, the Omaha County Club the north, adBlondo Street in the south. The had moved to their new location, north of majority of club members lived near downtown Benson to North 72nd and State Streets. Omaha and traveled "to the country" to relax Metcalfe subdivided the area into 510 Chapter 2. Historic Overview of Survey Area residential lots available for development in 1927, reportedly paying $250,000 for the land. Theodore Metcalfe Plans for the addition included larger-than- Theodore Metcalfe was born in Omaha in average 'lots, winding boulevards lined with flowering shrubs, ornamental lighting, and a 1894, the son of newspaper editor Richard L. community center comprised of the original golf Metcalfe. Before pursuing a career in real clubhouse and tennis courts. After fire damage estate and construction, Metcalfe practiced to the clubhouse, the building was razed in the law. In 1919 he passed the Nebraska bar 1930s? examination and set up a law practice in Omaha. At the same time, he joined his father The Metcalfe Company's promotional brochure in publishing the Omaha Nebraskan, a weekly for the Country Club District was titled "Beyond newspaper. Metcalfe left law for real estate in Comparison." It boasted that "There is and 1920. Two years later he launched his own there can be only one Country Club District. Its construction and real estate company. He beauty and its desirability as a home district was joined by his father, Richard L. Metcalfe, does not depend upon the efforts or the energies of mankind." Lot sizes were larger than the and his brothers Lee and Kenneth. In addition average 50-foot by 135-foot city block, and to serving as vice president of the Metcalfe many homes occupied more than one lot. Lot Company, he also served as president of the prices ranged from $950 for a smaller interior Omaha Public Power District and as lot to $ 1,850 for a large corner lot. During a 30- lieutenant governor of Nebraska from 1931- day campaign, the Metcalfe Company sold more 1933. In addition to the Country Club District, than $500,000 worth of lots.26 the Metcalfe Company was responsible for developing another Omaha addition The large styllzed brick residences constructed subdivided in 1925, called Crestwood. in the new development were in sharp contrast Crestwood was located south of the Country to the modest frame structures typically Club District, east of Elmwood Park, and constructed in Benson. This was due, in part, south of Edgewood. Lots in this addition were to strict building restrictions put in place by the priced at approximately $1,000. Metcalfe Company, which resulted in houses constructed in like style and materials. The - 'Metcalfe Company Buys Country Club Ground," World residences were typically six to eight rooms in Herald, n.d. Available at the Douglas County Historical Society, size, with an attached-garage, and executed in a Archives Center. brick veneer with a tile or slate roof. Architectural styles were primarily of the Period Revival variety, with the Tudor Revival and Schrnitz Company, and Oscar Olson were also Colonial Revival styles most common.27 responsible for residential construction in the development.28 Many of Omaha's community and business leaders were the fist to purchase lots and Also in 1926, the Metcalfe Company purchased construct homes in the new Country Club 7 acres east of North 52nd Street and developed District. Omaha doctors, attorneys, and plans for a suburban theater and commercial business presidents, among others, occupied buildings. The area was known as the Country the early residences. Theodore Metcalfe Club Plaza and was to be designed in the constructed a large home for himself at the Spanish Revival style. It was billed by its location known as "Five Corners," where promoters as among the first efforts in Omaha Country Club Boulevard and North 53rd Street to create architecturally appealing commercial meet. Architects Charles W. Rosenberry and B. property. The first property to be completed was Kvenild were responsible for many of the early a service station at the corner of North 52nd house designs. Construction .in the area was and Military Avenue. It is unknown whether not limited to the Metcalfe Company: Rasp other commercial buildings were built in the Brothers, Nelson Construction Company, J.C. plaza area according to the Metcalfe plan.29 Chapter 2. Historic Overview of Survey Area

The pattern of development in neighborhoods improve the overcrowded public library located outside Benson by 1918 continued along North in the former city hall building, WPA funds also 30th Street, Military Avenue, and Fontenelle were used to construct a new library building in Boulevard corridors. New neighborhood areas November of 1941. With impending entry into also developed into the 1920s, including Boyd World War I1 all but certain, obtaining building and Taylor Streets, North 30th Street between supplies proved difficult. Earlier, the city of Manderson and Bedford, and areas in the Omaha had stockpiled surplus cobblestones southeast section of the survey area and along fkom a street-improvement project. The city Hamilton Street. These buildings were then used the cobblestones and other salvaged primarily of frame construction with the in the construction of the "new" Benson branch exception of some brick houses and commercial of the Omaha Public Library. Also in 1941, the buildings along Hamilton Street. Many of the Benson station of the U.S. Post Office areas platted or subdivided during the 1920s (D009:0557-002, see Chapter 4, and 1930s were sparsely developed or Recommendations) was constructed, replacing undeveloped, with pockets of development, the earlier post such as the homes located around the old Douglas County Fairgrounds, roughly between Bedford, Maple, North 50th and 52nd Streets, areas east of Fontenelle Boulevard, and along the Hamilton Street corridor. Further to the west, nearer to Benson, residential homes in planned subdivisions lined Military Avenue with a commercial area near the intersection of Grant Street. Services found there included drug stores, a plumbers shop, a bakery, a rug cleaning store, and the J.L. Stalnaker Company, manufacturer of "Great Western Animal Dip," were located along this commercial strip. Looking west on Maple Street, c. 1947

The Depression Years, World War II, In addition to public improvement projects, the residential and commercial developments and Suburban Development: 1931-1 960 continued. In 1934 the Benson area reported Despite the Great Depression during the 1930s, 2,108 homes with another 2 14 homes located improvements continued in the Benson area. In around its periphery. By 1935, 110 businesses 1931 a large park just north of Benson was were located along the "Main Street" center. The established when the city of Omaha purchased businesses included numerous automotive, 1,145 acres for use as a park. The city was food, and personal services, along with drug aided with assistance from the Works h-ogress stores, apparel stores, restaurants, furniture Administration (WPA) in completing much of the and household stores, farm supply stores, and park development, including dredging the lake, general merchandise shops. These numbers constructing a pavilion and other improve- were a great improvement from the 25 ments. Later in 1940s, veterans returning businesses in 1905 and 2 1 in 1913. The area home from World War I1 faced a housing east of North 52nd Street, not historically shortage and occupied barrack-type housing in included in Benson, also supported a large the park until more homes were constructed. populati~n.~~ Later, the city removed the barracks with a softball diamond and other recreational Increasingly after the introduction of the improvements . Benson Golf Club, a nine-hole automobile and especially after World War 11, course dating to the 1930s, was located across Omaha's suburbs developed with low-density from the park. It has since been incorporated housing resulting from single-family detached into the larger 18-hole Benson Golf Course. To houses located on large lots of land. Low- Chapter 2. Historic Overview of Survey Area density housing was detrimental to the Boys Town in the west. The southwestern streetcar transportation system, because these section and other pockets of development within suburbs housed fewer riders over increasingly the survey area include post World War 11 longer distances. As automobile popularity housing stock. grew, commercial enterprises left the central city to locate near the automobile-oriented By 1955 many of the subdivisions in the eastern suburbs. Major business centers developed portions of the survey area were moderately- to along North 72nd Street and Ames Avenue that fully- developed with frame housing and few catered to automobile-related services such as commercial buildings along Ames Avenue and service stations, gas stations, parts dealers, and North 30th Street. Two businesses along North car dealerships. Businesses that required a 30th Street included the Wax Paper Products large floor space and those that relied upon a Company and the Independent Biscuit heavily mobile population also established Company. At this time, there were only small themselves in and around the automobile areas west of North 52nd Avenue that displayed suburbs. light or no development through 1955. In addition to the subdivisions that were developed Between 1950 and 1970 the population of by 1918, new areas that displayed full Omaha increased by 100,000. The increasing development included the areas surrounding population gravitated outward from the central Fontenelle Boulevard, Military Avenue, and city. New suburban developments leap-frogged Prospect Hill Cemetery. over the already established suburbs and outskirts of the city, and were located as far In the 1950s construction began on a trans- away as Papillion in the southwest and beyond portation route through the Benson area from

Local Landmarks Prospect Hill Cemetery

Prospect Hill Cemetery (D009:0222-001) is Omaha's oldest burying ground, located between North 31st and 33rd Streets and Parker and Grant Streets on 35 acres of landscaped grounds. The cemetery officially began in 1858 when Jesse Lowe set aside 10 acres of land for burial purposes. The first official burial occurred in June of that year; however, Native Americans and Mormons had been buried on the property prior to the cemetery's formal organization. By I859 the cemetery had grown to 20 acres and was enlarged again in 1890, when the Prospect Hill Cemetery Association was founded, to the present size of 35 acres. Many of Omaha's early business leaders and politicians are buried in the cemetery. A chapel is located at the apex of the main drive, constructed of rough brick and accented in stone. A Tudor-Revival gatehouse is located on Parker Street at the southwest corner of the cemetery. The cemetery is recognized as a city landmark, and was designated as a local landmark on June 19,1979. - The Federal Writer's Project and Linda Miller, ed., Omaha: A Guide to the City and Environs (Omaha Public Library, 1981), 151.

The Henry Buford House

The Henry Buford House (D009:0220-OOI), constructed in 1929, is located at 1804 North 30th Street. The home is a fine example of the Period Revival style in the survey area. The style, popular in the first forty years of the twentieth century, is typically found in Omaha's suburban neighborhoods rather than in the center of the city. The residence was constructed for Harry Buford, a well-to-do member of the African American community who was reportedly involved in the political organization of city boss Tom Dennison. The location of the family home on the west side of North 30th Street indicated the status of the Buford family in Omaha during a period of racial segregation. It was designated an Omaha Landmark on April 12,1983. 1 For a map showing the location of Omaha's historic landmarks visit the city's web site, Omaha Landmarks, 1 at: www.ci.omaha.ne.usllandmarksl Chapter 2. Historic Overview of Survey Area

downtown Omaha. It was designed to speed the Benson Centennial Book Committee, 13, 33-34; Mutz, flow of traffic between downtown and the "Benson: A Residential Suburban Community," 100. growing suburbs by diverting the route to bypass Maple Street - Benson's commercial lo Benson Centennial Book Committee, 14,16,18; Mutz, center. The Northwest Radial Highway, "Benson: A Residential Suburban Community," 100-10 1. completed in 1957, passes through Benson, and travels northwest along sections of Military l1 Benson Centennial Book Committee, 35. Avenue. Shortly after completion, new businesses began to locate along the Northwest l2 Benson Centennial Book Committee, 18. Radial Highway, creating a new commercial development center.33 l3 Robert E. Adwers, Rudder, Stick and Throttle: Research and Reminiscences on Flying in Nebraska (Omaha, Nebr.: Maple Street was reconstructed in 1977. Old Making History, 1994). 37. bricks and streetcar lines were removed and replaced with concrete. With the street l4 Benson Centennial Book Committee, 29-30; Mutz, improvements, business owners began "Benson: A Residential Suburban Community," 101. modernizing storefronts and new businesses moved back into empty buildings. In 1987, 100 l5 Benson Centennial Book Committee, 16, 30. years after its beginning, Benson had more than 100 businesses located along a mile-long strip l6 Benson Centennial Book Committee, 17; Mutz, "Benson: of Maple Street? A Residential Suburban Community," 108-109.

Notes l7 Benson Centennial Book Committee, 17-18.

Lawrence H. Larsen, The Gate City: A History of Omaha le Benson Centennial Book Committee, 19. (Lincoln, Nebr.: University of Nebraska Press, 1997) xiii; Dorothy R. Mutz, "Benson: A Residential Suburban Is Benson Centennial Book Committee, 19; J. Sterling Community," Nebraska History Magazine 16, no. 2 (April- Morton, & Albert Watkins, History of Nebraska. From the June 1935): 99. Earliest Explorations 'of the Trans-Mississippi Region (Lincoln, Nebr. : Western Publishing and Engraving In 1956 Omaha surpassed Chicago as the world's largest Company, 1918), 830. livestock market.

20 Morton, History of Nebraska, From the Earliest Larsen, The Gate City: A History of Omaha, 9. Explorations of the Trans-MississippiRegion, 830.

Mutz. "Benson: A Residential Suburban Community," 99. 21 Arthur C. Wakeley, Omaha: The Gate City, and Douglas County, Nebraska; A Record of Settlement, Organization, Dorothy R. Mutz, Benson: A Residential Suburban Progress and Achievement (Chicago: S.J. Clarke Publishing Community (Master's Thesis. Omaha. Nebr.: University of Co., 1917). 414; "Benson: A Residential Suburban Omaha, 1935), 8; Benson Centennial Book Committee, Community," 109. Benson, Nebraska: From Bugdo Pasture to City (Marceline.

Mo.: Walsworth Publishing Co., 1988). 12-13. 22 Mutz, YBen~~n:A Residential Suburban Community," 103. 108: Benson Centennial Book Committee. 37. Benson Centennial Book Committee, 13,9.

23 Benson Centennial Book Committee, 67, 3 1, 80. Benson Centennial Book Committee. 45. " Benson Centennial Book Committee, 86. Omaha City Planning Department, Patterns on the

Landscape: Heritage Conservation in North Omaha (Omaha, 25 "Metcalfe Company Buys Country Club Ground," World Nebr.: Landmarks Heritage Preservation Commission, Herald, n.d. Available at the Douglas County Historical 1984), 14-15; Benson Centennial Book Committee, 33. Society, Archives Center. Benson Centennial Book Committee. 87. Chapter 2. Historic Overview of Survey Area

26 "Realtors to Acquire Golf Club, August 1," World-Herald, 16 March 1926. Available at the Douglas County Historical Society, Archives Center; "Beyond Comparison," c. 1926, Metcalfe Promotional Brochure available at Omaha City Planning Department.

27 "Metcalfe Company Buys Country Club Ground."

28 "Beyond Comparison," c. 1926, Metcalfe Promotional Brochure available at Omaha City Planning Department.

29 "Realtors to Acquire Golf Club, August 1," and "Invest Your Savings in Omaha Real Estate-The Country Club Plaza," Omaha's Own Magazine, November 1926, 44. Available at the Douglas County Historical Society, Archives Center.

90 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map of Omaha, 1918, available at the University of Nebraska - Omaha Library.

31 Benson Centennial Book Committee, 81, 32, 28.

32 MutZ, UBen~~n:A Residential Suburban Community," 11 1; Mutz, Benson: A Resldentlal Suburban Community, 46.

33 Benson Centennial Book Committee, 35.

34 Benson Centennial Book Committee, 51. NorthI

Figure 2 Map Showing Suwey Area with Boundaries Chapter 3 Survey of Selected Neighborhoods in Omaha

Research Design Objectives The city of Omaha retained Mead & Hunt to determined eligible for the National Register and identify and document significant historic, were not included in the survey. architectural, and landscape resources within selected neighborhoods. This 200 1-2002 Background Research NeHBS builds upon the previous survey efforts undertaken by the city of Omaha. The survey Before beginning fieldwork, architectural verified the location and evaluated the current historians from Mead & Hunt investigated status of resources previously surveyed within published information about the history, the survey area. Mead & Hunt then examined culture, and settlement of the historic the integrity and significance of each previously community of Benson and surrounding neigh- surveyed and newly identified resource and its borhoods included within the survey area. Our potential eligibility for listing on the National historians completed research at the following Register of Historic Places (National Register). repositories: Resources were also reviewed to determine their potential to contribute to a National Register *Nebraska State Historical Society Library Historic District. *University of Nebraska - Omaha Library and Archives and Special Collections Methodology *Douglas County Historical Society Library Archives Survey Area *Benson Historical Society *City of Omaha Planning Department The survey area is located within the city of Omaha and contains 864-square city blocks and approximately 15,750 properties. The survey area Mead & Hunt collected information on is bounded by Arnes Avenue on the north, 72nd previously surveyed properties, National Street on the west, Western and Hamilton Streets Register listed sites, and locally designated on the south, and 30th Street on the east (see historic landmarks. The city of Omaha, Figure 2). The parks and boulevards located NeSHPO and Mead & Hunt staff participated in within the survey area have already been a public meeting at the city of Omaha to provide Chapter 3. Survey of Selected Neighborhoods in Omaha local residents with information about the replacement siding on vernacular buildings survey. We encouraged residents to share (buildings with no identifiable architectural information on local history and about sites style) was found to be acceptable to qu- for that may gain si@icance for their association inclusion in the survey if the building displayed to historic events. no other alterations. However, properties that had an identifiable style with historic siding Field Survey were not surveyed because the change has a greater effect on the property's integrity. During the field survey, Mead & Hunt drove known public roads and streets to idenw The survey area consists of several concentra- t properties with historic and architectural signif- tions of post-World War I1 housing develop- icance. Properties that are included in the ments. The field team evaluated these resources survey met the evaluation considerations both individually and collectively as potential outlined in the Nebraska Historic Buildings contributing components of a residential Survey (NeHBS) Manual (July 9, 1997). historic district. Many of the post-World War II Generally, the NeHBS uses the National Park resources did not yet meet the 50 year National Service guidelines, which state that a property Register guideline for eligibility. Further, these must: resources commonly exhibited a high degree of alterations, such as artificial siding, .Be at least 50 years old - Following NeHBS replacement windows, and additions. guidelines, Mead & Hunt included properties that fell a few years outside the 50-year mark if Mead & Hunt evaluated commercial buildings they were significant or unusual property types. individually and as potential contributing components of a commercial historic district. .Be in its original location - Generally, In accordance with NeHBS guidelines, we historical associations are absent when a acknowledged that the &st-floor storefronts of property is moved from its original location, commercial buildings are often modernized. An which reduces its significance. altered first-floor storefront alone did not eliminate a building from the survey. If a .Retain its physical integrity - For a property to commercial building retained historic wall retain physical integrity, its present appearance surfaces, cornices, and second-level window must closely resemble its original appearance. openings, it was generally included in the Common alterations to buildings include the survey. Mead & Hunt closely evaluated concen- replacement of original materials with modern trations of commercial buildings, particularly ones (such as new windows or porches), the along Maple Street in historic Benson, to construction of additions, and the installation of determine the potential for a historic modern siding materials. Properties that commercial district. display too many physical changes were excluded from the survey. Because urban Mead & Hunt personnel documented properties residences are the most common resources according to the NeHBS manual and the city of within a building survey, we evaluated them Omaha's procedures and requirements. The using a strict integrity standard. city of Omaha provided a GIs database to accurately map and record data. Photographic Following NeHBS guidelines, Mead & Hunt documentation included two black-and-white considered historic changes in siding materials. photographs for each surveyed property, and Historic siding materials include asphalt color and digital pictures of potentially eligible shingles and sheet rolls, and asbestos shingles properties and representative views of the that have been applied during the historic survey area. During the evaluation, the survey period of the property or more than 50 years team related properties to historic contexts and ago. Generally, asphalt siding material was property types developed by the NeSHPO and used prior to World War II and asbestos siding outlined in the NeHBS manual, and recorded all was popularized after World War 11.' Historic surveyed property locations on city plat maps Chapter 3. Survey of Selected Neighborhoods in Omaha

and in a database for use in the Omaha GIs Generally, cemeteries, birthplaces, grave sites, database. All, surveyed properties were religious properties, moved buildings, recon- evaluated for potential eligibility according to structed properties, commemorative properties, the National Register criteria listed below. and properties that have achieved signifmince within the last 50 years are considered ineligible Survey limitations and biases of the survey for listing in the National Register. However, included a limitation of historic properties and they may qu- if they fall into one of the resources that are readily identifiable from the following categories: public right-of-way and that were not obscured by foliage or other obstructions. Outside the .Religious properties deriving significance from area historically associated with the city of architectural or artistic distinction or historical Benson, the survey boundaries were somewhat importance. arbitrary. However, the survey boundary was drawn to encompass Benson and follows major #Movedproperties that are significant for archi- traffic arteries that have developed since the tectural value. 1950s. .Birthplaces or gravesites if there is no other National Register of Historic Places appropriate site directly associated with a significant person's public life. The National Register is the official federal list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and Cemeteries that derive primary significance objects sigdicant in American history, archi- from graves of person's of transcendent tecture, archaeology, engineering, and culture. importance, from age, or distinctive design A property can be signiflcant at the local, state, features. or national level. To qu- as eligible for the National Register, properties generally must be .Reconstructed buildings when built in a at least 50 years old and possess historic signif- suitable environment. icance and physical integrity. .Commemorative properties with signiflcant To be listed on the National Register, a design, age, tradition, or symbolic value. property's significance must be demonstrated by one or more of the following criteria .Properties less than 50 years old that are of established by the National Park Service: exceptional importance.

Criterion A - Association with events or Important in the determination of eligibility of a activities that have made a significant contribu- property is integrity. Integrity is defined as the tion to the broad patterns of our history. ability of a property to convey its significance. A property's integrity must be evident through Criterion B - Association with the lives of historic qualities, including: persons significant in our past. .Location

, Criterion C - Association with the distinctive .Design characteristics of a type, period, or method of *Setting construction, or that represents the work of a .Material master, or that possesses high artistic values, or Workmanship that represents a significant and distinguish- . able entity whose components may lack .Feeling individual distinction. .Association

Criterion D - Potential to provide important The Glossary of Architectural Styles and Survey information about prehistory or history. Terms deflne the seven elements of integrity. Chapter 3. Survey of Selected Neighborhoods in Omaha

This report highlights the results of the survey, that have a common interest. The reconnais- including recommendations for potential sance survey identified one property, the National Register eligibility and listing. Masonic Temple on Maple Street Products submitted to the city of Omaha (D009:0446-002) that served as a meeting hall include the survey report, black-and-white for a social organization. photograph contact sheets, negatives, color slides and digital images, maps, site plans, a digital database, and research flles.

Survey Results The 2001-2002 NeHBS of selected neighbor- hoods in the city of Omaha evaluated 1094 properties, including three locally designated historic landmarks recognized by the Omaha Landmarks Heritage Preservation Commission. An additional two properties within the survey area are listed on the National Register and were not surveyed. Mead & Hunt did not resurvey 57 Masonic Temple Building on Maple Street, previously surveyed properties that exhibited D009:0446-002 poor integrity or were nonextant (see Table 2). Commerce Illustrated Discussion of Significant Historic Contexts The historic context of commerce is concerned with the buying and selling of commodities, The survey of selected neighborhoods in the city which are transported from one place to of Omaha identified properties that relate to another. Associated property types include historic contexts outlined by the NeSHPO in the stores providing a variety of products and Nebraska Historic Buildings (NeHBS) Manual. services. Related property types are largely one- Each historic context contains distinct property and two-story brick commercial buildings types and also details the history of a particular theme as related to the state of Nebraska. In the survey area, we identifled nine significant historic contexts. The following discussion presents each of the historic contexts through an illustration of related properties identifled in the reconnaissance survey. A list of potentially eligible properties associated with each context can be found in Chapter 4. Recommendations.

Association The association context relates to organizations of people, other than religious or governmental, W. Stein Building on Hamilton Street, DOO9:0327-024 Table 1. Properties Listed on the National Register of Historic Places or Designated as Local Landmarks NeHBS No. Resource Name Designation D009:0222-001 Prospect Hill Cemetery Local landmark DO0910220-00 1 ~ar6Buford House - Local landmark D009:0338-003 Old People's Home National Register D009:0228-001 Malcolm X House Site National RegisterILocal landmark Chapter 3. Survey of Selected Neighborhoods in Omaha

Education located along major thoroughfares and withln neighborhoods to accommodate local needs. The education context relates to the processes The buildings represent elements of architec- of teaching and learning. The reconnaissance tural styles and forms that include Italianate, survey identified schools, public and parochial, Commercial Vernacular, and Neoclassical as related property types. Schools were Revival.

Fontenelle Elementaty School on Spaulding Street, Jas. Howard Building on Maple Street, DOO9:O45 1-00 1 D009:0557-004 typically multiple story, brick buildings and Numerous commercial properties were often represent elements of architectural styles identified in the reconnaissance survey, such as and forms that include Gothic, Neoclassical the Jas. Howard Bullding located along Maple Revival, and Jacobethan, and modern 50s-style Street in Benson (D009:0557-004), and the W. architecture. Educational buildings documented Stein Building on Hamilton Street (D009:0327- during the survey include Fontenelle 024). Elementary School (D009:045 1-001) on Spaulding Street and CMton Elementary School (D009:0334-002) on North 45th Street.

Government The historic context of government pertains to properties that relate to the act or process of governing at the federal, state, or local level.

Theater Building on Military Avenue, D009:0332-003

Diversion The theme of diversion relates to those activities designed to relax and amuse people such as recreational and entertainment properties. Associated property types identified in the reconnaissance survey include public entertain- Cliffon Elementary School on North 45th Street, ment facilities such as the theater located on DOO9:O334-OO 1 Military Avenue (D009:0332-003). Chapter 3. Survey of Selected Neighborhoods in Omaha

sance survey are the Ames Avenue Church on Ames Avenue (DOOg:O34 1-005) and St. Bernard's Church on North 65th Street (D009:0561-001).

U.S. Post Office Building on Maple Street, D009:0557-002 In Benson, the U.S. Post Office located on Maple Street (D009:0557-002) is an example of a gov- ernmental property type. Ames Avenue Church on Ames Avenue, DOOg:O34 1-005 Religion The historic context of religion relates to the institutionalized belief in, and practices of, faith. Related property types identified during The theme of services relates to properties that the reconnaissance survey include churches, contain support facilities for an area, such as cemeteries, and clergy residences. The public utilities, health care, volunteer and churches identifled in the survey were typically charitable organizations and banking. Related of brick construction and demonstrate the Neo- properties identified in the reconnaissance Gothic or Neoclassical Revival style. Frame survey include the Bank of Benson on Maple churches often demonstrate Neo-Gothic and Street (D009:0559-006). Queen Anne styles.

St. Bernard's Church on North 65th Street, Bank of Benson on Maple Street, D009:0559-006 DOOg:O56 1-001 Generally, religious properties are not eligible Settlement for inclusion in the NRHP unless a property The historic context of settlement pertains to derives its primary significance from architec- the division, acquisition, and ownership of land. tural distinction or historical importance. An Houses are the primary property type example of churches recorded in the reconnais- associated with settlement in the survey area Chapter 3. Survey of Selected Neighborhoods in Omaha

Example of front gable house on Emmet Street, Example of side gable house on North 62nd Street, D009:0449-007 DOO9:0555-O 12 and represent the largest pool of buildings modest architectural details. Most commonly surveyed. Vernacular forms with some high displayed details include corner gable returns, style architectural characteristics largely clipped gables, side bay windows and dormers. represent residential properties within the survey area. (For definitions of architectural Together, these house forms are representative styles and terms, please refer to Glossary of of the modest worker housing that developed Architectural Styles and Survey Terms). throughout the survey area during the early twentieth century. Front-gable examples *The front gable is one of the most common include a house on Emmet Street (D009:0449- forms identifled in the survey and generally 007) and a house on North 64th Street consists of a one and one-half story houses with (D009:0555-0 10). the roof gable on the front facade. The house on North 62nd Street (D009:0555- *Side gable houses were also commonly one- 012) typif3ed side gable houses in the area. and-one-half stories with few architectural details. *Four-squares generally have large massing; two stories with a square plan; hipped roof; and Front and side gables were found throughout brick, clapboard, stucco, or concrete block con- the survey area with large concentrations in struction. Large urban residences often use historic Benson and other older neighborhoods. this form. These houses commonly have a symmetrical fenestration pattern, front hip roof porches, and

Example of front gable house on North 64th Street, Example of four-square house on Seward Street, DOO&O555-O 10 D009:0329-005 Chapter 3. Survey of Selected Neighborhoods in Omaha

Example of four-square house Charles Street, Example of Bungalow on North 65th Avenue, D009:0327-040 D009:0555-003 Examples of four-squares include the house on exhibit steeply pitched or sweeping gable roofs Seward Street (D009:0329-005) and on Charles with exposed rafters, one-and-one-half stories, Street (D009:0327-040). and brick or stucco exterior. This form was common in all pre-World War II neighborhoods. Cross gabled houses are usually two-story, Examples include a Craftsman-style Bungalow on roughly square, with an intersecting gable or North 65th Avenue (D009:0555-003) and a brick gambrel roof. The houses can be constructed in Craftsman house on North 50th Street a variety of materials, with frame and clapboard (D009:0443-043). most common with the survey area. An example includes a brick house on Franklin .Prairie School of architecture houses date from Street (D009:0220-026). the early twentieth century and stress horizontal elements with low-profile hip and gable roofs with wide overhangs; windows

Example of cross gable house on Franklin Street, D009:OZZO-026 Example of Craftsman house on North 50th Street, Houses frequently exhibit a vernacular form D009:0443-043 with a mixture of elements borrowed from high- style architecture. Uses of architectural styles banded in horizontal ribbons; and belt courses featured in Benson and surrounding neighbor- with wood, brick and stucco materials. hoods include: Elements of Craftsman can sometimes be seen in the use of brackets and windows panes. An craftsman houses and Craftsman-style example of a house with Prairie-style influences bungalows date from the early twentieth centuxy. is located on Fontenelle Boulevard (D009:0334- Houses constructed in this manner commonly 028). Chapter 3. Survey of Selected Neighborhoods in Omaha

Example of house with Prairie style infuences on Example of Colonial Revival style house on North Fontenelle Boulevard, D009:0334-028 55th Avenue, DOO9:0&6-03 1 Queen Anne houses date from the late Tudor Revival house is located along North 55th nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and Street (D009:0446-042). display fi-arne construction with trregular form. Details including decorative shingle work, .Other Period Revival styles include Dutch porches with scroll work and spindles, turrets, Colonial Revival and Colonial Revival. All of and a variety of wall materials. Modest these styles were popular during the early examples of Queen Anne style houses include a decades of the twentieth century and reflect a house on Seward Street (DOOg:O2 18-041). variety of characteristics associated with the period revival movement. Examples include a .Tudor Revival characteristics, dating from the Colonial Revival style house on North 55th latter -half of the mid-twentieth century, include Avenue (D009:0446-031 ). half-timbering, multi-gabled rooflines, decorative chimneys, and large window expanses subdivided by a multitude of mullions. Residential buildings typically display balloon fi-arne construction with stucco or brick veneer. This style was especially prevalent in the Country Club District subdivision, and in pockets of similar housing,

Example of Tudor Revival house located on North 55th Street, D009:0446-042 Transportation Transportation relates to the carrying, moving, or conveying of material and people fi-om one place to another. Examples of associated property types include trails, roads, gas Example of Queen Anne house on Seward Street, stations, bridges, railroad stations and depots, DOO9:O2 16-041 and airport terminals. The service station located on North Saddle Creek Road with diminished scale and details scattered (D009:0439-002) is a transportation related throughout the survey area. An example of a property included in the reconnaissance survey. Chapter 3. Survey of Selected Neighborhoods in Omaha

Notes

'As asphalt building materials became more popular, companies such as Fliukote, Johns-Manviue, Ruberiod, and Pabco began creating siding materials in addition to roof shingles. The asphalt roofing industry developed between 1903 and 1920, creating varied shingle sizes and shapes. The siding shingles were typically similar in color and design to the roofing shingles, but were larger in size. During the 1930s. the Flintkote Company offered a siding pattern that imitated bricks. During World War I1 the use of asbestos-cement siding and roof3ng materials rose to new levels, prhmdy as a result of the need to enclose munitions supplies with an easy Semite station on North Saddle Creek Road, assembled, inexpensive, fieproof material. The material D009:0439-002 became a popular residential building material following the war. Asbestos-cement siding shingles, also referred to as slate Numerical Summary of Survey Results siding, came in a wide variety of colors, sizes, and texhues. During production, asbestos ilks were typically bound with The 200 1-2002 NeHBS of selected neighbor- cement, causing the asbestos to be unable to breathe, and hoods in the city of Omaha evaluated 1,095 new therefore limiting the health risk. The material proved popular and previously surveyed properties out of an because of building material shortages caused by the war, the estimated 15,750 properties within the survey emdent price, and the benefit of being fieproof. Companies area. Mead & Hunt did not resurvey 56 that produced asphalt building materials, such as Johns- previously surveyed properties that exhibited Manville, Ruberoid, and Pabco also produced asbestos poor integrity or were nonextant resulting in materials. Adverbisements fiom the 1950s show how popular 1,039 properties included in the 2001-2002 these products were, and claimed that they could modernize a survey results. home, add fireproof protection, and were a permanent, no maintenance product. Production began during World War 11, For a list of all properties documented in the and some companies produced siding into the 1980s, although reconnaissance survey, see Appendix A. rising health concerns about the materials in the 1960s Inventory of Surveyed Properties. curtailed popularity. Discussion adapted fiom Thomas C. Jester, ed.. Twentieth-CenturyBuilding Materials (Washington D.C.: The McGraw-Hill Companies, 1995), 42, 250.

Table 2. Numerical Summary of 2001-2002 Reconnaissance Survey Estimated total number of properties within survey area 15,750 Estimated number of previously identified historic properties 185 Number of historic properties surveyed 1,095 Number of previously identified historic properties that lost integrity 56 Total number of historic properties included in 2001-2002 survey 1,039 Resource Type Properties surveyed, 2001 -2002 Association 2 Commerce 19 Diversion 1 Education 6 Government 1 Religion 6 Services 3 Settlement 998 Transportation 3 Total 1,039 Chapter 4 Recommendations

Individual Properties Potentially Eligible for the National Register Architecture One purpose of the 200 1-2002 NeHBS survey of the selected neighborhood in Omaha is to identify properties potentially eligible for the National Register. National Register listing is an honorific status bestowed on properties that possess historic or architectural si@cance at the local, state, or national level. Two individual properties in the survey area have already been recognized and listed on the National Register: .Old People's Home, D009:0338-003 .Malcolm X House Site, DOO9:0228-00 1 As a result of this survey, the survey team House located at 2316 Fontenelle Boulevard, as an example of Craftsman style architecture, recommends 12 individual properties and one DOO9:O332-OO 1 historic district to be potentially eligible for the National Register. These properties retain good integrity and possess characteristics and signifi- cance that may allow them to be listed on the National Register. Additional intensive-level research and review by the Nebraska State Historic Preservation Office is necessary before a final decision on eligiblity can be made.

Potentially eligible National Register properties are listed under their primary historic context and illustrated within the report, as indicated. (For historic context explanations, see Illustrated Discussion of Significant Historic Contexts in House of Tomorrow located at 2043 North 53rd Chapter 3). Street, as an example of Modern style architecture, DOO9:O4##-OO 1 Chapter 4. Recommendations

House located at 3314 Fontenelle Boulevard, Belle Claire Court Apartment Complex located at as an example of a Bungalow constructed with 4960 Northwest Radial High way, DOO9:0445-00 1 coursed stone, D009:0338-002

House located at 2320 North 56st Street, House located at 2324 North 50th Street, as an example of Craftsman style architecture, as an example of Craftsman style architecture, D009:0444-003 D009:0443-043

Commerce

St. James Orphanage Complex located at 3300 North Jas. Howard Building located at 6 105 Maple Street, 60th Street, applying Criterion Consideration A: DO09:0557-004 Religious Properties, as an intact example of Period Revival architecture, DOO9:0559-O 10 Chapter 4. Recommendations

Education Transportation

Walnut Hill Elementary School located at 4320 Automobile Garage building located at 6130 Military Hamilton Street, D009:0328-002 Avenue, DOO9:0559-0 I8

Government Historic Districts Recommended as Potentially Eligible for the National Register Summary of the Proposed Country Club Historic Residential District

Description The proposed Country Club Historic Residential District is situated south of the Northwest Radial Highway in the survey area and includes 470 surveyed properties. The proposed district U.S. Post Office Building located at 6223 Maple includes 453 contributing and 17 noncon- Street, D009:0557-002 tributing properties. The proposed historic district boundary begins at the corner of North Landscape Architecture 56th Street and Corby Street the boundary follows Corby to the east until North 52nd Street. Continuing south the boundary turns east at Grant Street; turns south on North 51st Street; east onto Blondo Street; south onto North 50th Street for three blocks; west onto Happy Hollow Boulevard for one block; and north onto North 51st Street until reaching Decatur Street. Traveling west on Decatur Street until reaching North 52nd Street, the boundary continues until reaching Blondo Street. From Blondo Street the boundary travels west until reaching North 56 Street, turns north until the point of beginning (see Figure 3. Boundaries of the Proposed Country Prospect Hill Cemetery located at 221 7 North 33rd Street, applying Criterion Consideration D: Club Historic Residential District). Cemeteries, as a designed landscape, D009:0220-00 1 Chapter 4. Recommendations

Education Transportation

Walnut Hill Elementary School located at 4320 Automobile Garage building located at 6130 Military Hamilton Street, D009:0328-002 Avenue, DOO9:0559-0I8

Government Historic Districts Recommended as Potentially Eligible for the National Register Summary of the Proposed Country Club Historic Residential District

Description The proposed Country Club Historic Residential District is situated south of the Northwest Radial Highway in the survey area and includes 470 surveyed properties. The proposed district U.S. Post Ofice Building located at 6223 Maple includes 453 contributing and 17 noncon- Street, D009:0557-002 tributing properties. The proposed historic district boundary begins at the corner of North Landscape Architecture 56th Street and Corby Street the boundary follows Corby to the east until North 52nd Street. Continuing south the boundary turns east at Grant Street; turns south on North 51st Street; east onto Blondo Street; south onto North 50th Street for three blocks; west onto Happy Hollow Boulevard for one block; and north onto North 51st Street until reaching Decatur Street. Traveling west on Decatur Street until reaching North 52nd Street, the boundary continues until reaching Blondo Street. From Blondo Street the boundary travels west until reaching North 56 Street, turns north until the polnt of beginning (see Figure 3. Boundaries of the hoposed Country Prospect Hill Cemetery located at 221 7 North 33rd Street, applying Criterion Consideration D: Club Historic Residential District). Cemeteries, as a designed landscape, DO09:OZZO-00 1 Chapter 4. Recommendations

St. James' Orphanage platted and developed by Theodore Metcalfe as the Country Club District. The district The St. James' Orphanage (DOO9:0559=OlO) boundaries includes a small portion of was the first home established in Nebraska for "Godfiey's Addition" at the corner of North 5 1st the care of dependent, neglected, and and Grant Streets, to encompass the entire orphaned children. The orphanage dates to block within the district boundary. This area with 1870, when two young children were left with contains eight lots houses of the same style the Sisters of Mercy Convent, located at 24th Street and St. Mary's Avenue, by their widowed father who could no longer care for them. More children began to arrive and a larger building was needed to house them. In 1890 the Sisters of Mercy moved to 11 acres of land in Benson donated by Erastus Benson, north of what is now North 60th Street and the Northwest Radial Highway. In 1900 there were 87 children and a staff of 16, compared with a total population of 407 in Benson. The orphanage operated until 1970, View of houses in proposed historic district along west and was then converted into a day-care side of North 53rd Street program that operated for nearly a decade. In and scale as the houses within the Country 1987 the original St. James' buildings were Club District boundaries and where likely renovated to house social service programs constructed at the same time. for the Omaha Archdiocese. - Benson Centennial Book Committee, Benson, Nebraska: Distinctive features of the district include From Buffalo Pasture to City (Marceline, Mo.: Walsworth Metcalfe Park, curvilinear streets, a wide terrace Publishing Co., 1988), 100. between the sidewalk and street, and ornamental lighting. Metcalfe Park is irregular The boundaries of the proposed district were in shape with trees and open space. The park delineated to correspond to the "Country Club is bounded by North 51st Street, Country Club District" platted in 1926 on blocks four through Avenue, and Happy Hollow Boulevard and is 28 on the city plat. This area was historically platted as block 27 of the Country Club District used as the Country Club Golf Course and later on the city plat map. The proposed Country

Table 3. Properties Recommended Individually Eligible for the National Register of Historic Places

NeHBS No. Resource Name Address Significance i Prospect Hill Cemetery 2217 N. 33rd St. Landscape Architecture Walnut Hill Elementary 4320 Hamilton Street Education House 2316 Fontenelle Boulevard Architecture House 3314 Fontenelle Boulevard Architecture House 2324 N. 50th St. Architecture House of Tomorrow* 2043 N. 53rd St. Architecture* House 2320 N. 56th St. Architecture Belle Claire Court Apartment Complex 4960 Northwest Radial Highway Architecture U.S. Post Office 6223 Maple St. Government Jas. Howard Building 6105 Maple St. Commerce St James Orphanage Complex 3300 N. 60th St. Architecture Garage 61 30 Military Avenue Transportation * A preliminary recommendation of potential eligibility under Criterion C: Architecture. Further research is recommended due to integrity issues noticed during reconnaissance sutvey. Chapter 4. Recommendations

Figure 3. Boundaries of the Proposed Country Club Historic Residential District

Club Historic Residential District features a The dominant Period Revival style architecture significant concentration of Period Revival of the proposed district, Tudor Revival, was a houses within a planned residential popular building style during the 1920s and development. The district is recommended 1930s. Tudor Revival is generally regarded eligible for the National Register under Criterion have become less common and ended as a C: Architecture and under Criterion A: major architectural style influence in the early Community Planning and Development. The 19409, especially as war-time rationing limited houses of the district remain intact, with over available buding materials available. 96 percent considered contributing resources. History of the District Significance The area of the proposed Country Club Historic The proposed Country Club Historic Residential Residential District was platted as the Country District is eligible for the National Register Club District by the Metcalfe Company, real under Criterion C: Architecture and Criterion A: estate developers, in 1926. It is located on the Community Planning and Development as a fine collection of Period Revival style houses within a planned community subdivision. The district consists of 450 contributing and 16 noncon- , tributing resources. The district presents a distinctive street layout that deviates from the city's grid plan. Restrictions put in place by the developer ensured that the district would have architectural and design continuity and create a uniform appearance. The period of significance begins in 1926 when the area was platted for residential development and lasts until 1942, marking United States' entrance into World War I1 and a decline in residential construction. Tudor Revival house on Country Club Avenue at "Five Corners" Chapter 4. Recommendations former site of the Omaha Country Club and Golf commonly used throughout the district (see Course, established in 1899. After Benson's Chapter 3. Illustrated Discussion of Significant annexation in 1917, the Country Club could no Historic Contexts, for a discussion of these longer afford the property taxes on the 100-acre architectural styles). golf course. In 1926 the property was sold to Theodore Metcalfe and the Metcalfe Company. Architects Charles W. Rosenberry and B. Metcalfe subdivided the area into 510 Kvenild were responsible for many of the early residential lots available for development in Country Club District residential designs. 1927, reportedly paying $250,000 for the land. Construction in the area was completed by the Plans for the addition included larger-than- Metcalfe Company, Rasp Brothers, Nelson average lots, winding boulevards lined with Construction Company, J.C. Schmitz Company, flowering shrubs, ornamental lighting, and a and Oscar Olson. community center comprised of the original golf clubhouse and tennis courts. For a list of properties in the proposed Country Club Historic Residential District, including Many of Omaha's community and business contributing and noncontributing National leaders were the first to purchase lots and Register status, see Appendix B. Inventory of construct homes in the new Country Club Surveyed Properties Within the Proposed District. Omaha doctors, attorneys, and Country Club Historic Residential District. business presidents, among others, occupied Individual houses withln the proposed Country the early residences. Theodore Metcalfe Club Historic Residential District were not constructed a large home for himself at the evaluated for individual eligibility for the location known as "Five Corners," where National Register. Houses within the proposed Country Club Boulevard and 53rd Street meet. district embody many Tudor Revival and Colonial Revival characteristics; however, further analysis needs to be completed to determine individual eligibility requirements under Criterion C: Architecture.

Future Survey and Research Needs The 200 1-2002 NeHBS of selected neighbor- hoods in Omaha identified historic topics and resource types that would benefit from further study. We recommend the following future research and survey practices to help interpret Omaha's unique history within the survey area View of houses in proposed historic district along east for local residents, the city of Omaha, NSHS, side of Country Club Avenue and interested historians. Architecture A Proactive Role of Preservation Within the The district represents architectural styles Survey Area popular during the late 1920s and 1930s. Because of the construction date of the majority Historic Benson and adjacent neighborhoods of homes, many structures were designed with within the survey area have a significant elements of the Period Revival styles. Period amount of historic preservation potential. Many Revival styles were commonly used for of the neighborhoods within the survey have residential architecture in Nebraska from 1900 some degree of preservation potential whether to 1940 and draw from historical antecedents in commercial or residential areas. Using such as Federal, Georgian, Colonial, locally sponsored preservation tools, the city Elizabethan, Tudor, and Mediterranean. The could significantly benefit from increased Tudor and Colonial Revival styles are most tourism and commercial development. The Chapter 4. Recommendations ultimate goal would be to have preservation as tion of the Northwest Radial Highway in 1957. a shared community value, similar to public Benson and surrounding neighborhood safety and quality education. The city could development has been intimately tied to trans- choose from a variety of preservation activities portation routes. Site-specific research at city to highlight the areas' important resources and state agencies will yield important including: development patterns, and help to better identifir present and future historic post-World *Increasing public education on preservation War 11 suburban resources. issues .Establishing locally designated landmarks Intensive-level Survey of Public Housing and the and commercial districts Role of the Omaha Public Housing Authority .Listing properties on the National Register .Promoting walking tours Public housing and the Omaha Public Housing .Strengthening local historical societies and Authority developed during the 1930s as part of museums a nationwide trend following the Great .Continued survey efforts on behalf of Omaha Depression. The Omaha Public Housing CLG and the NSHS Authority was created in 1935. Public housing extended into the survey area where several Additionally, Mead & Hunt idenmed three complexes are located, with many dating to the themes for possible future research within the late 1950s and 1960s. Generally, these general survey area and the city of Omaha. complexes have multiple-stories, with interior Future research themes represent significant entryways and exterior balconies. Several historic developments that have occurred within buildings in a complex are often arranged with the survey area and within the city, and often an open courtyard surrounded with a parking display visible patterns of resource development area. Construction materials include brick, associated with these events. concrete block, and pre-formed concrete. Citywide Survey of Post-World War II Suburban Establishing Locally Designated Landmarks Dbvelopments In addition to the National Register- recommended properties, the survey team The city of Omaha contains a significant recommends seven properties and one number of post-World War 11 resources located commercial area wlfh strong potential for local in suburban developments within and around designation or preservation efforts. These older sections of the city. These resources properties are good representatives of the present challenges due to their relatively recent co~munity'shistoric and architectural themes, age, the degree and types of alterations, and the although they may not meet the criteria of the relationship and history of planned suburban National Register. National Register -recommended developments. A citywide survey of these areas properties are also candidates for local could develop a typology for Omaha of post- landmark designation. World War I1 resources based on building materials and technology, form, style, and the Local preservation efforts may also include: history of post-World War I1 residential development patterns within the city of Omaha. .Tax credits to help stimulate downtown and neighborhood revitalization. The preservation Context Development of the Military Road and the and continued use of the historic buildings in Role of Transportation the survey area can contribute to a vibrant and economically successful downtown and Transportation played a significant role in the surrounding neighborhoods. The historic tax development of the survey area. The role of credit program and the adaptive reuse of transportation began with the Military Road in historic buildings are two tools of preservation. 1856, and later with the development of For buildings that were constructed before streetcar lines, and more recently the construc- 1936, not eligible for the National Register, and Chapter 4. Recommendations

Table 4. Properties Recommended for Designation as Local Landmarks* NeHBS No. Resource Name Address Significance

-- -- Benson Historic Business District Maple and Military Streets Commerce D009:0226-002 Kennedy Elementary School 2906 N. 30th St. Architecture D009:0327-024 W. Stein Building 4002 Hamilton Street Commerce D009:0332-003 Theater Building 2216 Military Ave. Entertainment D009:0334-002 Clifton Hill Elementary School 281 1 N. 45th St. Architecture D009:0336-002 Holy Name Complex Building** 3014 N. 45th St. Architecture D009:0447-001 Benson High School 5120 Maple St. Architecture D009:0559-006 Bank of Benson 6108 Maple St. Architecture * Properties recommended individually eligible for the National Register could also be considered for local landmark status. ** Only building located at 3014 N. 45th Street within the Holy Name High School complex. Other buildings in complex exhibit alterations and were not resurveyed. are used for non-residential uses, the Internal areas and small cities. The program bases its Revenue Service administers a 10% tax credit. revitalization efforts on four principles:

For more information contact the Nebraska Design: To enhance the physical appearance State Historic Preservation Office or the City of of the commercial district by rehabilitating Omaha Planning Department. historic buildings, encouraging supportive new construction, and developing sensitive *Establishing local design guidelines. Design design management systems geared toward guidelines recommend practices to improve and long-range planning. protect the visual character of a historic commercial district or neighborhood. They offer Organization: To build consensus and property owners guidance for the sensitive reha- cooperation among groups and individuals in bilitation of the exteriors of historic buildings. a community who have an interest and role In the Benson commercial area, design in the revitalization process. guidelines could suggest techniques for the restoration of storefronts, appropriate Promotion: To market the traditional alterations, or suitable replacement of windows. commercial assets to customers, potential Property owners could learn appropriate investors, new businesses, local citizens, and cleaning and repointing methods for masonry visitors. that would not damage the structural stability of the bricks, yet would still renew the Economic restructuring: To strengthen the appearance of a building. district's existing economic base while finding ways to expand it toward new oppor- Each community can tailor a set of guidelines to tunities. a particular area, such as the downtown, to address issues for speciflc building types. For more information on the Tax Credit Design guidelines should follow the Secretary of Incentives, Community Design Guidelines, or the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation the Main Street Program contact the Omaha prepared by the National Park Service. CLG or the NSHS (see Organizational Information Contacts in Chapter 1). *Participationin the Nebraska-Aied Main Street Program. The National Trust for Historic Preservation initiated the Main Street Program to stimulate economic development in urban Appendix A Inventory of Surveyed Properties

NeHBS Site No. Resource Name Address NeHBS Historic Context

House 30 Street, North Settlement Harry Buford House 30 Street, North Settlement House 30 Street, North Settlement Kennedy Elementary School 30 Street, North Education Duplex 31 Street, North Settlement House 32 Street, North Settlement

House 32 Street, North Settlement -. House 32 Street, North Settlement House 33 Avenue, North Settlement House 33 Avenue, North Settlement House 33 Avenue, North Settlement House 33 Street, North Settlement House 33 Street, North Settlement Prospect Hill Cemetery 33 Street, North Association House 33 Street, North Settlement House 34 Street, North Settlement House 34 Street, North Settlement House 35 Street, North Settlement House 35 Street, North Settlement House 38 Street, North Settlement House 39 Street, North Settlement House 39 Street, North Settlement House 39 Street, North Settlement House 39 Street, North Settlement House 39 Street, North Settlement House 40 Avenue, North Settlement House 40 Avenue, North Settlement House 40 Avenue, North Settlement Appendix A. Inventory of Surveyed Properties

NeHBS Site No. Resource Name Address NeHBS Historic Context

House 40 Avenue, North Settlement House 40 Street, North Settlement House 40 Street, North Settlement House 40 Street, North Settlement House 40 Street, North Settlement House 40 Street, North Settlement House 40 Street, North Settlement House 40 Street, North Settlement I ' House 41 Street, North Settlement House 41 Street, North Settlement House 41 Street, North Settlement House 41 Street, North Settlement House 41 Street, North Settlement House 41 Street, North Settlement House 41 Street, North Settlement House 42 Street, North Settlement House 42 Street, North Settlement House 42 Street, North Settlement House 43 Street, North Settlement House 43 Street, North Settlement House 45 Avenue, North Settlement House 45 Avenue, North Settlement House 45 Avenue, North Settlement House 45 Avenue, North Settlement Duplex 45 Avenue, North Settlement House 45 Avenue, North Settlement House 45 Avenue, North Settlement House 45 Avenue, North Settlement House 45 Avenue, North Settlement House 45 Avenue, North Settlement House 45 Avenue, North Settlement House 45 Avenue, North Settlement House 45 Avenue, North Settlement House 45 Avenue, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement Appendix A. Inventory of Surveyed Properties

NeHBS Site No. Resource Name Address NeHBS Historic Context

House 45 Street, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement Clifton Hill Elementary School 45 Street, North Education House 45 Street, North Settlement Nebraska School for the Deaf 45 Street, North Education House 45 Street, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement House 45 Street, North Settlement House 47 Avenue, North Settlement House 47 Avenue, North Settlement House 47 Avenue, North Settlement House 47 Avenue, North Settlement House 47 Avenue, North Settlement House 47 Avenue, North Settlement House 47 Avenue, North Settlement House 47 Avenue, North Settlement House 47 Avenue, North Settlement House 47 Avenue, North Settlement House 47 Avenue, North Settlement House 47 Avenue, North Settlement Appendix A. Inventory of Surveyed Properties

NeHBS Site No. Resource Name Address NeHBS Historic Context

House 47 Avenue, North Settlement House 48 Avenue, North Settlement House 48 Avenue, North Settlement House 48 Avenue, North Settlement House 48 Avenue, North Settlement House 48 Avenue, North Settlement House 48 Avenue, North Settlement House 48 Avenue, North Settlement House 48 Avenue, North Settlement House 48 Street, North Settlement House 48 Street, North Settlement House 48 Street, North Settlement House 48 Street, North Settlement Apartment Building 49 Avenue, North Settlement House 49 Avenue, North Settlement House 49 Avenue, North Settlement House 49 Avenue, North Settlement House 49 Avenue, North Settlement House 49 Street, North Settlement House 49 Street, North Settlement House 49 Street, North Settlement House 49 Street, North Settlement House 49 Street, North Settlement House 49 Street, North Settlement House 49 Street, North Settlement House 49 Street, North Settlement House 49 Street, North Settlement House 49 Street, North Settlement House 50 Avenue, North Settlement House 50 Avenue, North Architecture House 50 Avenue, North Settlement House 50 Avenue, North Settlement House 50 Avenue, North Settlement House 50 Street, North Settlement House 50 Street, North Settlement House 50 Street, North Settlement House 50 Street, North Settlement House 50 Street, North Settlement House 50 Street, North Settlement House 50 Street, North Settlement House 50 Street, North Settlement House 50 Street, North Settlement House 50 Street, North Settlement House 50 Street, North Settlement House 50 Street, North Settlement House 50 Street, North Settlement House 50 Street, North Settlement Appendix A. Inventory of Surveyed Properties

NeHBS Site No. Resource Name Address NeHBS Historic Context

Apartment Building 50 Street, North Settlement House 50 Street, North Settlement House 51 Avenue, North Settlement House 51 Avenue, North Settlement House 51 Avenue, North Settlement House 51 Avenue, North Settlement House 51 Avenue, North Settlement House 51 Avenue, North Settlement House 51 Avenue, North Settlement House 51 Avenue, North Settlement House 51 Avenue, North Settlement House 51 Avenue, North Settlement House 51 Avenue, North Settlement House 51 Avenue, North Settlement House 51 Avenue, North Settlement House 51 Street, North Settlement House 51 Street, North Settlement House 51 Street, North Settlement House 51 Street, North Settlement House 51 Street, North Settlement House 51 Street, North Settlement House 51 Street, North Settlement House 51 Street, North Settlement House 51 Street, North Settlement House 51 Street, North Settlement House 51 Street, North Settlement House 51 Street, North Settlement House 51 Street, North Settlement House 51 Street, North Settlement House 51 Street, North Settlement House 51 Street, North Settlement House 51 Street, North Settlement House 51 Street, North Settlement House 51 Street, North Settlement St. Vincent of Lerins Church 51 Street, North Religion House 51 Street, North Settlement Duplex 52 Street, North Settlement Duplex 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement Appendix A. Inventory of Surveyed Properties - NeHBS Site No. Resource Name Address NeHBS Historic Context

House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement Duplex 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement Appendix A. Inventory of Surveyed Properties

NeHBS Site No. Resource Name Address NeHBS Historic Context

House 52 Street, North Settlement Duplex 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement House 52 Street, North Settlement Creche Child Care Center 52 Street, North Commerce Omaha Home for Boys Complex 52 Street, North Services House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House of Tomorrow 53 Street, North Architecture House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement Appendix A. Inventory of Surveyed Properties

NeHBS Site No. Resource Name Address NeHBS Historic Context

House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 53 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement Edward J.Costello Residence 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement Appendix A. Inventory of Surveyed Properties - NeHBS Site No. Resource Name Address NeHBS Historic Context

House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement

House 55 Street, North Settlement . . House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement Appendix A. Inventory of Surveyed Properties

NeHBS Site No. Resource Name Address NeHBS Historic Context

House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 55 Street, North Settlement House 56 Street, North Settlement House 56 Street, North Settlement House 56 Street, North Settlement House 56 Street, North Settlement House 56 Street, North Settlement House 56 Street, North Settlement House 56 Street, North Settlement House 56 Street, North Settlement House 56 Street, North Settlement House 56 Street, North Settlement School 56 Street, North Settlement F.J.Farrington HouseNilla Acres 56 Street, North Settlement House 56 Street, North Settlement House 56 Street, North Settlement House 56 Street, North Settlement House 56 Street, North Settlement House 56 Street, North Settlement House 56 Street, North Settlement House 56 Street, North Architecture House 56 Street, North Settlement House 56 Street, North Settlement House 56 Street, North Settlement House 56 Street, North Settlement House 56 Street, North Settlement House 56 Street, North Settlement House 56 Street, North Settlement House 56 Street, North Settlement House 56 Street, North Settlement House 56 Street, North Settlement House 56 Street, North Settlement House 56 Street, North Settlement House 56 Street, North Settlement House 56 Street, North Settlement House 56 Street, North Settlement House 56 Street, North Settlement House 56 Street, North Settlement House 56 Street, North Settlement House 56 Street, North Settlement Appendix A. Inventory of Surveyed Properties

NeHBS Site No. Resource Name Address NeHBS Historic Context

House 56 Street, North Settlement House 56 Street, North Settlement Apartment Building 56 Street, North Settlement House 56 Street, North Settlement Apartment Building 56 Street, North Settlement Apartment Building 56 Street, North Settlement House 58 Street, North Settlement House 58 Street, North Settlement House 58 Street, North Settlement House 58 Street, North Settlement House 58 Street, North Settlement House 58 Street, North Settlement House 58 Street, North Settlement House 58 Street, North Settlement House 58 Street, North Settlement House 58 Street, North Settlement House 59 Street, North Settlement House 59 Street, North Settlement House 59 Street, North Settlement House 59 Street, North Settlement House 59 Street, North Settlement House 59 Street, North Settlement House 59 Street, North Settlement Commercial Building Maple Street Commerce House 60 Avenue, North Settlement Duplex 60 Street, North Settlement Apartment Building 60 Street, North Settlement Apartment Building 60 Street, North Settlement St James Orphanage Complex 60 Street, North Services House 60 Street, North Settlement House 60 Street, North Settlement House 60 Street, North Settlement House 61 Street, North Settlement House 61 Street, North Settlement House 61 Street, North Settlement House 61 Street, North Settlement House 62 Street, North Settlement House 62 Street, North Settlement House 62 Street, North Settlement House 62 Street, North Settlement House 62 Street, North Settlement House 63 Street, North Settlement House 63 Street, North Settlement House 63 Street, North Settlement House 64 Street, North Settlement House 64 Street, North Settlement House 64 Street, North Settlement Appendix A. Inventory of Surveyed Properties

NeHBS Site No. Resource Name Address NeHBS Historic Context

House 64 Street, North Settlement House 64 Street, North Settlement House 64 Street, North Settlement House 64 Street, North Settlement House 65 Avenue, North Settlement House 65 Avenue, North Settlement House 65 Avenue, North Settlement House 65 Street, North Settlement House 65 Street, North Settlement House 65 Street, North Settlement House 65 Street, North Settlement House 65 Street, North Settlement St. Bernard's Church 65 Street, North Religion House 66 Avenue, North Settlement House 66 Street, North Settlement House 66 Street, North Settlement House 67 Avenue, North Settlement House 67 Street, North Settlement House 69 Street, North Settlement House 69 Street, North Settlement House 71 Street, North Settlement Commercial Building Ames Avenue Commerce Ames Avenue M.E. Church Ames Avenue Religion House Bedford Avenue Settlement House Bedford Avenue Settlement House Bedford Avenue Settlement House Bedford Avenue Settlement House Bedford Avenue Settlement House Bedford Avenue Settlement House Bedford Avenue Settlement House Bedford Avenue Settlement House Binney Street Settlement House Binney Street Settlement House Binney Street Settlement House Binney Street Settlement House Blondo Street Settlement House Blondo Street Settlement House Blondo Street Settlement House Blondo Street Settlement House Blondo Street Settlement House Blondo Street Settlement House Blondo Street Settlement House Blondo Street Settlement House Blondo Street Settlement House Blondo Street Settlement House Blondo Street Settlement House Blondo Street Settlement Appendix A. Inventory of Surveyed Properties

NeHBS Site No. Resource Name Address NeHBS Historic Context

House Blondo Street Settlement House Blondo Street Settlement House Blondo Street Settlement House Blondo Street Settlement House Blondo Street Settlement House Blondo Street Settlement House Blondo Street Settlement House Blondo Street Settlement House Blondo Street Settlement House Blondo Street Settlement House Blondo Street Settlement House Blondo Street Settlement House Blondo Street Settlement House Blondo Street Settlement House Blondo Street Settlement House Blondo Street Settlement House Blondo Street Settlement House Blondo Street Settlement House Blondo Street Settlement House Blondo Street Settlement House Boyd Street Settlement House Burdette Street Settlement House Burdette Street Settlement House Burdette Street Settlement House Burdette Street Settlement House Burdette Street Settlement House Burdette Street Settlement House Charles Street Settlement House Charles Street Settlement House Charles Street Settlement Apartment Building Charles Street Settlement House Charles Street Settlement House Charles Street Settlement House Charles Street Settlement House Charles Street Settlement House Charles Street Settlement House Charles Street Settlement House Charles Street Settlement House Charles Street Settlement House Charles Street Settlement House Charles Street Settlement House Charles Street Settlement House Charles Street Settlement House Charles Street Settlement House Charles Street Settlement House Charles Street Settlement House Charles Street Settlement Appendix A. Inventory of Surveyed Properties

NeHBS Site No. Resource Name Address NeHBS Historic Context

House Corby Street Settlement House Corby Street Settlement House Corby Street Settlement House Corby Street Settlement House Corby Street Settlement House Corby Street Settlement House Corby Street Settlement House Corby Street Settlement House Corby Street Settlement Duplex Corby Street Settlement St. Paul United Methodist Church Corby Street Religion Duplex Corby Street Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement Appendix A. Inventory of Surveyed Properties

NeHBS Site No. Resource Name Address NeHBS Historic Context

House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Country Club Avenue Settlement House Decatur Street Settlement House Decatur Street Settlement House Decatur Street Settlement House Decatur Street Settlement House Decatur Street Settlement House Decatur Street Settlement House Decatur Street Settlement House Decatur Street Settlement House Decatur Street Settlement House Decatur Street Settlement House Decatur Street Settlement House Decatur Street Settlement House Decatur Street Settlement House Decatur Street Settlement House Decatur Street Settlement Appendix A. Inventory of Surveyed Properties

NeHBS Site No. Resource Name Address NeHBS Historic Context

House Decatur Street Settlement House Decatur Street Settlement House Decatur Street Settlement House Decatur Street Settlement House Decatur Street Settlement House Decatur Street Settlement House Decatur Street Settlement House Decatur Street Settlement House Decatur Street Settlement House Decatur Street Settlement House Decatur Street Settlement House Decatur Street Settlement House Decatur Street Settlement House Decatur Street Settlement House Decatur Street Settlement House Decatur Street Settlement House Decatur Street Settlement House Decatur Street Settlement House Decatur Street Settlement House Decatur Street Settlement House Decatur Street Settlement House Decatur Street Settlement House Decatur Street Settlement House Decatur Street Settlement House Decatur Street Settlement House Emmet Street Settlement House Emmet Street Settlement House Emmet Street Settlement House Emmet Street Settlement House Emmet Street Settlement House Emmet Street Settlement House Emmet Street Settlement House Emmet Street Settlement House Erskine Street Settlement House Erskine Street Settlement House Evans Street Settlement House Evans Street Settlement House Fontenelle Boulevard Architecture House Fontenelle Boulevard Settlement House Fontenelle Boulevard Settlement House Fontenelle Boulevard Settlement House Fontenelle Boulevard Settlement House Fontenelle Boulevard Settlement House Fontenelle Boulevard Settlement House Fontenelle Boulevard Settlement Fred J. Melchior Residence Fontenelle Boulevard Settlement House Fontenelle Boulevard Settlement Appendix A. Inventory of Surveyed Properties

NeHBS Site No. Resource Name Address NeHBS Historic Context

House Fontenelle Boulevard Settlement House Fontenelle Boulevard Settlement House Fontenelle Boulevard Settlement House Fontenelle Boulevard Settlement House Fontenelle Boulevard Settlement House Fontenelle Boulevard Settlement House Fontenelle Boulevard Settlement House Fontenelle Boulevard Settlement House Fontenelle Boulevard Settlement Della Hacket Arnold House Fontenelle Boulevard Settlement House Fontenelle Boulevard Settlement House Fontenelle Boulevard Settlement House Fontenelle Boulevard Settlement House Fontenelle Boulevard Settlement House Fontenelle Boulevard Settlement House Fontenelle Boulevard Settlement House Fontenelle Boulevard Settlement House Fontenelle Boulevard Settlement House Fontenelle Boulevard Settlement House Fontenelle Boulevard Settlement House Franklin Street Settlement House Franklin Street Settlement House Franklin Street Settlement House Franklin Street Settlement House Franklin Street Settlement House Franklin Street Settlement House Franklin Street Settlement House Franklin Street Settlement House Franklin Street Settlement House Franklin Street Settlement House Franklin Street Settlement House Franklin Street Settlement House Franklin Street Settlement House Franklin Street Settlement House Franklin Street Settlement House Grant Street Settlement House Grant Street Settlement House Grant Street Settlement House Grant Street Settlement House Grant Street Settlement House Grant Street Settlement House Grant Street Settlement House Grant Street Settlement House Grant Street Settlement House Grant Street Settlement House Grant Street Settlement House Grant Street Settlement Appendix A. Inventory of Surveyed Properties

NeHBS Site No. Resource Name Address NeHBS Historic Context

House Grant Street Settlement House Grant Street Settlement House Grant Street Settlement Theodore Metcalf House Grant Street Settlement House Grant Street Settlement House Grant Street Settlement House Grant Street Settlement House Grant Street Settlement House Hamilton Street Settlement House Hamilton Street Settlement House Hamilton Street Settlement House Hamilton Street Settlement House Hamilton Street Settlement House Hamilton Street Settlement House Hamilton Street Settlement House Hamilton Street Settlement House Hamilton Street Settlement Apartment Building Hamilton Street Settlement House Hamilton Street Settlement House Hamilton Street Settlement House Hamilton Street Settlement House Hamilton Street Settlement House Hamilton Street Settlement House Hamilton Street Settlement House Hamilton Street Settlement House Hamilton Street Settlement House Hamilton Street Settlement House Hamilton Street Settlement W. Stein Building Hamilton Street Commerce Commercial Building Hamilton Street Commerce Walnut Hill Elementary School Hamilton Street Education House Hamilton Street Settlement House Hamilton Street Settlement House Hamilton Street Settlement House Hamilton Street Settlement House Hamilton Street Settlement House Hamilton Street Settlement House Hamilton Street Settlement House Hamilton Street Settlement Service Station Hamilton St. and Saddle Creek Rd. Transportation House 1515 Happy Hollow Blvd. Settlement House 151 7 Happy Hollow Blvd. Settlement House 1519 Happy Hollow Blvd. Settlement House 4902 Happy Hollow Blvd. Settlement House 4906 Happy Hollow Blvd. Settlement House 4932 Happy Hollow Blvd. Settlement House 4936 Happy Hollow Blvd. Settlement Appendix A. Inventory of Surveyed Properties

NeHBS Site No. Resource Name Address NeHBS Historic Context

House Happy Hollow Blvd. Settlement House John Creighton Blvd. Settlement House LaFayette Avenue Settlement House Lake Street Settlement House Lake Street Settlement House Lake Street Settlement House Lake Street Settlement House Lake Street Settlement Bethlehem Lutheran Church Lake Street Religion House Manderson Street Settlement House Manderson Street Settlement House Manderson Street Settlement House Manderson Street Settlement House Manderson Street Settlement House Maple Street Settlement House Maple Street Education House Maple Street Settlement House Maple Street Settlement House Maple Street Settlement House Maple Street Settlement House Maple Street Settlement House Maple Street Settlement House Maple Street Settlement Benson High School Maple Street Education Masonic Temple Maple Street Association Commercial Building Maple Street Commerce E.H. Olson Building Maple Street Cam me rce Commercial Building Maple Street Commerce Commercial Building Maple Street Commerce Commercial Building Maple Street Commerce John Sorenson Building Maple Street Commerce Jas. A. Howard Building Maple Street Commerce Bank of Benson Maple Street Services Commercial Building Maple Street Commerce Commercial Building Maple Street Commerce B.H. Post Building Maple Street Commerce U.S.Post Off ice - Benson Maple Street Government House Maple Street Settlement House Maple Street Settlement Apartment Building Maple Street Settlement House Miami Street Settlement House Miami Street Settlement House Miami Street Settlement House Miami Street Settlement House Miami Street Settlement House Miami Street Settlement House Miami Street Settlement Appendix A. Inventory of Surveyed Properties

NeHBS Site No. Resource Name Address NeHBS Historic Context

House Miami Street Settlement House Miami Street Settlement Apartment Building Miami Street Settlement House Miami Street Settlement House Miami Street Settlement House Miami Street Settlement Commercial Building Military Avenue Commerce House Military Avenue Settlement George Haas Residence Military Avenue Settlement Henry Hansen Residence Military Avenue Settlement Duplex Military Avenue Settlement Theater Military Avenue Architecture Commercial Building Military Avenue Commerce Commercial Building Military Avenue Commerce Commercial Building Military Avenue Commerce Automobile Garage Military Avenue Commerce House Military Avenue Settlement House Military Avenue Settlement House Military Avenue Settlement House Military Avenue Settlement Belle Claire Court Northwest Radial Hwy. Settlement House Northwest Radial Hwy. Settlement House Ohio Street Settlement House Ohio Street Settlement House Ohio Street Settlement House Ohio Street Settlement House Ohio Street Settlement House Ohio Street Settlement House Ohio Street Settlement House Ohio Street Settlement House Ohio Street Settlement House Ohio Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement Appendix A. Inventory of Surveyed Properties

NeHBS Site No. Resource Name Address NeHBS Historic Context

House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Parker Street Settlement House Patrick Avenue Settlement House Paxton Boulevard Settlement House Paxton Boulevard Settlement House Paxton Boulevard Settlement House Paxton Boulevard Settlement Appendix A. Inventory of Surveyed Properties

NeHBS Site No. Resource Name Address NeHBS Historic Context

House Paxton Boulevard Settlement House Pinkney Street Settlement House Pinkney Street Settlement House Pinkney Street Settlement House Pinkney Street Settlement House Pinkney Street Settlement House Pratt Street Settlement House Pratt Street Settlement House Pratt Street Settlement House Pratt Street Settlement Service Station Saddle Creek Road Transportation House Seward Street Settlement House Seward Street Settlement House Seward Street Settlement House Seward Street Settlement House Seward Street Settlement House Seward Street Settlement Duplex Seward Street Settlement House Seward Street Settlement House Seward Street Settlement House Seward Street Settlement House Seward Street Settlement House Seward Street Settlement House Seward Street Settlement House Seward Street Settlement House Seward Street Settlement House Seward Street Settlement House Seward Street Settlement House Seward Street Settlement House Seward Street Settlement House Seward Street Settlement House Seward Street Settlement House Seward Street Settlement House Seward Street Settlement House Seward Street Settlement House Seward Street Settlement House Seward Street Settlement House Seward Street Settlement Duplex Seward Street Settlement House Seward Street Settlement House Seward Street Settlement House Seward Street Settlement House Seward Street Settlement House Seward Street Settlement House Seward Street Settlement House Seward Street Settlement House Seward Street Settlement Appendix A. Inventory of Surveyed Properties

NeHBS Site No. Resource Name Address NeHBS Historic Context

House Seward Street Settlement Mother of Perpetual Help Church Seward Street Religion Quonset house Seward Street Settlement House Spaulding Street Settlement House Spaulding Street Settlement Fontenelle Elementary School Spaulding Street Education House Spencer Street Settlement House Spencer Street Settlement House Spencer Street Settlement House Spencer Street Settlement House Western Avenue Settlement House Western Avenue Settlement House Western Avenue Settlement House Western Avenue Settlement House Western Avenue Settlement House Western Avenue Settlement House Western Avenue Settlement House Wirt Street Settlement House Wirt Street Settlement House Wirt Street Settlement House Wirt Street Settlement House Wirt Street Settlement House Wirt Street Settlement House Wirt Street Settlement House Wirt Street Settlement House Wirt Street Settlement House Wirt Street Settlement House Wirt Street Settlement

* Properties Recommended Individually Eligible for the National Register of Historic Places (see Chapter 4. Recommendations). ** Property located on 2500 block of 55 Street, North.

Appendix B Inventory of Surveyed Properties Within the Proposed Country Club Historic Residential District

NeHBS Site No. Address Status

50 Street, North Contributing 50 Street, North Contributing 50 Street, North Contributing 50 Street, North Contributing 50 Street, North Contributing 50 Street, North Contributing 50 Street, North Contributing 50 Street, North Contributing 50 Street, North Contributing 50 Street, North Contributing 50 Street, North Contributing 50 Street, North Contributing 51 Avenue, North Contributing 51 Avenue, North Contributing 51 Avenue, North Contributing 51 Avenue, North Contributing 51 Avenue, North Contributing 51 Avenue, North Contributing 51 Avenue, North Contributing 51 Avenue, North Contributing 51 Avenue, North Contributing 51 Avenue, North Contributing 51 Avenue, North Contributing 51 Avenue, North Contributing 51 Avenue, North Contributing 51 Street, North Contributing 51 Street, North Contributing 51 Street, North Contributing Appendix B. Inventory of Surveyed Properties Within the Proposed Country Club Historic Residential District

NeHBS Site No. Address Status

51 Street, North Contributing 51 Street, North Contributing 51 Street, North Contributing 51 Street, North Contributing 51 Street, North Contributing 51 Street, North Contributing 51 Street, North Contributing 51 Street, North Contributing 51 Street, North Contributing 51 Street, North Contributing 51 Street, North Contributing 51 Street, North Contributing 51 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Non-contributing 52 Street, North Non-contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing Appendix B. Inventory of Surveyed Properties Within the Proposed Country Club Historic Residential District

NeHBS Site No. Address Status

52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 52 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing Appendix B. Inventory of Surveyed Properties Within the Proposed Country Club Historic Residential District

NeHBS Site No. Address Status

53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Non-contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 53 Street, North Contributing 54 Street, North Contributing 54 Street, North Contributing 54 Street, North Contributing 54 Street, North Contributing 54 Street, North Contributing 54 Street, North Contributing 54 Street, North Contributing 54 Street, North Contributing 54 Street, North Contributing 54 Street, North Contributing 54 Street, North Contributing Appendix B. Inventory of Surveyed Properties Within the Proposed Country Club Historic Residential District

NeHBS Site No. Address Status

54 Street, North Contributing 54 Street, North Contributing 54 Street, North Contributing 54 Street, North Contributing 54 Street, North Contributing 54 Street, North Contributing 54 Street, North Contributing 54 Street, North Contributing 54 Street, North Contributing 54 Street, North Contributing 54 Street, North Contributing 54 Street, North Contributing 54 Street, North Contributing 54 Street, North Contributing 54 Street, North Contributing 54 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing Appendix B. Inventory of Surveyed Properties Within the Proposed Country Club Historic Residential District

NeHBS Site No. Address Status

55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Non-contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Non-contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 55 Street, North Non-contributing 55 Street, North Contributing 56 Street, North Non-contributing 56 Street, North Contributing 56 Street, North Contributing 56 Street, North Contributing 56 Street, North Contributing 56 Street, North Contributing 56 Street, North Contributing 56 Street, North Contributing 56 Street, North Contributing 56 Street, North Contributing 56 Street, North Contributing 56 Street, North Contributing 56 Street, North Contributing Appendix B. Inventory of Surveyed Properties Within the Proposed Country Club Historic Residential District

NeHBS Site No. Address Status

56 Street, North Contributing 56 Street, North Contributing 56 Street, North Contributing 56 Street, North Contributing 56 Street, North Contributing 56 Street, North Contributing 56 Street, North Contributing 56 Street, North Contributing 56 Street, North Contributing 56 Street, North Contributing 56 Street, North Contributing 56 Street, North Contributing 56 Street, North Contributing 56 Street, North Contributing 56 Street, North Contributing 56 Street, North Contributing 56 Street, North Contributing 56 Street, North Contributing 56 Street, North Contributing 56 Street, North Contributing 56 Street, North Contributing Blondo Street Non-contributing Blondo Street Non-contributing Blondo Street Non-contributing Blondo Street Contributing Blondo Street Contributing Blondo Street Contributing Blondo Street Non-contributing Blondo Street Contributing Blondo Street Non-contributing Blondo Street Contributing Blondo Street Contributing Blondo Street Non-contributing Blondo Street Contributing Blondo Street Contributing Blondo Street Contributing Blondo Street Contributing Blondo Street Contributing Blondo Street Contributing Blondo Street Contributing Blondo Street Contributing Blondo Street Contributing Blondo Street Contributing Blondo Street Contributing Blondo Street Contributing Blondo Street Non-contributing Blondo Street Contributing Appendix B. Inventory of Surveyed Properties Within the Proposed Country Club Historic Residential District

NeHBS Site No. Address Status

Burdette Street Contributing Burdette Street Contributing Burdette Street Contributing Corby Street Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Appendix B. Inventory of Surveyed Properties Within the Proposed Country Club Historic Residential District

NeHBS Site No. Address Status

Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Country Club Avenue Contributing Decatur Street Contributing Decatur Street Contributing Decatur Street Contributing Decatur Street Contributing Decatur Street Contributing Decatur Street Contributing Decatur Street Contributing Decatur Street Contributing Decatur Street Contributing Decatur Street Contributing Decatur Street Contributing Decatur Street Contributing Decatur Street Contributing Decatur Street Contributing Decatur Street Contributing Decatur Street Contributing Decatur Street Contributing Decatur Street Contributing Decatur Street Contributing Decatur Street Contributing Decatur Street Contributing Decatur Street Contributing Grant Street Non-contributing Appendix B. Inventory of Surveyed Properties Within the Proposed Country Club Historic Residential District

NeHBS Site No. Address Status

Grantstreet Contributing Grant Street Contributing Grant Street Contributing Grant Street Contributing Grant Street Contributing Grant Street Contributing Grant Street Contributing Grant Street Contributing Grant Street Contributing Grant Street Contributing Grant Street Contributing Grant Street Contributing Grant Street Contributing Happy Hollow Blvd. Contributing Happy Hollow Blvd. Contributing Happy Hollow Blvd. Contributing Happy Hollow Blvd. Contributing Happy Hollow Blvd. Contributing Happy Hollow Blvd. Contributing Happy Hollow Blvd. Contributing Happy Hollow Blvd. Contributing Miami Street Contributing Parker Street Contributing Parker Street Contributing Parker Street Contributing Parker Street Contributing Parker Street Contributing Parker Street Contributing Parker Street Contributing Parker Street Contributing Parker Street Contributing Parker Street Contributing Parker Street Contributing Parker Street Contributing Parker Street Contributing Parker Street Contributing Parker Street Contributing Parker Street Contributing Parker Street Contributing Parker Street Contributing Parker Street Contributing Parker Street Contributing Parker Street Contributing Parker Street Contributing Parker Street Contributing Parker Street Contributing Parker Street Contributing Appendix B. Inventory of Surveyed Properties Within the Proposed Country Club Historic Residential District

NeHBS Site No. Address Status

Parker Street Contributing Parker Street Contributing Parker Street Contributing Parker Street Contributing Parker Street Contributing Parker Street Contributing Parker Street Contributing Parker Street Contributing Parker Street Contributing Parker Street Contributing Parker Street Contributing Parker Street Contributing Parker Street Contributing Parker Street Contributing Parker Street Contributing Parker Street Contributing Parker Street, Non-contributing Parker Street Contributing Seward Street Contributing

For a discussion of the proposed Country Club Historic Residential District, see Chapter 4. Recommendations.

* Property located on 2500 block of 55 Street, North-

Bibliography

Adwers, Robert E. Rudder, Stick and Throttle: Research and Reminiscences on Flying in Nebraska. Omaha, Nebr. : Making History, 1994.

Baltensperger, Bradley H. Nebraska, a Geography. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1985.

Benson Centennial Book Committee. Benson, Nebraska: From Buialo Pasture to City. Marceline, Mo.: Walsworth Pub. Co., 1988.

Chudacoff, Howard P. Mobile Americans: Residential and Social Mobility in Omaha, 1880-1920. New York: Oxford University Press, 1972.

Courtright, John. Benson, Nebraska: A Satellite Community. Omaha, Nebr.: City Planning Commission, 1954.

Larsen, Lawrence H., and Barbara J. Cottrell. The Gate City: A History of Omaha. Lincoln, Nebr.: University of Nebraska Press, 1997.

Morton, J. Sterling & Albert Watkins, PH.B., LL.B. History of Nebraska, From the Earliest Explorations of the Trans-Mississippi Region. Lincoln, Nebr.: Western Publishing and Engraving Company, 19 18 (Revised Edition).

Morton, J. Sterling. History of Nebraska. Lincoln, Nebr.: Western Publishing and Engraving Co., . . 1918.

Mutz, Dorothy Ruth. "Benson: A Residential Suburban Community." Nebraska History Magazine 16, no. 2 (April-June 1935).

Mutz, Dorothy Ruth. Benson: A Residential Suburban Community. Master's thesis, Omaha, Nebr.: University of Omaha, 1935.

Omaha City Planning Department. Patterns on the Landscape: Heritage Conservation in North Omaha. Omaha, Nebr. : Landmarks Heritage Prese~ationCommission, 1984. Bibliography

Omaha's Historic Park and Boulevard System. Omaha, Nebr.: City of Omaha, Planning Department, [19921.

Savage, James Woodruff. History of the City of Omaha, Nebraska. New York: Munsell, 1894.

Thavenet, Dennis. A History of Omaha Public Transportation. Master's Thesis. Omaha, Nebr. : University of Omaha, 1960.

The Federal Writer's Project and Linda Miller, ed. Omaha: A Guide to the City and Environs. Omaha Public Library, 198 1.

Wakeley, Arthur Cooper. Omaha: The Gate City, and Douglas County, Nebraska; A Record of Settlement, Organization, Progress and Achievement. Chicago: S.J. Clarke Publishing Co., 1917.

Special Collections

"Invest Your Savings in Omaha Real Estate-The Country Club Plaza." Omaha's Own Magazine. November 1926. Available at the Douglas County Historical Society, Archives Center.

"Metcalfe Company Buys Country Club Ground." Available at the Douglas County Historical Society, Archives Center.

"Metcalfe Didn't Plan Success, It Fkrsued Him." Sun. 8 April 1965: 1-A.Available at the Douglas County Historical Society, Archives Center.

"Realtors to Acquire Golf Club, August 1." World-Herald. 16 March 1926. Available at the Douglas County Historical Society, Archives Center.

County Real Estate Maps, 1897-1952. Available at the Douglas County Historical Society, Archives Center.

Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps, 19 18. Available at the Nebraska State Historical Society Library, Lincoln, Nebraska. Glossary of Architectural Styles and Survey Terms

Art Moderne Style (circa 1930-1950). An architectural style featuring industrial technology and streamlined simplicity. Features include smooth, rounded corners, horizontal massing, details in concrete, glass block, aluminum, and stainless steel.

Association. Link of a historic property with a historic event, activity, or person. Also, the quality of integrity through which a historic property islinked to a particular past time and place.

Balloon frame. A type of support for wood-frame buildings that utilizes vertical studs that extend the full height of the wall and floor joists fastened to the studs with nails. Balloon-fkame buildings in Nebraska became popular with the expansion of the railroad when milled lumber could be shipped to the plains for relatively low cost.

Bay window. A decorative window that projects out from the flat surface of an exterior wall, often polygonal in design. Bay windows are often seen on Queen Anne style buildings.

Boom-Town (circa 1850- 1880). See false-front.

Brackets. Support members used under overhanging eaves of a roof, usually decorative in nature.

Building. A building is erected to house activities performed by people.

BungCrsm Style (circa 1890-1940). An architectural style characterized by overhanging eaves, modest size, open porches with large piers and low-pitched roofs.

Circa, Ca., or c. At, in, or of approximately, used especially with dates.

Clapboard. Relatively long, thin boards that have a thick lower edge and a feathered, or tapered upper edge. The shape of the boards permits them to be overlapped horizontally. Clapboard is most comonly used as cladding material on vernacular form houses and their secondary buildings.

Column. A circular or square vertical support member. Glossary of Architectural Styles and Survey Terms

Commercial Vernacular Style (circa 1860-1930). A form of building used to describe sirnply designed commercial buildings of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, which usually display large retail windows and recessed entrances on the first floor.

Contributing (National Register definition). A building, site, structure, or object that adds to the historic associations, historic architectural qualities for which a property is significant. The resource was present during the period of sigdflcance, relates to the documented significance of the property, and possesses historic integrity, or is capable of yielding important information about the period.

Contributing (NeHBS definition). A building, site, structure, object, or collection of buildings such as a farmstead that meets the NeHBS criteria of integrity, historic association, historic architectural qualities, and was present during the period of si~icance.A property that contributes to the NeHBS is Example of Commercial generally evaluated with less strictness than for an individual listing on the Vernacular Style National Register, yet more strictness than a building which may "contribute" to a proposed National Register district.

Cross-Gable (circa 1860-19 10). A vernacular building form typically two stories and square in plan with two identical roofs whose ridges intersect to produce a cruciform.

Design. Quality of integrity applying to the elements that create the physical form, plan, space, structure, and style of a property.

Dormer. A vertical window projecting from the roof. Variations of dormer types can be based on the dormer's roof form, for example shed dormer, gable dormers, and hipped dormers.

Dutch Colonial Revival Style (circa 1900-1940). A residential architectural style based on the more formal Georgian Revival style. This style is identifled by its gambrel roof and symmetrical facade.

Eclectic Style (circa 1890-19 10). An eclectic building displays a combination of architectural elements from various styles. It commonly resulted when a house designed in one architectural style was remodeled into another.

Elevation. Any single side of a building or structure.

Eligible. Properties that meet the National Park Service Criteria for nomination and listing on the National Register.

Evaluation. Process by which the significance and integrity of a historic property are judged and eligibility for National Register of Historic Places (National Register) listing is determined. Example of Cross Gable Extant. Still standing or existing (as in a building, structure, site, and/or buidling form object).

False-front (circa 1850- 1880). A vernacular building form, which is typically a one-and-one-half story front gable frame building with a square facade that extends vertically in front of the front-facing gable. This gives an entering visitor the sense of approaching a larger building. This form is often used in the construction of a first-generation commercial building, thus is also known as "boom-town." Glossary of Architectural Styles and Survey Terms

Feeling. Quality of integrity through which a historic property evokes the aesthetic or historic sense of past time and place.

Fenestration. The arrangement of windows and other exterior openings on a building.

Foursquare Style (circa 1900-1930). Popularized by mall-order catalogues

Example of Dormer and speculative builders in the early twentieth century, this style is typified , . by its box-like massing, two-stories, hipped roof, wide overhanging eaves, central dormers, and one-story porch spanning the front facade.

Front Gable (circa 1860-1910). The vernacular form of a building, generally a house, in which the triangular end of the roof faces the street.

Gable. The vertical triangular end of a building from cornice or eaves to ridge.

Gabled Ell (circa 1860-1910). The vernacular form of a building, generally a house, in which two gabled wings are perpendicular to one another in order to form an "I,"-shaped plan. Example of Gabled Ell building form Gable end. The triangular end of an exterior wall.

Gable roof. A roof type formed by the meeting of two sloping roof surfaces.

Gambrel roof. A roof type with two slopes on each side.

High Victorian Gothic (circa 1865-1900). This architectural style drew upon varied European medieval sources and employed pointed arches and polychro- matic details. The heavier detailing and more complex massing made this style popular for public and institutional buildings. Example of Front Gable building form Hipped roof. A roof type formed by the meeting of four sloping roof surfaces.

Historic context. The concept used to group related historic properties based upon a theme, a chronological period, and/ or a geographic area.

Integrity. Authenticity of a property's historic identity, evidenced by the survival of physical charac- teristics that existed during the property's historic period. (See Chapter 3, Research Design.)

Italianate Style (circa 1870-1890). A popular style for houses, these square, rectangular, or L-shaped, two-story buildings have low-pitched, hip roofs, with wide eaves usually supported by heavy brackets, tall narrow windows, and front porches. In some cases, the roof may be topped with a cupola.

Keystone. A wedge-shaped piece at the crown of an arch that locks the other pieces in place. It is seen most often over arched doors and window openings and is sometimes of a different material than the opening itself.

Late Gothic Revival Style (circa 1880-1920). A later version of the Gothic style, these buildings are generally larger and use heavy masonry construction. In churches, masonry is sometimes used throughout the structure. The pointed-arch window openings remain a key feature; however, designs are more subdued than those of the earlier period. Glossary of Architectural Styles and Survey Terms

Location. Quality of integrity retained by a historic property existing in the same place as it did during the period of significance.

Materials. Quality of integrity applying to the physical elements that were combined or deposited in a particular pattern or configuration to form a historic property.

Mediterranean Revival (circa 1900-1940). These buildings are characterized by flat wall surfaces, often plastered, broken by a series of arches with terra cotta, plaster, or tile ornamentation. Details such as red tile roofs and heavy brackets are also commonly seen.

Multiple Property Nomination. The National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property documen- tation form nominates groups of related significant properties. The themes, trends, and patterns of history shared by the properties are organized into historic contexts. Property types that represent those historic contexts are defined within the nomination.

National Register of Historic Places (National Register). The official federal list of districts, buildings, sites, structures, and objects sigmficant in American history, architecture, archaeology, engineering, and culture that are important in the prehistory or history of their community, state, or nation. The program is administered through the National Park Service by way of State Historic Preservation Offices (see Chapter 1, Introduction of this report).

National Register of Historic Places Criteria. Established criteria for evaluating the eligibility of properties for inclusion in the National Register. See Chapter 3, Research Design.

Neo-Classical Style (circa 1900-1920). An architectural style characterized by a symmetrical facade and usually includes a pediment portico with classical columns.

Noncontributing (National Register definition). A building, site, structure, or object that does not add to the historic architectural qualities or historic associations for which a property is significant. The resource was not present during the period of significance; does not relate to the documented signit% cance of 'the property; or due to alterations, disturbances, additions, or other changes, it no longer possesses historic integrity nor is capable of yielding important information about the period.

Noncontributing (NeHBS definition). A building, site, structure, object, or collection of buildings such as a farmstead that does not meet the NeHBS criteria of integrity, historic association, historic archi- tectural qualities, or was not present during the period of significance. Noncontributing properties are not generally entered into, nor kept in, the NeHBS inventory; however, exceptions do exist.

Object. An artistic, simple, and/or small-scale construction not identifled as a building or structure; i.e. historic signs, markers, and monuments.

One-story Cube (circa 1870-1930). The vernacular form of a house, which is one-story and box-like in massing. Features generally include a low-hipped roof, a full front porch recessed under the roof, little ornamentation, and simple cladding, such as clapboard, brick, or stucco. Also known as a Prairie Cube.

Period of Significance. Span of time in which a property attained the sig- nificance for which it meets the National Register criteria.

Pony truss bridge (circa 1880-1920). A low iron or steel truss, approximately i 5 to 7 feet in height, located alongside and above the roadway surface. Pony truss bridges ofcn range in sp& lengths of 20 to 100 feet. Example of One Story Cube building form Glossary of Architectural Styles and Survey Terms

Portico. A covered walk or porch supported by columns or pillars.

Potentially eligible. Properties that may be eligible for listing on the National Register pending further research and investigation.

Property. A building, site, structure, and/or object situated within a delineated boundary.

Property type. A classification for a building, structure, site, or object based on its historic use or function.

Queen Anne Style (circa 1880-1900). A style that enjoyed widespread popularity, particularly in the eastern portion of Nebraska. These houses are typically two stories tall, have asymmetrical facades, and steeply pitched rooflines of irregular shape. Characteristics include a variety of surface textures on walls, prominent towers, tall chimneys, and porches with gingerbread trim.

Setting. Quality of integrity applying to the physical environment of a historic property.

Shed roof. A roof consisting of one inclined plane.

Side Gable (circa 1860-1940). The vernacular form of a building, generally a house, in which the gable end of the roof is perpendicular to the street. -..-. Significance. Importance of a historic property as defined by the Example ofside Gable National Register criteria in one or more areas of significance. building form Site. The location of a prehistoric or historic event.

Spanish Colonial Revival Style (circa 1900-1920). These buildings, which have a southwestern flavor, show masonry construction usually covered with plaster or stucco, red clay tiled hipped roofs, and arcaded porches. Some facades are enriched with curvilinear and decorated roof lines.

Structure. Practical constructions not used to shelter human activities.

Stucco. A material usually made of Portland cement, sand, and a small percentage of lime and applied in a plastic state to form a hard covering for exterior walls.

Tudor Revival Style (circa 1920-1940). A style that reflects a blend of a variety of elements fkom late Enghsh medieval styles. It is identifled by steep gables, half-timbering, and mixes of stone, stucco, and wood.

Turret. A little tower that is an ornamental structure and projects at an angle from a larger structure.

Two-story Cube (circa 1860-1890). The vernacular form, generally for a house, which is a two-story building, box-like in massing, with a hipped roof, near absence of surface ornament, and simple exterior cladding such as brick, clapboard, or stucco.

Vernacular. A functional, simplistic building or structure without stylistic details. Vernacular form buildings were usually designed by the builder, not by an architect.

Workmanship. Quality of integrity applying to the physical evidence of the crafts of a particular culture, people, or artisan.

All images shown in glossary adapted kom Barbara Wyatt, ed., Cultural Resource Management in Wisconsin, Vol. 2. Architecture (Madison, Wis.: Wisconsin State Historical Society. 1986).