DOCSLIB.ORG

Captive Breeding and Marketing of Turtles

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Captive Breeding and Marketing of Turtles Captive Breeding and Marketing of Turtles by Grahame J.W. Webb, S. Charlie Manolis and Michelle Gray February 2008 RIRDC Publication No 08/012 RIRDC Project No WMI-3A © 2008 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. All rights reserved. ISBN 1 74151 601 3 ISSN 1440-6845 Captive Breeding and Marketing of Turtles Publication No. 08/012 Project No. WMI-3A The information contained in this publication is intended for general use to assist public knowledge and discussion and to help improve the development of sustainable regions. You must not rely on any information contained in this publication without taking specialist advice relevant to your particular circumstances. While reasonable care has been taken in preparing this publication to ensure that information is true and correct, the Commonwealth of Australia gives no assurance as to the accuracy of any information in this publication. The Commonwealth of Australia, the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC), the authors or contributors expressly disclaim, to the maximum extent permitted by law, all responsibility and liability to any person, arising directly or indirectly from any act or omission, or for any consequences of any such act or omission, made in reliance on the contents of this publication, whether or not caused by any negligence on the part of the Commonwealth of Australia, RIRDC, the authors or contributors. The Commonwealth of Australia does not necessarily endorse the views in this publication. This publication is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are reserved. However, wide dissemination is encouraged. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to the RIRDC Publications Manager on phone 02 6271 4165 Researcher Contact Details Grahame Webb PO Box 530, Sanderson, NT 0813 Wildlife Management International Pty Limited (WMI) Phone: (08) 89224500 Fax: (08) 89470678 Email: [email protected] In submitting this report, the researcher has agreed to RIRDC publishing this material in its edited form. RIRDC Contact Details Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Level 2, 15 National Circuit BARTON ACT 2600 PO Box 4776 KINGSTON ACT 2604 Phone: 02 6271 4100 Fax: 02 6271 4199 Email: [email protected]. Web: http://www.rirdc.gov.au Published in February 2008 Printed by Canprint ii Foreword The farming of Hawksbill turtles in northern Australia is a potentially viable wildlife industry. Like crocodile farming, overcoming some technological obstacles associated with captive breeding may be a pre-requisite before international trade, currently prohibited by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), takes place. The demand for Hawksbill turtle shell is high, and captive breeding provides the quickest route through CITES for legal international trade. Preliminary research indicated high growth rates of animals under captive conditions, and the current work confirmed early attainment of maturity. Research only spanned one breeding season, but indicated that social, behavioural, physiological and environmental factors may be implicated in successful nesting in captivity. The prototype breeding pen provided basic conditions for growth and reproduction. With successful nesting, small numbers of females would be required to produce sufficient numbers of hatchlings for farming purposes. An industry based on Hawksbill turtles could provide tangible economic benefits for indigenous landowners in regional areas, and provide positive commercial incentives for conservation of sea turtles and their habitats. The demand for freshwater turtles for food, particularly in China, provides potential opportunities for Australian species. Australian species are sought after in the international pet trade, but current Federal legislation prohibiting export of live animals for commercial purposes is an impediment to accessing and/or testing these market opportunities. Domestic consumption (as food) appears to be a viable option for turtles in the short-term, and perhaps in Traditional Chinese Medicine, a rapidly expanding industry in Australia. This project was funded from RIRDC core funds which are provided by the Australian Government. This report is an addition to RIRDC’s diverse range of over 1700 research publications. It forms part of our New Animal Products R&D sub-program that aims to accelerate the development of viable new animal industries. Most of our publications are available for viewing, downloading or purchasing online through our website: • downloads at www.rirdc.gov.au/fullreports/index.html • purchases at www.rirdc.gov.au/eshop Peter O’Brien Managing Director Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation iii Acknowledgments We are especially grateful to Boyd Simpson and Jessie Rutter for their assistance in raising the Hawksbill turtles leading up to this study, and to Cathi Shilton (NT Department Primary Industry, Fisheries and Mines) who performed most autopsies and provided interpretation of histological and pathology results. Patty Richards (Darwin) carried out ultrasonography on the female Hawksbill turtles. We are also thankful to Wan Ziming, (Beijing), Wan Quihong (Hanzhou City) and Mac Min Jiang Li (Panyu City, Guangzhou) who provided information on freshwater turtles in China, and to Erin O'Brien who assisted in the collation of information on Australian freshwater turtles. iv Abbreviations CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora IUCN IUCN-World Conservation Union SCL straight carapace length CCL curved carapace length TCM Traditional Chinese Medicine v Contents Foreword............................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments................................................................................................................................. iv Abbreviations......................................................................................................................................... v Executive Summary- ............................................................................................................................. x 1. Introduction and Background.......................................................................................................... 1 2. Objectives........................................................................................................................................... 6 3. Methodology ...................................................................................................................................... 7 3.1 Captive Breeding of Hawksbill Turtles......................................................................................... 7 3.1.1 Breeding Pen .......................................................................................................................... 7 3.1.2 Water Circulation ................................................................................................................... 9 3.1.3 Water Parameters ................................................................................................................... 9 3.1.4 Cleaning ............................................................................................................................... 10 3.1.5 Temperature.......................................................................................................................... 10 3.1.6 Nesting Banks ...................................................................................................................... 11 3.1.7 Running Costs ...................................................................................................................... 11 3.1.8 Turtles................................................................................................................................... 12 3.1.9 Inventories............................................................................................................................ 12 3.1.10 Foods and Feeding ............................................................................................................. 13 3.1.11 Illness and Mortalities ........................................................................................................ 14 3.1.12 Ultrasonography ................................................................................................................. 14 3.2 Marketing of Turtles.................................................................................................................... 14 4. RESULTS......................................................................................................................................... 15 4.1 Captive Breeding of Hawksbill Turtles....................................................................................... 15 4.1.1 Breeding Pen ........................................................................................................................ 15 4.1.2 Temperature.......................................................................................................................... 15 4.1.3 Water Parameters ................................................................................................................. 18 4.1.4 Turtles..................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Haemogregariny Parazitující U Želv Rodu Pelusios: Fylogenetické Vztahy, Morfologie a Hostitelská Specifita
    Haemogregariny parazitující u želv rodu Pelusios: fylogenetické vztahy, morfologie a hostitelská specifita Diplomová práce Bc. Aneta Maršíková Školitel: MVDr. Jana Kvičerová, Ph.D. Školitel specialista: doc. MVDr. Pavel Široký, Ph.D. České Budějovice 2016 Maršíková A., 2016: Haemogregariny parazitující u želv rodu Pelusios: fylogenetické vztahy, morfologie a hostitelská specifita. [Haemogregarines in Pelusios turtles: phylogenetic relationships, morphology, and host specificity, MSc. Thesis, in Czech] – 68 pp., Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic. Annotation: The study deals with phylogenetic relationships, morphology and host specificity of blood parasites Haemogregarina sp. infecting freswater turtles of the genus Pelusios from Africa. Results of phylogenetic analyses are also used for clarification of phylogenetic relationships between "haemogregarines sensu lato" and genus Haemogregarina. Prohlašuji, že svoji diplomovou práci jsem vypracovala samostatně pouze s použitím pramenů a literatury uvedených v seznamu citované literatury. Prohlašuji, že v souladu s § 47b zákona č. 111/1998 Sb. v platném znění souhlasím se zveřejněním své bakalářské práce, a to v nezkrácené podobě – v úpravě vzniklé vypuštěním vyznačených částí archivovaných Přírodovědeckou fakultou - elektronickou cestou ve veřejně přístupné části databáze STAG provozované Jihočeskou univerzitou v Českých Budějovicích na jejích internetových stránkách, a to se zachováním mého autorského práva k odevzdanému textu této kvalifikační práce. Souhlasím dále s tím, aby toutéž elektronickou cestou byly v souladu s uvedeným ustanovením zákona č. 111/1998 Sb. zveřejněny posudky školitele a oponentů práce i záznam o průběhu a výsledku obhajoby kvalifikační práce. Rovněž souhlasím s porovnáním textu mé kvalifikační práce s databází kvalifikačních prací Theses.cz provozovanou Národním registrem vysokoškolských kvalifikačních prací a systémem na odhalování plagiátů.
    [Show full text]
  • Movement and Habitat Use of Australias Largest Snakenecked Turtle
    bs_bs_bannerJournal of Zoology Journal of Zoology. Print ISSN 0952-8369 Movement and habitat use of Australia’s largest snake-necked turtle: implications for water management D. S. Bower1*, M. Hutchinson2 & A. Georges1 1 Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia 2 South Australian Museum, Adelaide, SA, Australia Keywords Abstract freshwater; radio-telemetry; home range; weir; tortoise; river; sex differences. Hydrological regimes strongly influence ecological processes in river basins. Yet, the impacts of management regimes are unknown for many freshwater taxa in Correspondence highly regulated rivers. We used radio-telemetry to monitor the movement and Deborah S. Bower, School of Environmental activity of broad-shelled river turtles Chelodina expansa to infer the impact of and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, current water management practices on turtles in Australia’s most regulated river Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia. – the Murray River. We radio-tracked C. expansa to (1) measure the range span Tel: +61 02 49212045; and examine the effect of sex, size and habitat type on turtle movement, and (2) Fax: +61 02 49 216923 examine habitat use within the river channel and its associated backwaters. C. Email: [email protected] expansa occupied all macro habitats in the river (main channel, backwater, swamp and connecting inlets). Within these habitats, females occupied discrete home *Present address: School of Environmental ranges, whereas males moved up to 25 km. The extensive movement of male and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, turtles suggests that weirs and other aquatic barriers may interfere with movement Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia. and dispersal. Turtles regularly move between backwaters and the main river channel, which highlights the likely disturbance from backwater detachment, a Editor: Virginia Hayssen water saving practice in the lower Murray River.
    [Show full text]
  • Buhlmann Etal 2009.Pdf
    Chelonian Conservation and Biology, 2009, 8(2): 116–149 g 2009 Chelonian Research Foundation A Global Analysis of Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Distributions with Identification of Priority Conservation Areas 1 2 3 KURT A. BUHLMANN ,THOMAS S.B. AKRE ,JOHN B. IVERSON , 1,4 5 6 DENO KARAPATAKIS ,RUSSELL A. MITTERMEIER ,ARTHUR GEORGES , 7 5 1 ANDERS G.J. RHODIN ,PETER PAUL VAN DIJK , AND J. WHITFIELD GIBBONS 1University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Drawer E, Aiken, South Carolina 29802 USA [[email protected]; [email protected]]; 2Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Longwood University, 201 High Street, Farmville, Virginia 23909 USA [[email protected]]; 3Department of Biology, Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana 47374 USA [[email protected]]; 4Savannah River National Laboratory, Savannah River Site, Building 773-42A, Aiken, South Carolina 29802 USA [[email protected]]; 5Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, Virginia 22202 USA [[email protected]; [email protected]]; 6Institute for Applied Ecology Research Group, University of Canberra, Australian Capitol Territory 2601, Canberra, Australia [[email protected]]; 7Chelonian Research Foundation, 168 Goodrich Street, Lunenburg, Massachusetts 01462 USA [[email protected]] ABSTRACT. – There are currently ca. 317 recognized species of turtles and tortoises in the world. Of those that have been assessed on the IUCN Red List, 63% are considered threatened, and 10% are critically endangered, with ca. 42% of all known turtle species threatened. Without directed strategic conservation planning, a significant portion of turtle diversity could be lost over the next century. Toward that conservation effort, we compiled museum and literature occurrence records for all of the world’s tortoises and freshwater turtle species to determine their distributions and identify priority regions for conservation.
    [Show full text]
  • Suggested Guidelines for Reptiles and Amphibians Used in Outreach
    RECOMMENDATIONS FOR REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS USED IN OUTREACH PROGRAMS Compiled by Diane Barber, Fort Worth Zoo Originally posted September 2003; updated February 2008 INTRODUCTION This document has been created by the AZA Reptile and Amphibian Taxon Advisory Groups to be used as a resource to aid in the development of institutional outreach programs. Within this document are lists of species that are commonly used in reptile and amphibian outreach programs. With over 12,700 species of reptiles and amphibians in existence today, it is obvious that there are numerous combinations of species that could be safely used in outreach programs. It is not the intent of these Taxon Advisory Groups to produce an all-inclusive or restrictive list of species to be used in outreach. Rather, these lists are intended for use as a resource and are some of the more common species that have been safely used in outreach programs. A few species listed as potential outreach animals have been earmarked as controversial by TAG members for various reasons. In each case, we have made an effort to explain debatable issues, enabling staff members to make informed decisions as to whether or not each animal is appropriate for their situation and the messages they wish to convey. It is hoped that during the species selection process for outreach programs, educators, collection managers, and other zoo staff work together, using TAG Outreach Guidelines, TAG Regional Collection Plans, and Institutional Collection Plans as tools. It is well understood that space in zoos is limited and it is important that outreach animals are included in institutional collection plans and incorporated into conservation programs when feasible.
    [Show full text]
  • Demographic Consequences of Superabundance in Krefft's River
    i The comparative ecology of Krefft’s River Turtle Emydura krefftii in Tropical North Queensland. By Dane F. Trembath B.Sc. (Zoology) Applied Ecology Research Group University of Canberra ACT, 2601 Australia A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Masters of Applied Science (Resource Management). August 2005. ii Abstract An ecological study was undertaken on four populations of Krefft’s River Turtle Emydura krefftii inhabiting the Townsville Area of Tropical North Queensland. Two sites were located in the Ross River, which runs through the urban areas of Townsville, and two sites were in rural areas at Alligator Creek and Stuart Creek (known as the Townsville Creeks). Earlier studies of the populations in Ross River had determined that the turtles existed at an exceptionally high density, that is, they were superabundant, and so the Townsville Creek sites were chosen as low abundance sites for comparison. The first aim of this study was to determine if there had been any demographic consequences caused by the abundance of turtle populations of the Ross River. Secondly, the project aimed to determine if the impoundments in the Ross River had affected the freshwater turtle fauna. Specifically this study aimed to determine if there were any difference between the growth, size at maturity, sexual dimorphism, size distribution, and diet of Emydura krefftii inhabiting two very different populations. A mark-recapture program estimated the turtle population sizes at between 490 and 5350 turtles per hectare. Most populations exhibited a predominant female sex-bias over the sampling period. Growth rates were rapid in juveniles but slowed once sexual maturity was attained; in males, growth basically stopped at maturity, but in females, growth continued post-maturity, although at a slower rate.
    [Show full text]
  • The Moss-Back Alga (Cladophorophyceae, Chlorophyta) on Two Species of Freshwater Turtles in the Kimberleys
    Telopea 12(2) 279–284 The moss-back alga (Cladophorophyceae, Chlorophyta) on two species of freshwater turtles in the Kimberleys Stephen Skinner1,2, Nancy FitzSimmons3 and Timothy J. Entwisle1 1National Herbarium of New South Wales, Mrs Macquaries Road, Sydney NSW 2000 Australia 2Southern ACT Catchment Group Inc., PO Box 2056, Kambah, ACT Author for correspondence: [email protected] 3Institute for Applied Ecology, School of Resource, Environmental & Heritage Sciences, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia Abstract The range of the Australian freshwater alga Basicladia ramulosa Ducker is extended, both in its turtle hosts (Chelodina burrungandjii Thomson et al.; Emydura australis (Grey)) and in geography, to tropical northern Western Australia. Along with further morphological observations, sporangia are described for the first time in this taxon. Introduction Moss-back turtles (Fig. 1) have fascinated biologists for many years. While the carapace of a potentially amphibious turtle would be a challenging habitat for most aquatic organisms, it is perhaps surprising there are only a handful of attached algae reported from such sites. Edgren et al. (1953) detailed the range of host turtles then known in North America and the range of epizoic algae that included Rhizoclonium and Cladophora. Two further genera in the Cladophoraceae are the only macroalgae widely reported on turtle carapaces: the prostrate, spreading, endozoic (and possibly disease causing) Dermatophyton radicans Peter, and species of the heterotrichous genus Basicladia, responsible for the name ‘moss-back’. In the United States, Basicladia is considered a small epizoic genus on turtles and water snails, of three to four taxa (John 2003). Hamilton (1948) described sexual reproduction in North American species of Basicladia involving the fusion of biflagellate zooids as is commonly the case in the Cladophoraceae.
    [Show full text]
  • Eastern Snake-Necked Turtle
    Husbandry Manual for Eastern Snake-Necked Turtle Chelodina longicollis Reptilia: Chelidae Image Courtesy of Jacki Salkeld Author: Brendan Mark Host Date of Preparation: 04/06/06 Western Sydney Institute of TAFE - Richmond Course Name and Number: 1068 Certificate 3 - Captive Animals Lecturers: Graeme Phipps/Andrew Titmuss/ Jacki Salkeld CONTENTS 1. Introduction 4 2. Taxonomy 5 2.1 Nomenclature 5 2.2 Subspecies 5 2.3 Synonyms 5 2.4 Other Common Names 5 3. Natural History 6 3.1 Morphometrics 6 3.1.1 Mass and Basic Body Measurements 6 3.1.2 Sexual Dimorphism 6 3.1.3 Distinguishing Features 7 3.2 Distribution and Habitat 7 3.3 Conservation Status 8 3.4 Diet in the Wild 8 3.5 Longevity 8 3.5.1 In the Wild 8 3.5.2 In Captivity 8 3.5.3 Techniques Used to Determine Age in Adults 9 4. Housing Requirements 10 4.1 Exhibit/Enclosure Design 10 4.2 Holding Area Design 10 4.3 Spatial Requirements 11 4.4 Position of Enclosures 11 4.5 Weather Protection 11 4.6 Temperature Requirements 12 4.7 Substrate 12 4.8 Nestboxes and/or Bedding Material 12 4.9 Enclosure Furnishings 12 5. General Husbandry 13 5.1 Hygiene and Cleaning 13 5.2 Record Keeping 13 5.3 Methods of Identification 13 5.4 Routine Data Collection 13 6. Feeding Requirements 14 6.1 Captive Diet 14 6.2 Supplements 15 6.3 Presentation of Food 15 1 7. Handling and Transport 16 7.1 Timing of Capture and Handling 16 7.2 Capture and Restraint Techniques 16 7.3 Weighing and Examination 17 7.4 Release 17 7.5 Transport Requirements 18 7.5.1 Box Design 18 7.5.2 Furnishings 19 7.5.3 Water and Food 19 7.5.4 Animals Per Box 19 7.5.5 Timing of Transportation 19 7.5.6 Release from Box 19 8.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Camouflage' Their Nests but Avoid Them and Create a Decoy Trail
    Buried treasure—marine turtles do not ‘disguise’ or royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rsos ‘camouflage’ their nests but avoid them and create a Research Cite this article: Burns TJ, Thomson RR, McLaren decoy trail RA, Rawlinson J, McMillan E, Davidson H, Kennedy — MW. 2020 Buried treasure marine turtles do not † ‘disguise’ or ‘camouflage’ their nests but avoid Thomas J. Burns , Rory R. Thomson, Rosemary them and create a decoy trail. R. Soc. Open Sci. 7: 200327. A. McLaren, Jack Rawlinson, Euan McMillan, http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200327 Hannah Davidson and Malcolm W. Kennedy Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, and School of Life Sciences, Graham Kerr Building, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Received: 27 February 2020 University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK Accepted: 6 April 2020 TJB, 0000-0003-0408-8014; MWK, 0000-0002-0970-5264 After laying their eggs and refilling the egg chamber, sea Subject Category: turtles scatter sand extensively around the nest site. This is presumed to camouflage the nest, or optimize local conditions Organismal and Evolutionary Biology for egg development, but a consensus on its function is Subject Areas: lacking. We quantified activity and mapped the movements of hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) and leatherback (Dermochelys behaviour coriacea) turtles during sand-scattering. For leatherbacks, we also recorded activity at each sand-scattering position. Keywords: For hawksbills, we recorded breathing rates during nesting as hawksbill turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata, leatherback an indicator of metabolic investment and compared with turtle, Dermochelys coriacea, nesting behaviour published values for leatherbacks. Temporal and inferred metabolic investment in sand-scattering was substantial for both species.
    [Show full text]
  • Testudines: Chelidae) of Australia, New Guinea and Indonesia
    Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 134, 401–421. With 7 figures Electrophoretic delineation of species boundaries within the genus Chelodina (Testudines: Chelidae) of Australia, New Guinea and Indonesia ARTHUR GEORGES1*, MARK ADAMS2 and WILLIAM McCORD3 1Applied Ecology Research Group, University of Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia 2Evolutionary Biology Unit, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia 3East Fishkill Animal Hospital, 285 Rt 82, Hopewell Junction NY 12533, USA Received February 2001; revised and accepted for publication June 2001 A total of 281 specimens of long-necked chelid turtles (Chelodina) were obtained from drainages of Australia, Papua New Guinea and the island of Roti in Indonesia. Ten diagnosable taxa were identified using allozyme profiles at 45 presumptive loci. Chelodina expansa, C. parkeri, C. rugosa and C. burrungandjii are in a Group A clade, C. longi- collis, C. novaeguineae, C. steindachneri, C. pritchardi and C. mccordi are in a Group B clade, and C. oblonga is in a monotypic Group C clade, with each clade thought to represent a distinct subgenus. Chelodina siebenrocki is syn- onymised with C. rugosa. An eleventh taxon, C. reimanni, could not be distinguished from C. novaeguineae on the basis of allozyme profiles, but it is morphologically distinct. Its status is therefore worthy of further investigation. Three instances of natural hybridization were detected. Chelodina rugosa and C. novaeguineae hybridize in the Gulf country of Queensland, with evidence of backcrossing to C. novaeguineae. Chelodina longicollis and C. novaeguineae hybridize in central coastal Queensland, and C. rugosa and C. burrungandjii hybridize along their zone of contact in the plateau escarpment streams and pools.
    [Show full text]
  • Hodges Phd Thesis 2016
    Recent evolutionary history of the Australian freshwater turtles Chelodina expansa and Chelodina longicollis. by Kate Meredith Hodges B.Sc. (Hons) ANU, 2004 A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Biological Sciences Department of Genetics and Evolution The University of Adelaide December, 2015 Kate Hodges with Chelodina (Macrochelodina) expansa from upper River Murray. Photo by David Thorpe, Border Mail. i Declaration I certify that this work contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference has been made in the text. In addition, I certify that no part of this work will, in the future, be used in a submission for any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution without the prior approval of the University of Adelaide and where applicable, any partner institution responsible for the joint-award of this degree. I give consent to this copy of my thesis when deposited in the University Library, being made available for loan and photocopying, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. The author acknowledges that copyright of published works contained within this thesis resides with the copyright holder(s) of those works. I also give permission for the digital version of my thesis to be made available on the web, via the University’s digital research repository, the Library catalogue and also through web search engines, unless permission has been granted by the University to restrict access for a period of time.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Evolutionary History of the Australian Freshwater Turtles Chelodina Expansa and Chelodina Longicollis
    Recent evolutionary history of the Australian freshwater turtles Chelodina expansa and Chelodina longicollis. by Kate Meredith Hodges B.Sc. (Hons) ANU, 2004 A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Biological Sciences Department of Genetics and Evolution The University of Adelaide December, 2015 Kate Hodges with Chelodina (Macrochelodina) expansa from upper River Murray. Photo by David Thorpe, Border Mail. i Declaration I certify that this work contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference has been made in the text. In addition, I certify that no part of this work will, in the future, be used in a submission for any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution without the prior approval of the University of Adelaide and where applicable, any partner institution responsible for the joint-award of this degree. I give consent to this copy of my thesis when deposited in the University Library, being made available for loan and photocopying, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. The author acknowledges that copyright of published works contained within this thesis resides with the copyright holder(s) of those works. I also give permission for the digital version of my thesis to be made available on the web, via the University’s digital research repository, the Library catalogue and also through web search engines, unless permission has been granted by the University to restrict access for a period of time.
    [Show full text]
  • Qryholdings Scientific Name Species Code Common Name Number of Licensees Acquired Bred Disposed Hoplocephalus Bitorquatus W2675
    qryHoldings Number of Scientific_Name Species_Code Common_Name Acquired Bred Disposed licensees Hoplocephalus bitorquatus W2675 Pale-headed Snake 14 7 314 Hoplocephalus bitorquatus x H. stephensii X2001 Pale-headed X Stephen's Banded Snake hybrid 1 Hoplocephalus bungaroides A2676 Broad-headed Snake 7 4 0 6 Hoplocephalus stephensii C2677 Stephens' Banded Snake 21 9 9 21 Pseudechis colletti W2691 Collett’s Snake 41 18 18 Pseudechis porphyriacus C2693 Red-bellied Black Snake 80 39 55 66 Vermicella annulata M2734 Eastern Bandy-bandy 2 3 Acanthophis antarcticus A2640 Southern Death Adder 59 76 105 95 Acanthophis praelongus Y2804 Northern Death Adder 24 41 0 23 Acanthophis pyrrhus C2641 Desert Death Adder 8 1 0 6 Austrelaps ramsayi W2615 Highlands Copperhead 20 3 0 26 Austrelaps superbus E2642 Lowlands Copperhead 12 14 0 25 Notechis ater Q2680 Black Tiger Snake 8 9 0 9 Notechis scutatus S2681 Common Tiger Snake 45 40 23 55 Pseudechis australis U2690 Mulga Snake 31 23 19 29 Pseudechis butleri M2814 Butler's Snake 1 1 Pseudechis guttatus A2692 Spotted Black Snake 20 12 5 16 Pseudonaja guttata G2695 Speckled Brown Snake 2 4 4 Pseudonaja modesta K2697 Ringed Brown Snake 1 Pseudonaja nuchalis M2698 Western Brown Snake 4 5 2 Rhinoplocephalus nigrescens E2650 EasternSmall-eyed Snake 3 6 Oxyuranus microlepidotus K2689 Western Taipan 25 10 12 21 Oxyuranus scutellatus Y2688 Taipan 17 20 24 45 Pseudonaja textilis Z2699 Common Brown Snake 32 28 35 41 Tropidechis carinatus G2723 Rough-scaled Snake 12 10 11 16 Crocodylus johnstoni K2001 Freshwater Crocodile
    [Show full text]